Eighty Stories And Legends
By W.M KRISHAN
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Eighty Stories And Legends - W.M KRISHAN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................004
The 01st story- Stena the son of Ramesses the Great......................................005
The 02nd story-The farmer and the bandit.....................................................007
The 03rd story-The goddess Sekhmet and beer..............................................008
The 04th story-The singer and necklace..........................................................010
The 05th story-The stealing the Pharaoh's treasury......................................012
The 06th story-The adventures of Sinohi…....................................................015
The 07th story-The journey in the land of the dead.......................................017
The 08th story-The God Ra and the Goddess Osset.......................................020
The 09th story-The God Khanmu and the flood of the Nile..........................022
The 10th story-The God Khonsu and the healing of king's daughter........ 024
The 11th story-Myths of the creation of the universe.....................................026
The 12th story-The God Ra and the Goddess Nut..........................................029
The 13th story-The killing of Osar (Osiris) ....................................................031
The 14th story-Osset and the seven scorpions.................................................036
The 15th story-The traitorous wife and the crocodile....................................038
The 16th story-The magician Tita....................................................................039
The 17th story-Victory comes by magic...........................................................041
The 18th story-Magic Book...............................................................................043
The 19th story-The Israelis Prophet Joseph....................................................046
The 20th story-The King Seti I and the dream...............................................048
The 21st story-The King Tuthmosis III...........................................................050
The 22nd story-Truth and Lyi (Maad and Greg) ..........................................053
The 23rd story-The occupation of Yuba..........................................................056
The 24th story-The brothers Anbu and Beto..................................................058
The 25th story-The Epic of Gilgamesh.............................................................061
The 26th story-Magic Plow...............................................................................066
The 27th story-Giant’s Treasures.....................................................................068
The 28th story-Cat seller...................................................................................072
The 29th story-The guard of the village...........................................................074
The 30th story-Swanwhite.................................................................................078
The 31st story-The goddess Tlazotyotel...........................................................083
The 32nd story-Princess Saint Catherine........................................................086
The 33rd story-Morning Star...........................................................................097
The 34th story-Goddess Amaterasu.................................................................100
The 35th story-Black Snake Beda....................................................................104
The 36th story-Doctor Lee................................................................................110
The 37th story-Hercules....................................................................................113
The 38th story-The God Zeus...........................................................................121
The 39th story-The Heaven and the Earth......................................................125
The 40th Story-Jeanne Dark.............................................................................134
The 41st story-The Al-Anqa (Phoenix) ……...................................................150
The 42nd story-Trojan War..............................................................................154
The 43rd story-The Philosopher's Stone..........................................................159
The 44th story-The God Thor...........................................................................162
The 45th story-King Arthur..............................................................................167
The 46th story-Beowulf.....................................................................................196
The 47th story-Archimedes - I found it............................................................207
The 48th story-The strangest case of suicide...................................................209
The 49th story-Guevara.....................................................................................211
The 50th story-Genghis Khan and Falcon.......................................................214
The 51st story-Blanche Munier.........................................................................216
The 52nd story-Haunted Provincial Hotel.......................................................219
The 53rd story-Body Merchants ......................................................................222
The 54th story-Connie Franklin Puzzle...........................................................230
The 55th story-The boy in the box ...................................................................233
The 56th story-The Secret of Annabelle...........................................................240
The 57th story-Deadly Legend Bill Gunness....................................................245
The 58th story-Bellerophon ..............................................................................253
The 59th story-Yason and Golden Fur.............................................................260
The 60th Story-Orpheus and Oredius..............................................................266
The 61st story-Hades and Presophony.............................................................271
The 62nd story-The Odyssey Epic....................................................................274
The 63rd story-The Iliad Epic...........................................................................289
The 64th story-Lekawon - Curse of the wolf man...........................................296
The 65th story-Calcito........................................................................................298
The 66th story-Python........................................................................................301
The 67th story-Zodiac .......................................................................................307
The 68th story-Pirate Jack Sparrow................................................................312
The 69th story-Artemis......................................................................................318
The 70th Story-Alnadeha ..................................................................................329
The 71st Story-Aisha Qandisha.........................................................................333
The 72nd story-La Eurona................................................................................336
The 73rd story-The Silaweh .............................................................................339
The 74th story-Flying Dutch ............................................................................344
The 75th story-The Jewish Drifter....................................................................349
The 76th story-Edon...........................................................................................354
The 77th story-Atalanta.....................................................................................357
The 78th story-Cadmus......................................................................................360
The 79th story-Esther and Mordechai .............................................................363
The 80th Story - Inana - Ishtar..........................................................................368
Introduction:
I am delighted to present the reader with a collection of fairy tales and legends that have influenced the eras they represent, although most of them unrelated to reality, it is only fairy tales, derived from the beliefs and traditions of peoples and being affected by their surroundings, they only contain mixed feelings between sacrifice, passion, humor, attitudes of goodness and virtue in exchange for the positions of evil and sin.
