The Eurodollar Futures and Options Handbook

By Galen Burghardt

Eurodollar trading volume is exploding, with no end in sight tools phenomenal growth. The Eurodollar Futures and Options Handbook provides traders and investors with the complete range of current research on Eurodollar futures and options, now the most widely traded money market contracts in the world. The only current book on this widely-followed topic, it features chapters written by Eurodollar experts from JP Morgan, Mellon Capital, Merrill Lynch, and other global trading giants, and will quickly become a required reference for all Eurodollar F&O traders and investors.

• Language: English
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
• Release date: Jul 14, 2003
• ISBN: 9780071707695

Book preview

THE EURODOLLAR FUTURES AND OPTIONS HANDBOOK

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by Israel Nelken

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Valuing a Business, 4th edition

by Shannon Pratt, Robert F. Reilly, and Robert P. Schweihs

The Complete Arbitrage Deskbook

by Stephane Reverre

THE EURODOLLAR FUTURES AND OPTIONS HANDBOOK

GALEN BURGHARDT

Director of Research, Carr Futures

Adjunct Professor of Finance,

University of Chicago Graduate School of Business

For my loving wife, Birch, and our children, Sarah and Galen W., who are just as proud of me as I am of them.

Copyright © 2003 by Galen Burghardt. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

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CONTENTS

List of Exhibits

List of Examples

List of Equations

List of Contributors

Foreword

PART ONE

THE EMERGENCE OF THE EURODOLLAR MARKET

Chapter 1

The Emergence of the Eurodollar Market

The Revolution in Finance

The Futures Revolution

Key Money Market Developments

Why Eurodollars?

Eurodollar Futures

The Death of CD Futures and the Birth of Eurodollar Futures

The Market for Interest Rate Derivatives at the Beginning of the 21st Century

Exchange-Traded Money Market Futures and OTC Interest Rate Swaps

Options on Futures, Forward Rates, and Swaps

Markets around the World

PART TWO

BUILDING BLOCKS: EURODOLLAR FUTURES

Chapter 2

The Eurodollar Time Deposit

Maturities and Settlement

Quotes

LIBOR and LIBID

Interest Calculations

Chapter 3

The Eurodollar Futures Contract

Contract Specifications

Contract Unit

Price Quote

Tick Size

Minimum Fluctuation

Listed Contract Months

Contract Month Symbols

Color-Coded Grid

Expiring versus Lead Contract

Trading Hours and Mutual Offset

Final Settlement Price

Last Trading Day

Value Dates

Additional Trading Facilities

Initial and Maintenance Performance Bonds

Volume and Open Interest

Other 3-Month Money Market Futures Contracts

Chapter 4

Forward and Futures Interest Rates

Deriving a Forward Rate from Two Term Deposit Rates

Locking an Effective Forward Lending Rate Using Eurodollar Futures

Important Differences between Forward and Futures Markets

Determining the Fair Value of a Eurodollar Futures Contract

Richness and Cheapness

Forward Rates Are Break-Even Rates

Yield Curve Trades

Finding the Forward Term Deposit Curve Implied by Today’s Futures Rates

Chapter 5

Hedging with Eurodollar Futures

The Tool Is a Eurodollar Futures Contract

Basic Hedge Algebra

Deriving Present and Forward Values from Eurodollar Futures Rates

Calculating a Forward Value (Terminal Wealth)

Calculating a Zero-Coupon Bond Price (Present Value)

