Breastfeeding and Natural Child Spacing: The Ecology of Natural Mothering

By Sheila Kippley

This is the updated classic 1974 Harper&Row edition. The research and information differs from The Seven Standards of Ecological Breastfeeding, the latest version of natural child spacing. Both books together would make an excellent gift for a new mother.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Lulu.com
• Release date: Jul 19, 2011
• ISBN: 9781257924882

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1

Your Baby’s Needs at the Breast

THE BREAST FOR NOURISHMENT

One of the baby’s strongest needs is the need to suck—and rightly so, for it is the nursing at the breast that provides him¹ with nourishment. The infant’s nursing stimulates the production of milk in the mother and is the natural means of transmitting the milk from mother to baby.

Lactation, or the production of milk in the mother’s body, is influenced proportionately by the amount of stimulation the breast receives. This stimulation is most frequently caused by the nursing of the infant. (Another source of stimulation that is not as strong as that caused by the infant is expression of milk by hand or pump.) The more stimulation the breast receives, the more milk it will supply or produce. The exact opposite is likewise true. When a baby is weaned naturally from the breast or is weaned by his mother, who introduces foods or formula so that the baby requires less from the breast, then the supply of milk is lessened accordingly. Lactation is a delicate process, for the supply of milk almost always meets the demand, whether that demand is great or small.

The following story illustrates how the mother’s milk supply is influenced largely by the baby’s demand at the breast. A friend introduced solids early, at the advice of her doctor. Unlike her previous doctor, this new doctor insisted on solids at six weeks, even though he strongly approved of breastfeeding. As soon as she followed his instructions her milk supply decreased, she became depressed, and menstruation returned. Several months later a letter came, telling me that her supply had increased.

Of course, I’m still nursing Jeff. He only has solids once a day. Frank and I both felt we should cut down on solids, and we had a good chance to do so over the Easter holidays when we traveled to Salt Lake. He had very little extra, and I feel this brought back or brought on more milk. Makes me happier.

It is amazing at first to learn how effective the demand for milk can be in producing the supply. There are mothers who want to bring back their milk several months after childbirth because their babies have reacted unfavorably to formulas. With proper instruction and loads of encouragement, these mothers have brought back their milk supply and have been able to breastfeed their babies.

The same process can likewise assist the mother who, worried at first about an insufficient milk supply and deciding the baby perhaps needs a supplement via a bottle, would like to eliminate that supplementary bottle. By doubling or tripling the number of nursings at the breast for one or two days, the mother will usually have plenty of milk, and there will be no further need to use the bottle.

Another example is the mother who has a premature or sick baby. She may express her milk regularly to maintain a supply until her baby comes home. Over a period of six weeks one mother expressed her milk into a sterile jar which she took daily to the hospital to nourish her premature, incubator baby. Her supply increased from one and one-half ounces to over twenty ounces per day during this period. She met up with much resistance at first, and everyone thought that it wasn’t possible. At a later date the pediatrician told her to wean the baby to a bottle by six months of age, the reason given being that the nursing wouldn’t do her or the baby any good. Being well read on the subject of breastfeeding, she ignored this advice and both she and the baby prospered.

The relationship between the sucking stimulus and the production of milk is probably best illustrated by the few mothers who have simulated the nursing stimulation in order to produce milk for the baby they planned to adopt. I corresponded with one mother who actually was producing milk prior to adoption. In another case the mother had not recently given birth; she was without any supply of milk and she was without the normal hormonal and physiological changes of late pregnancy that provide for an adequate and easy milk supply after childbirth. She was, so to speak, bone dry, yet she persevered and developed a milk supply for her adopted baby.

Needless to say, such a process isn’t recommended to just anybody, for it takes a considerable amount of constant effort and a very strong desire to nurse one’s baby. In addition, it takes a baby who is agreeable to the idea, for, by the time an adoptive mother receives her baby, the infant has already been bottle-fed for several weeks. It takes stronger suckling to get milk from the breast than from the bottle, and some babies are not particularly disposed toward making the transition.²

Nature also provides an ample supply to those mothers who have twins. One doctor insisted that his patient should nurse her twin babies because he felt it would be easier for her. It is the only way a mother can feed two babies at the same time!

In addition, a few mothers with one breast have been encouraged by their doctors to nurse in order to reduce the chance of developing cancer in the remaining breast. The American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute of the USPH Service report that breast cancer is more apt to develop in those breasts that do not give milk, and scientific studies confirm the fact that long-term nursing lowers the breast-cancer risk.

These examples are given to show you not only how lactation can be encouraged under unusual or different circumstances but above all to impress upon you, as a mother, that you certainly can nurse your baby under normal conditions. The important thing to remember is that breastfeeding can be a very easy and natural affair. God gave you your baby and He also provided you with the best food for your baby, food that you alone can give him. To help you feed your baby, He gave your infant a strong urge to suck. It’s that simple. Let the baby nurse often at the breast and you will have plenty of milk for his nourishment.

