Vegetation of Fraser Island / K'gari

By Grahame B Applegate

Vegetation of Fraser Island / K'gari

Explore the vegetation communities of Fraser Island / K'gari with the aid of this self-guided driving and walking tour to 10 distinctive natural ecosystems on the largest sand island in the world. These vegetation communities contain over 850 f

• Language: English
• Publisher: Grahame Applegate
• Release date: Nov 30, 2020
• ISBN: 9780648877417

Grahame B Applegate

Grahame Applegate is an Associate Professor at the Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia, with a Master of Natural Resources from University of New England and a Bachelor of Science (Forestry) from the Australian National University. He has forestry, natural resource management and research experience, working for over 35 years in tropical forest management, community forestry, smallholder forestry, peat fire and peatland restoration in the Asia-Pacific region. As a young graduate, Grahame studied the ecology of the blackbutt forests which dominate a large part of Fraser Island/K'Gari which necessitated developing an understanding of the floristics and the preparation of a check list of the plant species, which became part of his dissertation. This work grew out of his first experience on the island at the age of 19 with the Queensland Forestry Department, undertaking some of the silvicultural practices in the same blackbutt forest, which a few years later would be the subject of his research and a further opportunity to learn more about the island and its diverse and stunning forests. Grahame continues to assist with ecological research in the rainforests of north Queensland with the University of the Sunshine Coast and in the tropical Peat Swamp Forests and peatlands in Indonesia. Many years later after a career in tropical forestry research and consulting, he returned to the island and with the assistance of the Queensland Herbarium, updated his species list and included many of the weed species that had invaded the island and addressed species and family name changes that had occurred over the past few decades. Grahame has long held a desire to publish his work on the island and share his fascination with the sand formations and vegetation to a wider audience. Solitary and seminal work on the carbon content of eucalyptus formed the solid base for his work on fire in later years. And the surfing was excellent!

Book preview

Vegetation of Fraser Island / K’gari

Grahame Applegate

with illustrations and design by Bramita Andriana (petiterabbit.com)

ISBN 978-0-6488774-0-0

ISBN 978-0-6488774-1-7 (e-book)

Published by

©2020 Grahame Applegate

1st Edition 2020

All rights reserved. This book is copyright. Apart from any fair-dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism, or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Enquiries should be made to the publisher.

All photography by Grahame Applegate unless otherwise acknowledged

Ingram Book Company, October 2020

Cover Design: Design by Bramita Andriana, based on a painting of Banksia robur 2025, Artist Beryl Robertson.

The author is grateful for permission to use the painting.

FOREWORD

Fraser Island / K’gari together with the neighbouring Cooloola sand mass (on the Queensland mainland), makes up the Great Sandy biogeographical region. This unique area encompasses an almost one million-year-old series of giant Pleistocene and Holocene sand dunes, with a diverse array of plant communities ranging from sedgelands to tall open-forests and rainforests.

These latter forest communities provided a valuable source of timber from the early days of European settlement. Initially the rainforests were logged before attention turned to the wet sclerophyll forests dominated by brush box and the endemic giant turpentine or satinay (Syncarpia hillii). Satinay soon gained a reputation around the world for its endurance as a marine hardwood, e.g. in construction of the Suez Canal.

The adjacent tall eucalypt forests and particularly those dominated by blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis), have been an enduring and major timber resource until the relatively recent cessation of logging in the early 1990’s. It was these forests which first brought Grahame Applegate to Fraser Island as a young research forester in 1979.

Although his career has since taken him to the rainforests of the Wet Tropics of North Queensland and then to various countries across South-East Asia and the Pacific, he has retained and now rekindled his personal and scientific fascination with the forests of the island following his return to the Sunshine Coast.

Although its outstanding natural values were recognised in its listing as Australia’s eleventh World Heritage Area (in 1992) and despite its significance as a major tourist destination, there is little information available on the flora and fauna of Fraser Island. Detailed mapping of the plant communities has been available for more than 30 years, but this is the first published account of those communities and their ecological relationships. It also includes a comprehensive list of the plant species together with their habitats.

