Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible: Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi
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Rather than attempt a verse-by-verse analysis, these volumes work from larger sense units, highlighting the place of each passage within the overarching biblical story. Commentators focus on the genre of each text—parable, prophetic oracle, legal code, and so on—interpreting within the historical and literary context.
The volumes also address major issues within each biblical book—including the range of possible interpretations—and refer readers to the best resources for further discussions.
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Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible - John W. Rogerson
EERDMANS
COMMENTARY on the BIBLE
Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi
John W. Rogerson and M. Daniel Carroll R.
WILLIAM B. EERDMANS PUBLISHING COMPANY
GRAND RAPIDS, MICHIGAN
Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.
4035 Park East Court SE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49546
www.eerdmans.com
© 2003 Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.
All rights reserved
Originally published as part of Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible
This edition published 2019.
ISBN 978-1-4674-5399-8
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
Contents
Preface
Abbreviations
Haggai
Introduction
Commentary
Editorial Introduction (1:1–3)
The First Oracle (1:4–11)
The Result (1:12–15)
Introduction to the Second Oracle (2:1–2)
The Second Oracle (2:3–9)
The Third Oracle (2:10–14)
The Fourth Oracle (2:15–19)
The Fifth Oracle (2:20–23)
Zechariah
Introduction
Commentary
Introduction to Zechariah 1–8
Introduction (1:1–6)
The First Vision (1:7–17)
The Second Vision (1:18–21; Heb. 2:1–4)
The Third Vision (2:2–5; Heb. 2:5–9)
Intervening Oracle (2:6–13; Heb. 2:10–17)
The Fourth Vision (3:1–10)
The Fifth Vision (4:1–14)
The Sixth Vision (5:1–4)
The Seventh Vision (5:5–11)
The Eighth Vision (6:1–8)
Historical Appendix (6:9–15)
A Question about Fasting (7:1–7)
Further Elaboration (7:8–14)
Jerusalem’s Future (8:1–8)
Further Reassurance (8:9–17)
More on Fasting (8:18–19)
Jerusalem’s Universal Appeal (8:20–23)
Introduction to Zechariah 9–14
Oracles against Israel’s Neighbors (9:1–8)
The Coming King (9:9–10)
Revenge for Judah (9:11–17)
Sheep without a Shepherd (10:1–2)
The Restoration of the People (10:3–12)
Destruction of All That Is Proud (11:1–3)
Good and Bad Shepherds (11:4–17)
War, Mourning, and Hope (12:1–13:1)
No Idols or Prophets (13:2–6)
The Smitten Shepherd (13:7–9)
War and Peace for Jerusalem (14:1–21)
Malachi
Introduction
Commentary
The Heading (1:1)
The First Disputation: The Meaning of Divine Love (1:2–5)
The Second Disputation: Accusations of Inadequate Worship (1:6–2:9)
The Third Disputation: Violation of the Bonds of Marriage (2:10–16)
The Fourth Disputation: The Purification of Worship (2:17–3:5)
The Fifth Disputation: Unacceptable Offerings (3:6–12)
The Sixth Disputation: Vindication of the Righteous (3:13–4:3; Heb. 3:13–21)
The Epilogue (4:4–6; Heb. 3:22–24)
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Preface
No one familiar with the Bible in any degree needs to be told that it is a remarkable volume. Its documents and traditions span a period of at least a thousand years. It contains the sacred scriptures of two of the world’s major religions, Judaism (what Christians call the Old Testament
) and Christianity, and is the lifeblood of each. In and through its words hundreds of thousands have heard, and still hear, the Word of God addressing them personally. The Bible has informed and infused Western culture to such an extent that the foundations, formative traditions, character, and values of Western society cannot be understood without it. Nations have been built on foundational principles drawn from it. Much of the world’s greatest art, music, and literature cannot be adequately appreciated without a good knowledge of the Bible. It has been the source and inspiration for countless acts of quiet heroism and lives of sacrificial service—though, paradoxically, many of its texts have also been used to justify acts of unimaginable horror and systems of barbarous intolerance. And in many parts of the world, particularly in Africa and South America, where the Christian churches are growing rapidly, the Bible is being rediscovered and read in new and exciting ways.
A striking and equally familiar feature of the Bible is the rich diversity of types of writing within it—law codes, historical narratives, poetry, psalms and proverbs, prophetic oracles, apocalyptic visions, gospels, and epistles. Each of these genres requires detailed study to unfold its riches, and all of the sixty-six individual writings—not to mention the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha—have given rise to numerous commentaries and special studies. Indeed, a further measure of the Bible’s importance is that it has resulted in far more secondary literature than has any other single or composite volume in history. In consequence, the beginning student or study group that wants to give the Bible serious attention can quickly be overwhelmed by such an embarrassing abundance of riches. The sheer disparity between the Bible’s one volume and all that has been written about it is mind-boggling. At the same time, many briefer treatments of biblical books and themes are written at an overly simplistic level; they neither wrestle with the complexity of many texts, nor penetrate very far into the profundity of others, nor show enough awareness of the diversity of interpretations possible at many points or of the challenges and benefits of much modern scholarship. Despite its age, biblical studies is a fast-moving discipline with new discoveries, angles of approach, and insights constantly calling for fresh assessment of older assumptions simply taken for granted, whether at a fine-detail or whole-picture level.
It is essential, then, that each new generation should have a guide enabling serious students of the Bible to see the forest without getting lost in the trees. Since the Bible too easily becomes the province only of the technical expert, it is desirable that a single volume should sum up the best of modern scholarship and direct interested readers to appropriate further reading. And since the twentieth century witnessed huge strides in the way the Bible is read and heard, with many new translations and ways of approaching the Bible under constant discussion, it is appropriate that students of the Bible should have a handbook which provides authoritative summing up of the best fruits of the last century’s scholarship and clear guidance on into the twenty-first century.
The Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible is just such a volume.
•It draws on and encapsulates the best of modern and international scholarship on the books of the Bible.
•It is the only one-volume Bible commentary to cover all the texts (including the Apocrypha and 1 Enoch) regarded by one or more Christian churches as canonical.
•It deals with the text in nontechnical language, and provides both reader-friendly treatments for beginning use of the Bible and succinct summaries of the essence or thrust of each section for those further along