These tales are so diverse that they represent many of the civilizations of the ancient world, including Greek, Egyptian, Mesopotamian, American, European, African, Japanese and Chinese.
The reader will find a variety of characters in terms of qualities, including heroic characters, and romantic personalities and criminals.
I hope that the reader in these stories and legends will find pleasure and interest.
The 01st story
Stena the son of Ramesses the Great
And his son Sa'eshtar
(Ancient Egyptian Legend)
Ancient Egyptians of all denominations were adhering to the laws and teachings of Goddess Ma’at, the daughter of the God Ra, who embodies truth and justice, and was distinguished by a white ostrich feather above her head, According to their beliefs, the rule of the gods is based on different foundations of human rule over each other, one of the lessons to which some are exposed clearly illustrates how the gods made judgments about people on any principles, one of these lessons, the story of the chief priest and the eleventh son of Ramses the Great Stena Khimost and his wife were praying to the gods in order to have a son, one night, a god appeared to the wife and told her that she would bear a baby very soon, this son will have a great deal, indeed, the wife became pregnant and gave birth (Sa Ishtar), the son of Ishtar, when he was five years old, his parents sent him to study in the temple, he has shown great distinction among his peers,he mastered hieroglyphic writing over several months and became the most outstanding pupil.
A few years later, when he was standing behind the window of their house with his father to see a funeral procession of one of the dead rich nobles, the funeral was great and the coffin was gold plated and carried by a large group of officials and priests. After the procession passed a small funeral procession of a poor worker was not in the procession only the sons of the deceased and his wife and the features of sadness visible on their faces.
Sitna turned to his son and said, "Look, my son, the rich man, even in death, he will be happier. His son answered immediately. I hope that my father will be your fate as the poor and not the rich. This answer came like a thunderbolt to the father, the son held his father's hand and marched him into a desert area and brought him into the world of the dead to see the fate of the worker and the rich, the father was surprised when the son pointed to him as someone who had a spirit that lived in happiness and said to him: this is the worker, rather, while the rich was suffering severe punishment, the son said to his father, father, I wish you the fate of this poor laborer because he was doing the good deeds and he passed the tests of the laws of the god Ma’at, while the rich man was bad manners and failed the tests.
The 02nd story
The farmer and the bandit
(Ancient Egyptian Legend)
Any citizen could develop himself with education and training to reach a higher position and better social status, this is a story that proves the good treatment that was received by the people and that the injustice of them must be achieved by justice and is clean, One of the peasants was trading in simple commodities to provide his family with food, he was carrying goods on donkeys and going to different villages to sell those goods, and happened to be met by one of the thieves, cut off the road and assaulted him and beat him and stole the goods he had, there were no witnesses to this incident, this peasant complained to an official who in turn asked the writer to record the complaint and submit it to the Pharaoh, indeed, this peasant was interviewed by the pharaoh, who promised him justice and justice, and the peasant waited for some time until he lost hope that the pharaoh's promise would be fulfilled, during the waiting period, the pharaoh was unknowingly sending food to the peasant's family.
Not only that, but because of the eloquence of the peasant in the presentation of his case was appointed a good job in the Palace of Pharaoh..
From this story we conclude that the promotion of the peasant was not because of the injustice suffered, it was enough to return to his right, but his promotion came because of his rhetorical ability to explain his case, which means that he was a skilled learner, His education is equivalent to university tuition in our time And the fact that he was living thousands of years ago, this is an achievement worthy of promotion, and also shows that the opportunities are available to all provided that prove the eligibility for the position in an era was writing a new invention.