Hedging or Replicating Forward Cash Flows

Forward Valuing the Gain or Loss on the Eurodollar Futures Contract

Present Valuing the Gain or Loss on a Floater

Hedging or Replicating Present Values of Cash Flows

Calculating the Price of a Zero-Coupon Bond

Calculating the Present Value of a Basis Point

Finding the Hedge for a Zero-Coupon Bond

Faster Hedge Ratio Calculations with Calculus

Pricing and Hedging a Coupon-Bearing Bond

Managing Hedge Ratios

As Rates Rise or Fall

As Time Passes

Practical Considerations in Real Hedges

The Stub Period

Date and Term Mismatches

Whole Contracts

Credit Spreads

Variable Credit Spreads

Chapter 6

Pricing and Hedging a Swap with Eurodollar Futures

Fixed/Floating Interest Rate Swaps

Notional Principal Amount

Cash Flows in Arrears

Periodicity

Spot and Forward-Starting Swaps

Day-Count Conventions and Swap Yields

Approaches to Pricing and Hedging Interest Rate Swaps

Cash Flow Approach

Hypothetical Security Approach

Pricing a Swap Using the Cash Flow Method

Hedging a Swap Using the Cash Flow Method

Primary Effects

Secondary Effects

Calculating Hedge Ratios

Hedge Ratios Are Dynamic

Pricing a Swap Using the Hypothetical Securities Method

Hedging a Swap Using the Hypothetical Securities Method

Floating Rate Liability

Fixed Rate Asset

Find the Hedge Ratios

Pricing and Hedging Off-the-Market Swaps

Convexity Differences between Forward and Futures Rates

Comparing Three Yield Curves: Forward, Zero Coupon, and Par Coupon

The Difference between Money Market Rates and Bond Yields

PART THREE

EURODOLLAR FUTURES APPLICATIONS

Convexity Bias (Chapters 7 through 10)

Term TED Spreads (Chapters 11 and 12)

Hedging and Trading with Eurodollar Stacks, Packs, and Bundles (Chapter 13)

Hedging Extension Risk in Callable Agency Notes (Chapter 14)

Opportunities in the S&P Calendar Roll (Chapter 15)

Trading the Turn (Chapters 16 and 17)

Chapter 7

The Convexity Bias in Eurodollar Futures

Galen Burghardt and William Hoskins

Research note originally released September 16, 1994

Synopsis

Introduction

Interest Rate Swaps and Eurodollar Futures

A Forward Swap

The Value of a Basis Point

Eurodollar Futures

Reconciling the Difference in Cash Flow Dates

Hedging the Forward Swap with Eurodollar Futures

The Other Source of Interest Rate Risk in the Forward Swap

Interaction between the Two Sources of Risk

Trading the Hedge

How Much Is the Convexity Bias Worth?

How Correlated Are the Rates?

Estimating the Value of the Convexity Bias

Calculating the Value of the Bias

Reconciling the Difference between a Swap and a Eurodollar Futures Contract

How One Would Pay for the Advantage

Translating the Advantage into Basis Points

A Workable Rule of Thumb

Applying the Rule of Thumb

The Importance of Time to Contract Expiration

The Cumulative Effect of All This Drift

How Sensitive Are the Estimates to the Assumptions?

Practical Considerations in Applying the Rule

The Importance of the Bias for Pricing Term Swaps

Biases in Forward Swap Rates

The Market’s Experience with the Convexity Bias

Now What?

Running a Receive Fixed, Pay Floating Swap Book

Marking a Swap Book to Market

Volatility Arbitrage

Evaluating Term TED Spreads

APPENDIX A

Deriving the Rule of Thumb

APPENDIX B

Calculating Eurodollar Strip Rates and Implied Swap Rates

Chapter 8

Convexity Bias Report Card

Galen Burghardt, William Hoskins, and Niels Johnson

Research note originally released April 15, 1997

What Is the Convexity Bias?

How Have We Done?

Convexity Bias Greeks

Convexity Bias Delta

Convexity Bias Vega

Convexity Bias Theta

Chapter 9

New Convexity Bias Series

Galen Burghardt and Lianyan Liu

Research note originally released February 1, 2002

Chapter 10

Convexity Bias: An Update

Chapter 11

Measuring and Trading Term TED Spreads

Galen Burghardt, William Hoskins, and Susan Kirshner

Research note originally released July 26, 1995

Synopsis

TED Spreads

Simple TED Spreads

Term TED Spreads

Two Kinds of Term TED Spreads

Unweighted Eurodollar Strip Yields versus Treasury Yields

Weighted Eurodollar Strip Yields versus Treasury Yields

Implied Eurodollar Yield versus Treasury Yield

Fixed Basis Point Spread to Eurodollar Futures Rates

How Do These Rates Compare?

How Directional Is the Spread?

Trading the Spreads

Hedge Ratios

What to Do with the Stub

Overnight Financing

Term Financing

Carry and Convergence

Convexity

Forward Term TED Spreads

Term TED Spreads and Swap Spreads

APPENDIX

Complete Operating Instructions for Calculating Term TED Spreads and Hedge Ratios

Chapter 12

TED Spreads: An Update

Chapter 13

Hedging and Trading with Eurodollar Stacks, Packs, and Bundles

Galen Burghardt, George Panos, and Fred Sturm

Research note originally released December 15, 1999

Synopsis

Three Objectives

How Good Are Stack, Pack, and Bundle Hedges?