Dr W.J.F. (Bill) McDonald

Honorary Research Associate

Queensland Herbarium and

Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service

CONTENTS

Foreword

List of Figures

List of Tables

List of Photographs

Preface

LOCATION AND BIOPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Introduction

Location

Vegetation

Climate

Ground Water

Geology and Soils

Geomorphology

Dune Age

Deposition Units

Dune Units (Landscape Classification)

Physiographic Units

FLORISTIC ENVIRONMENT

General Relationships

Water Table and Vegetation

Topography and Vegetation

Geology – Sand Deposition – Physiography – Landscape

Soil Age – Depth of Leaching – Vegetation

Exposure and Proximity to the Ocean

Fire

Rare and Threatened Flora

Peat Swamps

VEGETATION ASSOCIATIONS

Vegetation And Physiography

Strand

Open Grassland – Sedgeland – Herbland

Fore Dune

Scrubland – Low Woodland – Low Open Forest

Hind Dune

Woodland – Open Forest

High Dune

Open Forest – Tall Open Forest

Open Heath – Low Open Woodland

Sedgeland – Woodland

Closed Forest – Tall Closed Forest

Woodland – Open Forest

Closed Heath – Open Scrub

Low Woodland – Low Open Forest

Littoral Flats

Sedgeland – Grassland – Herbland – Woodland – Low Open Forest

FOREST BIOMASS PRODUCTIVITY AND NUTRIENT STATUS

Forest Biomass

SELF GUIDED VEGETATION DISCOVERY TOUR

Site 1. Rehabilitated Mined Area

Site 2. Lake Boomanjin

Open-forest

Lake edge

Site 3. Wallum Formation

Site 4. Lake Birrabeen

Site 5. Wanggoolba Creek Mangroves

Site 6. Central Station

Site 7. Pile Valley

Site 8. Lake McKenzie (Lake Boorangoora)

Site 9. McKenzie Jetty

Forestry

Z-Force

Site 10. Lake Wabby lookout

LIST OF PLANT SPECIES FOUND ON FRASER ISLAND / K’GARI

Index To Species List

GLOSSARY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

APPENDIX 1

A description of the BVGs found on Fraser Island (extract from Neldner et al. 2015).

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1

Location map of Fraser Island / K’gari.

FIGURE 2

Location map of Fraser Island / K’gari showing place names.

FIGURE 3

Location of the Beach and Dune Sand accumulations on Fraser Island / K’gari.

FIGURE 4

Relationship between depth to B horizon in sand podzols, age of deposition and distribution of vegetation type on Fraser Island / K’gari.

FIGURE 5

Cross- section (AB) of Fraser Island through Central Station showing the relationship between the Depositional, Dune and Physiographic Units and the Vegetation Structural Forms.

FIGURE 6

Typical cross-section of the Strand, Fore Dune and Hind Dune on the east coast of Fraser Island / K’gari showing common plant species.

FIGURE 7

Cross section of Wanggoolba Creek at Central Station.

FIGURE 8

Littoral Flats communities on the west coast of Fraser Island / K’gari.

FIGURE 9

Estimated biomass of site three stages of growth of Eucalyptus pilularis dominated forests on Fraser Island / K’gari (tonne/ha).

FIGURE 10

Route map of self-guided tour which illustrates the diversity of vegetation and physiography of Fraser Island / K’gari.

FIGURE 11

Species compositional gradient in many lakes on Fraser Island / K’gari.

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1

Age of Beach Sand and Dune Sand accumulations on Fraser Island / K’gari.

TABLE 2

Relationship between Dune Units (Soil Landscape) and Geological Units on Fraser Island / K’gari.

TABLE 3

Relationship between the Geological, Depositional and Physiographic and Dune Units.

TABLE 4

Relationship between Physiography, Vegetation (Structural Form), BVG Units and Dune Lands on Fraser Island / K’gari.

TABLE 5

Species known to have established on the mined area, in addition to those planted.

TABLE 6

Species of wallum communities north-west of Lake Boomanjin.

TABLE 7

Intertidal species occurring at the mouth of Wanggoolba Creek.

TABLE 8

Tree, shrub and ground layer species near the edge of the supra-tidal zone.

TABLE 9

List of plants commonly seen at Central Station.

TABLE 10

Species seen on the walking track from Lake Wabby lookout to the beach.

TABLE 11

Species in the soakage areas.

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

PHOTO 1

Common plants on the Strand and Fore Dune on the east coast of Fraser Island / K’gari.

PHOTO 2

Plant communities which occur in seepage areas (swales) on the eastern side of Fraser Island / K’gari are dominated by sedges and herbs.

PHOTO 3

Vegetation on the Fore Dune is often dominated by Banksia integrifolia up to 10 m tall.

PHOTO 4

Hind Dune vegetation is a mixture of low to medium height sclerophyll tree species