THE BREAST AS A PACIFIER

This brings us to another important point. Babies have an obvious need to suck. They will suck on anything they come in contact with—breast, fingers, clothing, or objects. This is a normal, healthy habit that should be encouraged and one that is particularly well satisfied at the mother’s breast. The baby or older child will usually outgrow this habit later if his desire to suck isn’t frustrated early in life.

The breast is nature’s pacifier for the baby. This is hard for many mothers to appreciate in our culture, where breastfeeding is unpopular and where the artificial feeding of infants is the preferred practice. We tend to forget that these artificial aids— bottles and pacifiers—are merely substitutes for the mother. The infant’s need to nurse or to be pacified at the breast is nature’s way of bringing mother and baby together at other than feeding times.

The breast produces the same effect as a bottle or a soother— that is, it calms the infant, which is often the way the baby likes to feel before going to sleep. The breastfed baby wants the breast for this pacifying need of his just as another baby prefers his bottle or soother. This is why the nursing mother cannot really say how many times she has fed the baby during the day. Does she count the times she has pacified her baby into a deep sleep—even though her baby might have acquired little milk in the process? The breast also offers security and comfort. It brings love and reassurance any time during the day or night.

Sucking is also apparently a very satisfying experience in itself. Dr. James Hymes, author of The Child Under Six,³ says that sucking provides babies with many pleasant sensations, and in The First Nine Months⁴ Geraldine Lux Flanagan points out that some babies are born with a callus on their thumb as a result of their sucking activity in the womb. Surely, this is an indication that sucking was a satisfying experience for these babies even before birth.

Perhaps this is a good place to begin to explain what is meant by the subtitle of this book, The Ecology of Natural Mothering. Strictly speaking, ecology is concerned with the relationship between living things and their environment. Frequently it is a rather delicate relationship, and every week we read about how this or that animal or fish or tree may be affected by such and such a change in the environment. The language of ecology is applied less frequently to human relationships, but it is still valid. For example, there is a gentle, ecological relationship between the breastfeeding baby and his mother. The more he nurses, the more milk she has for him.

Another aspect of this breastfeeding ecology is the relationship between the emotional and physiological needs of the infant. Both needs are satisfied through nursing at the breast. The hungry baby gets not only nutrition but also emotional satisfaction through the breastfeeding and through being picked up and held. The baby who nurses primarily for some emotional satisfaction also gets some nourishment and by his nursing helps reinforce his mother’s milk supply. The mother can continue to satisfy the emotional need at the breast even when her baby has a nutritional need for other foods in addition to breast milk. This helps to explain why some cultures that are sensitive to the child’s needs think nothing of continuing some breastfeeding even into the third and fourth years.

The frequent stimulation of the breast by the baby also plays an important role in maintaining natural infertility after childbirth. This and other aspects of the breastfeeding ecology will be spelled out in later chapters. Suffice it to say for now that Mother Nature has provided a mutually beneficial relationship in breastfeeding and provides many opportunities for its proper development.

SUCKING STIMULUS AND OVULATION

When a young girl reaches puberty, she normally begins to experience the menstrual cycle. If she has prepared for this as a natural development, she accepts it as part of becoming an adult woman and may give it little further thought. On the other hand, she may have wanted a better understanding of her bodily functions and sought out the whole story behind her monthly cycle. If you are such a woman, the following facts will scarcely be new; but certain facts take on new relevance when seen in relation to childbearing and child spacing.

At puberty the two ovaries within the female body become active. At this time the eggs inside the ovary begin to mature, and each egg or ovum during its development becomes encased in a sac of fluid called a follicle. As the eggs or ova develop, one ovum at a time migrates, or approaches the surface of the ovary. At the surface the follicle ruptures, releasing the ovum. The ovum is now free to travel from the ovary down the Fallopian tubes toward the womb or uterus. This process of the release of the ovum is necessary before fertilization or conception takes place, and is called ovulation.

While the body is preparing for ovulation, the lining of the uterus is thickening to receive the ovum should conception occur. If the ovum is not fertilized, the lining of the uterus is sloughed off and bleeding occurs. This bleeding is known as menstruation or menses. It is often referred to as a menstrual period or menstrual cycle.

If pregnancy occurs, however, a change occurs in the body chemistry. One effect of this is that the lining of the womb is not sloughed off but remains built up, thereby eliminating menstrual bleeding during the pregnancy. This is termed pregnancy amenorrhea. Amenorrhea simply means not having periods. Another effect of this change in the body chemistry during pregnancy is that the ovaries remain at rest; no ovulation and no additional pregnancy can occur until after childbirth. The only exception would be multiple conceptions, but it is known that when double or triple ovulations occur in a cycle they all occur within the same twenty-four-hour period.