Curve-Augmented TED Spreads?

Hedging and Trading with Eurodollar Stacks, Packs, and Bundles

Basics: Dates, Names, Packs, Bundles, and Quotes

Contract Colors

Packs and Bundles

Quote Practices 1: Ticks

Quote Practices 2: Use Price Level for Individual Contracts

Quote Practices 3: Use Price Changes for Packs and Bundles

Unpacking Packs, Unbundling Bundles

Hedging with Stacks, Packs, and Bundles

What Happens to the Correlations?

Best Pack Proxies for Key Treasury Maturities

Horizon Matters

The Dangers of Decorrelation

Scaling Your Hedges to Reduce Hedge Error

Trading Curve TEDs

Calculating the Hybrid Spread

Looking for Opportunities

Chapter 14

Hedging Extension and Compression Risk in Callable Agency Notes

Galen Burghardt and William Hoskins

Research note originally released March 24, 1995

Synopsis

Introduction

What Is the Exposure in a Callable Agency Issue?

Extension and Compression Risk

A Packaged Deal

What Is the Package Worth?

What Is the Risk Exposure?

Structuring a Hedge

The Option Is Tougher

Focus on Delta Hedging

Synthetic Forward Notes

Different Deltas

Example of Hedging a 10-Year, 8.5 Percent Coupon Note, Callable in 5 Years

Step 1: Find the Price of the Forward Note

Step 2: Find the Embedded Option’s Delta

Step 3: Calculate Spot Market Hedge Ratios

Step 4: Calculate Futures Hedge Ratios

Step 5: Adjust the Hedge as Interest Rates Change

The Costs and Risks of Delta Hedging

Risks in the Hedge

The Yield Spread between Agencies and Treasurys

What If There Is Little or No Call Protection?

Sometimes Strips of Eurodollar Futures Provide Better Hedges

Netting Positions

Adjusting the Hedges

Chapter 15

Opportunities in the S&P 500 Calendar Roll

Galen Burghardt and George Panos

Research note originally released June 7, 1999

Synopsis

Save 15 Basis Points per Year on the Roll

Eliminate Interest Rate Risk in the Roll

Earn Superior Money Market Returns

The Value of the Calendar Spread

Fair Value of the Spread

Implied Financing Rate

How the Calendar Spread Has Behaved

What Is Your Exposure to Interest Rates?

Handling Rate Exposure in the Roll

Hedging against Interest Rate Risk

Cash Management and Portfolio Replication

Chapter 16

Trading the Turn: 1993

Galen Burghardt, Mike Bagatti, and Kevin Ferry

Research note originally released October 25, 1993

Synopsis

What Is the Turn?

Two-Day Turns

Three-Day Turns

Four-Day Turns

Rate Behavior around the Turn

Effects on Eurodollar and LIBOR Futures Prices

Rule of Thumb for a 4-Day Turn

Rule of Thumb for a 3-Day Turn

Rule of Thumb for a 2-Day Turn

Implied Turn Rates

Implications for Futures Spreads

December LED Spread

December/January LIBOR Spread

December/March Eurodollar Spread

December TED Spread

Effect of the Turn on LIBOR and Eurodollar Volatilities

Theoretical Turn Volatility Premiums

So What?

The Risks in the Trade

Chapter 17

The Turn: An Update

Hedging the Stub

PART FOUR

BUILDING BLOCKS: EURODOLLAR OPTIONS

Chapter 18

The Eurodollar Option Contract

Option Expirations and Underlying Futures

Standard Quarterly Options

Serial Options

Mid-curve Options

Five-Year Bundle Options

Option Contract Specifications

Contract Unit

Price Quote

Tick Size

Minimum Fluctuation

Strike Price Increments

Listed Contract Months

Contract Type and Month Symbols

Sample Option Quotes

Trading Hours

Last Trading Day

Exercise of Option

Assignment

Chapter 19

Price, Volatility, and Risk Parameter Conventions

Pricing Options on Futures

Option Price (Market)