The 03rd story
The goddess Sekhmet and beer
(Ancient Egyptian Legend)
The ancient Egyptians knew the beer drink, and they had their main national drink, it is said that (Osar) taught them to make beer from wheat and barley, and was fermented with several flavors by adding dates juice or wine, they like to drink more strong beer than light beer, while light beer was widespread among children as they took them to schools during meals, since the alcohol content was low. The legend said, that thousands of years ago the beer was used to calm the wrath of the goddess Sekhmet, as the people had accused the god Ra as a helpless god and became aging like the human pharaoh, the god Re was saddened by this betrayal of the people after he was the reason for their presence on earth, and as a punishment for them he created a daughter in the form of evil and called her (Sekhmet) and released her hand to destroy their villages and exterminate them, and while doing what was requested, took pity on the people and asked her to Stop punishing but she was struck by lust for murder , She refused to stop and continued to kill, The god Ra ordered the women to prepare a large quantity of beer, and the men ordered to mix the beer with the red mandarin, and pour it in a certain place, Sekhmet saw what looked like blood circulating in that area, and that spot was the red beer that was poured, drank from it and fell asleep and completely calmed down the killing, so she changed her name to (Hayat Hero), the cow goddess, and then the priests drink colored beer during their celebration of the flood season. People drank beer with joy because it was the reason for saving humanity from the might of the goddess Sekhmet.
The 04th story
The singer and necklace
(Ancient Egyptian Legend)
This myth shows the Egyptians' love of jewelry. As King Snefro wanted to have fun, the magician who accompanied him constantly pointed to go on a picnic on the Nile with his royal boat and bring with him dancers and singers and make them wear only fishing nets on their bodies, dancing and singing for him throughout the trip will enjoy it so much, King Snefro admired the idea and ordered its implementation Immediately, the royal boat set off with the king and magician on board and a number of dancers and singers were carefully selected from the most beautiful girls wearing fishing nets on their naked bodies only, and these girls were dancing to the king the most beautiful dances and sing him and rowing by boat, and the king sits to enjoy watching these dances and in front of him the delicious foods and drinks, Suddenly the girl, who was singing, stopped singing, and soon he stopped playing and dancing. The king was so angry and asked why the singer stopped, he was told that the singer had fallen from her necklace of jewels that she was wearing in the river, and she is determined not to sing until she returns to that necklace, the king promised her compensation but insisted on that necklace, the king asked the magician who was with him to bring her necklace from the river, and the magician began to mutter with words of magic and suddenly the water broke and the jewelry necklace appeared and returned to the girl and then the water returned as it was, the girl returned to sing, and the girls returned to play and dance.
The 05th story
The stealing the Pharaoh's treasury
(Ancient Egyptian Legend)
Another crime occurred during the reign of Ramses III, where Egypt was in that period has seen great economic growth, and became a rich country, so that the coffers are no longer enough to store the wealth that it owned, called Ramses III Minister of Treasury, and the great builder (Hor Muhab), and ordered him to build a huge treasury to store these treasures to be of hard rock and thick walls, so that thieves can not get inside.
Horemheb, who was very happy, started this project as a great project that will be included in the list of successful projects he has planned, he completed construction plans, and recruited skilled workers who would build the safe, and brought the stones to be used for this project, Work was successful and a large safe treasury was built, which is still known today, known as the morgue complex in the city of Habu, its walls and doors of solid stone, and locks with heavy weights of iron and bronze and stamped with the Royal Pharaoh's gospel, and deposited the wealth of Ramses III inside.
During his work in this treasury, Horemheb made a secret passageway inside it, no one knows about him, and his goal was to get from Ramses III extra pay, it was a coincidence that Horemheb got sick before telling Ramses III about the secret passage, and when he saw himself on the bed of death summoned his two sons and revealed to them about this secret, in order to tell the Pharaoh, but they kept this secret to their advantage, and they enter into the treasury and deviate from it, and continued for a period of time without anyone knowing them, when Ramses III inspected his treasure, he discovered that it had been greatly reduced in a mysterious way without breaking the locks or removing the royal seals. He set up some traps to catch the thieves.
When the two brothers entered the treasury, and after robbing tried to exit, but the younger brother stumbled in one of the traps set by the pharaoh, and fell on him rock hit his legs, the older brother tried to save his brother without a result, the younger brother asked him to kill him and save himself, to ensure that one benefit from theft, after hesitation the older brother agreed and cut off his brother's head, thus the body will be without a head and will not be identified, then left alone.