Our interest in this whole process is the continuation of this infertile condition following childbirth. If the mother nurses her baby properly, she will normally retain this infertile condition by experiencing a lengthy absence from menstrual periods following birth. This is known as breastfeeding amenorrhea. The medical researchers have been unable to describe with certainty the body chemistry involved, but there seems to be fairly general agreement that the sucking stimulus by the infant at the breast is responsible for the body chemistry that provides this natural infertility.

It is also apparent that the amount and frequency of nursing is very closely related to the natural infertility of breastfeeding. Therefore, there are two practical conclusions for the nursing mother who would like this side benefit of breastfeeding. First of all, she should positively cooperate with her baby’s natural desires to nurse whether it be for nutritional or emotional needs. Secondly, she should avoid those practices that prematurely reduce her baby’s feeding at the breast. This would include almost the entire range of cultural baby-care practices in the United States: early solids and liquids other than mother’s milk, rigid nursing schedules, pacifiers, the race to get baby sleeping through the night, babysitters, and so on.

The guidelines that are given in this book go hand in hand with what I call natural mothering. By natural mothering I mean that care of an infant in which his needs are met primarily by the mother, and not by artifacts or babysitters. It is natural baby care as well, for the mother follows her baby’s natural development or pattern. Natural mothering, then, is not ruled by clocks or schedules; instead, the baby is the mother’s guide.

It is one thing to state the guidelines for natural spacing; it is something else to put a natural mothering program into practice in the face of some current customs of child care. Unfortunately, many of the current practices today restrict or eliminate the mothering that nature intended and seriously interfere with the natural infertility of breastfeeding. Because these factors take the baby away from his mother, the following chapters will look at these cultural practices in more detail to see how they hinder nature’s plan for spacing babies.

1. Many sentences talk about mother and baby. It is much easier to keep the pronouns straight by referring to the baby as he, him, and his.

2. Buckner, Jennie and Kreiger, Jocelyn. She’s Breastfeeding Her Adopted Baby, Detroit Free Press, August 27, 1972.

3. Hymes, James. The Child under Six, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1963.

4. Flanagan, Geraldine Lux. The First Nine Months, New York: Pocket Books, 1962.

2

Does Exclusive Mean Total?

In the last chapter the infertility of pregnancy was compared with the infertility of breastfeeding, and the absence of ovulation and menstruation was noted in both. One thing that is evident is that the developing baby in the mother’s womb derives 100 percent of his nourishment from his mother. The point that cannot be overstressed with regard to breastfeeding and ovulation is that the baby who gives his mother the natural infertility of breastfeeding will also be getting 100 percent of his nourishment from his mother’s breast for the first six to eight months and will be nursing frequently thereafter.

In a society conditioned to look to the doctor for assistance in every phase of life, and especially in the area of infant nutrition, it is difficult to be understood when speaking about exclusive breastfeeding. Exclusive breastfeeding doesn’t require any formulas, any juice, any baby foods, or any special concoctions. (I am not considering the case of the sick baby who may need special treatment. I am writing only about the normal healthy baby.) However, the fact is that in recent years [1970s] most doctors have prescribed formulas and set up definite schedules for the introduction of juices, liquids, cereals, and solids. Most mothers have thus come to believe that this is medically, nutritionally, and psychologically the best way, and breastfeeding is either looked down upon as fit for only the lower social groups or as a nice but very short-run supplement to the real nourishment put out by the food and drug companies. I’ll have more to say about the role of the doctor in the life of the breastfeeding couple later; my present purpose is to illustrate the difficulty of being correctly understood in the context of contemporary practice.

Exclusive or total breastfeeding means, again, that the baby derives all his food from his mother’s breasts. It means that the only nipples that need to be in the house are part of the mother’s natural equipment. It should go without saying that there does not have to be a baby bottle in the house.

Now I have nothing against the mother who bottle-feeds or who partially breastfeeds. My only complaint comes when the mother who partially breastfeeds tells her friends that she is nursing and that, of course, her menstrual periods have started or that she became pregnant. I want to agree with the of course, but I also want to make it clear that her partial breastfeeding is what I call weaning, not exclusive breastfeeding.

If I seem somewhat repetitious on this point, it’s because I am convinced that misunderstanding is so widespread that a single statement is not sufficient. Perhaps the following examples will illustrate why I think the idea needs clarification.

In 1967 a mother wrote to Our Sunday Visitor saying that if breastfeeding is done properly it will suspend ovulation and menstruation for seven to fifteen months. She encouraged other mothers to give it a try, as it is still God’s plan for spacing babies. Some letters were printed several weeks later showing the various responses to her letter. The following are excerpts from some of those letters.

I know a mother who had nine children in eleven years; she breastfed each until a new