The next day, the Pharaoh came again to inspect the treasury, when he saw the headless body he was stunned, he would not be able to identify the thief, he ordered his soldiers to hang the body in the village, he was aimed that his family attempt to recover the body for burial, so that they guarantee his eternal life, indeed, the body was put away and soldiers disappeared away from them, the mother asked her eldest son to attend the body of his brother, and promised to do that.
The elder son is disguised as a merchant, he attended the village with 2 mules, carrying on their backs a skin filled with wine, when he arrived at the place where his brother's body was suspended, deliberately causing an accident, where the two mules faltered and poured wine on the ground,the soldiers came from the place where they were hiding to help him, he thanked them and gave them wine to drink, the soldiers drank the wine and he said to them, drink as much as you can, I have lost it anyway and will not be able to sell it, and so the soldiers have become very drunk.
He waited until nightfall and the village became dark. He cut off the ropes and took the body of his dead brother to the house. Before the sun rose the following day, he completed the burial.
When Ramses III knew that he was very angry, he punished all the soldiers for their negligence and began to think about how he could catch the thief, and devised a clever trick, he announce that he would marry one of his daughters to this thief if he revealed himself, considering what he did to show his intelligence, when this plan did not succeed in detecting the thief, he expressed admiration for the intelligence and boldness of this thief, he declared his acquittal and amnesty, if he chose to work for the Pharaoh and loyalty to him, his intelligence would be beneficial to Egypt. The thief then revealed his identity, and the pharaoh carried out his promise and granted the post of servant to the pharaoh and his wife and his daughter.
The 06th story
The adventures of Sinohi
(Ancient Egyptian Legend)
The big problem that the ancient Egyptians fear is that one of them dies outside the land of his homeland, where he will not be able to get burial procedures that qualify him to move to the world of immortality, and therefore rarely find them leave the homeland, and if they do so, it is absolutely necessary, they do their utmost to return as soon as the work for which they have left is completed.
This story from the history of ancient Egypt reflects the Egyptian fear of death outside his homeland, which occurred during the reign of Amenemhat I of the Twelfth Dynasty and the story called (The Adventures of Sinohi),
Pharaoh Amenemhat I was afraid of some special ambitions in order to claim the throne, he reportedly heard that there was a conspiracy among women in his palace that threatened his life, and decided to work quickly to name his son Senusert as crown prince and legitimate heir to the throne, Sinuhi, a palace staff member and a loyal friend of Senusert, heard of planning the plot.He thought about what he would do, his life would be threatened in two ways, if he told the Pharaoh and the plot succeeded, or he joined the plot and failed, and his thinking led him to not want to see the plot, he decided to travel to Retino
currently name Palestine, whose name was the land of Canaan, where the king welcomed him and appointed him commander of the army and married the king's daughter, Sinuhi served the king sincerely for many years, gaining his trust, and after the king's death and had no sons to inherit the throne, Snuhe assumed the throne and became king of Retino, but he still longs for his homeland, so he sent to Senusert asking him a royal pardon and authorizing him to return home, Senusert welcomed him immediately, this is because of his sincere service to his father Amenemet I. Sinohi returned to Egypt after being appointed his eldest son as his successor in the land of Retino, Sinuhi became supervisor of the courts of the pharaohs for the rest of his life.
The 07th story
The journey in the land of the dead
(Ancient Egyptian Legend)
In order to achieve the ultimate goal, every person after his death must face many tests on the perilous journey of eternal life and the obstacles in the dead area (Duat), therefore, there were sacred texts aimed at guiding the deceased through the Book of the Dead, which contains all the necessary spells, prayers and rituals, this book was available to all Egyptians to help them reach immortality.
And as is the difference in social level in their lives, so it will be in the world of immortality, in the area of the dead (Duat) will reach the deceased pharaoh as a divine being to the underworld on a heavenly trip on a solar boat (wia), accompanied by Sah (Orion), he will be joined to his heavenly God in (Amenty) the land of the dead.
The deceased in the underworld will ask several questions related to faith and work, and these questions should have been learned during his life, they are available for purchase by priests, most of those who bought the sacred texts from the priests and studied them before their death will be able to answer.
These texts were carved in the inner walls of the burial chambers of the kings, and consisted of more than 150 sacred texts, maps, spells and rituals, these texts were seen in the pyramid of Pharaoh Iunas in Saqqara in the Middle Kingdom, and by the modern state these texts were written on papyrus and placed inside the coffin with The body of the deceased.
After that, the deceased walks at night for twelve hours, and passes through twelve gates to reach the court of Ma’at, and his heart is weighed by the standards of justice and truth represented by the feather of Ma’at, where the heart is seen as a source of life and all ideas of good and evil.
The results of weight are read by Thothi, the god of wisdom and the writer of the gods, if the heart is pure from sin and innocent all bad, the deceased is organized to the god Osar in Amenity and deserves immortality, but if the heart is full of sins and evils is devoured by the beast Aminat, which is in the form of a crocodile and the edges of a lion and the rear of the Hippopotamus, and thus the deceased loses the opportunity to eternity His death is considered final.
For the deceased who successfully passes the exam, Thothi informs the god Ma’at, and then the funerary priest Anbu, who wears a Ma’at mask and acts on his behalf, opens the deceased's mouth with a metal tool and places his touch on the eyelids and lips, the members of the deceased thus return to work, so that he can get food and become able to live in Amenity.
The ancient Egyptians believed that upon the physical death of a person, he takes several spiritual entities, possibly up to seven, all formed after the physical death, the most important of which is known as (khat) or dual, which is the basic and born at the same time of death, and was in the body comes In the form of someone who raises his arms to the sky, he acts as a counselor and conscience for the deceased and resides with him in the grave.
The second entity was called Ba, representing the life force of the essence and soul of the deceased, and retains the characteristics and qualities of the deceased when the body dies, it can leave the tomb during the day and return at night, it is in the shape of a falcon with a human head and has arms and wings, and continues to fly over the mummy.
Entity Akh represents the spirit of light, it is able to communicate with the living while navigating the sky, and it is the last state of transformation of the mummy spirit, characterized by a bright and bright form. As well as other entities and they, (Khu) is the spirit of intelligence of the deceased, and (Saho) is the spirit of knowledge and power, and (Khaibit), a shadow that provides him with protection.
The 08th story
The God Ra and the Goddess Osset
(Ancient Egyptian Legend)
The gods had five names, and the god Ra had several names, but (Ren) was the key to his true power and essence, by knowing the true name of the god, who never uttered, anyone can make him helpless if he knows his real name.
This story illustrates the importance of the secret name:
The story of Ra and Auset
The god Ra was the creator of everything, appeared in the form of human beings, walked on the earth he created and was in the form of an old man, the goddess Auset planned to take the power out of Ra and transfer it to her, for her ambition of power, secretly collected a few drops of Ra spittle and mixed it with the ground, from this mixture, Abib created that poisonous snake, the eternal enemy of Ra, and put it in the way of Ra and went into hiding, when Ra approached, Abib jumped from the ground and bitten the ankle of Ra while he walking.
Re cried out in pain and turned right and left to look for this creature that bitten him, since Ra did not create him and did not have control over him, Ra called the gods for help and they came from all directions, Auset came with them, and she was the first to start searching for this creature, Osset was a mistress of magic, so she promise Ra to rid him of this pain if his real name was revealed to her, and tried hard to convince him, being able to incorporate knowledge of his name with new force into a mantra that will ease his pain, but Ra refused, and tried to endure the pain, but the pain began to increase, all his names are revealed except Ren, but this trick did not fool Osset, and when he lost control and no longer bear the pain whispered in Osset's ear the name of Ren, immediately, the authority of Ra passed on to Osset, and the poison ended up with Ra's body, and Auset promised to use its newly discovered power to help mankind.
The 09th story
The God Khanmu
And the flood of the Nile
(Ancient Egyptian Legend)
Khnemu (Khnum), the god of fertility with a ram's head, flooding the Nile and creating the world, he and his wife formed the goddess of water Anqet and the goddess of fertility Satet Trinity Apo.
This legend carved on a rock shows the power and importance of Khnemu:
During the eighteenth year of Pharaoh Gosser's reign, Egypt was subjected to years of drought, poverty and famine, the hungry people turned to the Pharaoh for help, and the pharaoh summoned his minister Djoser and inquired about the source of the Nile and the god who rules it. Djoser told him the Nile comes from a cave called the Kwerti in Abu, the god who governs him is Khnemu, and that offerings must be made to this god, who opened the flood gates to the Nile, Djoser began negotiating with Khnemu and offered him a number of offerings, in an effort to satisfy him, Khnemu emerged and promised to make the Nile overflowing this year in the same amount as it had previously flooded, Provided that his previously neglected and abandoned temple was restored, the pharaoh repaired the temple, and the priests were tasked with sponsoring this temple, a royal decree was issued, written on a rock known as famine
and presented to Khnemu to end the drought and make the Nile overflow.
The 10th story
The God Khonsu
And the healing of the king's daughter
(Ancient Egyptian Legend)
Khonsu (Khensu), the gentle lunar god depicted as a mummified child wearing a crown in the form of a lunar crescent, is the second adopted son of Amen and Mut, and with them forms the triad of Uast, whose name means (traveler), possesses the ability to heal, and this story tells that:
Ramses II, lived before marriage in the land of Bekhten, king of Bekhten had a daughter of great beauty who was compared to the gods, Ramses II loved her and wanted to marry her, this was done and she became his wife, and he called her the Ra-Neferu The Beauties of Ra
, during the fifteenth year of Pharaoh's reign, a messenger from the king of Bekhten arrived telling him that the the queen’s younger sister, Bint-Reshet is sick, and begged him to send a skilled doctor to heal her, the pharaoh summoned the most skilled doctor in his kingdom and sent him to the land of Bekhten, the doctor failed to treat her and told the Pharaoh that he had no authority over her illness, it's a curse or a devil it has hit, Ramses II went to the temple of Khonsu and prayed to him and asked him to heal,
The Pharaoh sent a statue of Khonsu to Bekhten, When Khonsu faced the devil that hit the princess, he managed to defeat him and heal the princess. devil acknowledged his defeat by Khonsu, but stipulated that a ceremony would be held to honor the god Khonsu to leave the land of Bakhtin, the king held a great celebration and after the celebration devil fulfilled his promise and left where he came from, but the king feared that devil would return and ordered that the statue of Khonsu be kept in the land of Bekhten, and the statue remained there for more than four years.
The 11th story
Myths of the creation of the universe
(Ancient Egyptian Legend)
The Egyptians believed that the origins of creation began from the sea water, which is symbolized by (Nun) and there are different stories to explain how the universe began to emerge, they believe that the gods that created the universe are Amen-Ra, Atem-Ra, (Ra-Atem) Khnemu and Ptah.
According to one legend, Ptah, the god of crafts, created mankind in his own words, another view is that Khnemu was credited with making a clay man, using a celestial pottery wheel, and creating the first man from the first egg to come from where the sun came out. Khnemu placed such an egg inside every woman so that he was no longer responsible for filling the earth.
Another hypothesis mentioned in the texts of the pyramid, called the Group of Eight
as creators of mankind, and this group consists of four pairs of male and female deities that embody the forces of nature, the couple Nu and Nut created heaven and rain, the couple Hehu and Hehut created neighborhood and the fire, and the couple Kekui and Kekuit created the and Darkness, as for the confused and confused couple, they created the night and chaos, another myth credits the origins of the universe to the pairs of gods Amen and Amenet, Nun and Naunet, with Hehu and Hehut, and Kekui and Kekuit.
A myth different from its predecessors says that Shu, the god of air, and Tef- nut, the goddess of moisture, separated their father, the god Atem-Ra, and he took his eyes and sent them to find his children, when he found them by his eyes and brought them back to him, wept with joy, and from his tears was born the human race, and another version says that Geb, the Great Cackler created The universe through the cosmic egg.
It is said that during the Luno antiquity, there were nine gods who formed a group Pesdjet or Ennead
which created the world and this hypothesis was widely accepted.
Ra-Atem (or Heru, depending on which list you consult) Shu and Tefnut
Geb and Nut
Auset and Ausar
Set and Nebet-Het
The most widely accepted creation myth is that life emerges from the giant lotus flower. The lotus was a symbol of the resurrection, as it embodied a continuous cycle of rebirth.
This sacred flower grew from a hill rising from the primitive Nun Sea, Which still embraces the essence of all creation. This parallels the idea that