Volatility

Relative Rate Volatility

Rate (Basis Point) Volatility

Period Volatility

Implied Volatility

Risk Parameters

Delta

Gamma

Vega

Theta

Rho

Intrinsic and Time Value

Chapter 20

Caps, Floors, and Eurodollar Options

Chapter 21

Structure and Patterns of Eurodollar Rate Volatility

Historical, Implied, Realized, and Break-Even Volatilities

Term Structure of Eurodollar Rate Volatility

Volatility Calendar Spread Trade

Yield Curve Trade

Maturity Structure of Volatility (Volatility Cones)

Volatility Skews

Implied Rate Distributions

Chapter 22

Practical Considerations

Early Exercise

Cash Settlement and Exercise

PART FIVE

EURODOLLAR OPTION APPLICATIONS

Trading with Serial and Mid-curve Eurodollar Options (Chapters 23 and 24)

What Happens to Eurodollar Volatility when Rates Fall? (Chapters 25 and 26)

Hedging Convexity Bias (Chapter 27)

Chapter 23

Trading with Serial and Mid-curve Eurodollar Options

Galen Burghardt and Scott Lyden

Research note originally released June 22, 1998

Synopsis

Eurodollar Strategy Triangle

FOMC and Other Volatility Trades

Spreads against OTC Treasury Options

LIFFE Joins the Crowd

The Full Constellation of Eurodollar Options

Standard Quarterly Options

Serial Options

Mid-curve Options

Serial 1-Year Mid-curve Options

The Beauty of This Design

The Eurodollar Strategy Triangle

June/Short June (A Yield Curve Spread)

Short June/Red June (A Time Decay Spread)

March/Red June (A Volatility Curve Spread)

Different Volatility Horizons

Mid-curve Options versus OTC Treasury Options

Eurodollar/Treasury Volatility Spread Trading

How Do You Compare the Volatilities?

How Do You Construct the Trades?

Some Things to Keep in Mind

LIFFE’s Options

Chapter 24

Serial and Mid-curve Options: An Update

Chapter 25

What Happens to Eurodollar Volatility When Rates Fall?

Galen Burghardt, George Panos, and Eric Zhang

Research note originally released October 18, 2001

Background

Was Volatility Rich or Cheap?

Volatility and Rate Levels

Why Relative Rate Volatility?

What Is the Evidence?

Is it the Fed?

Practical Consequences

Chapter 26

Eurodollar Volatility: An Update

Chapter 27

Hedging Convexity Bias

Galen Burghardt and George Panos

Research note originally released August 2, 2001

Synopsis

The Challenges

Overcoming the Challenges

Hedging a 4-Year Swap/Eurodollar Position

Gamma

Vega

Eurodollar Options

Gamma Mismatch?

The Choice?

Robustness?

GLOSSARY

INDEX

LIST OF EXHIBITS

PART ONE

THE EMERGENCE OF THE EURODOLLAR MARKET

Chapter 1

The Emergence of the Eurodollar Market

Exhibit 1.1 Milestones in the Development of the Dollar Money Markets

Exhibit 1.2 Inflation and 3-Month Treasury Bill Yields (1960 through May 2002)

Exhibit 1.3 Growth of the Eurodollar Market: Eurodollars Outstanding (Year-End 1973 through 2001)

Exhibit 1.4 CD Futures Volume versus Eurodollar/CD Futures Rate Spread

Exhibit 1.5 The Spread between 3-Month CD and Treasury Bill Rates (June 1964 through June 2002)

Exhibit 1.6 Average Daily Trading Volume for 3-Month Treasury Bill, Certificate of Deposit, and Eurodollar Futures (1976 through 2001)

Exhibit 1.7 Global Interest Rate Swaps Outstanding (Converted to U.S. Dollars)

Exhibit 1.8 Global versus U.S. Interest Rate Swaps Outstanding (Converted to U.S. Dollars)

Exhibit 1.9 Exchanges That Trade Money Market Futures

PART TWO

BUILDING BLOCKS: EURODOLLAR FUTURES

Chapter 2

The Eurodollar Time Deposit

Exhibit 2.1 Eurodollar Deposit Rates (Monday, June 17, 2002)

Chapter 3

The Eurodollar Futures Contract

Exhibit 3.1 Eurodollar Futures Contract Specifications

Exhibit 3.2 Contract Month Symbols

Exhibit 3.3 Bloomberg EDSF Function (Prices for June 17, 2002)

Exhibit 3.4 Contract Year Color Grid (As of June 12, 2002)

Exhibit 3.5 How Eurodollar Futures Work

Exhibit 3.6 Eurodollar Futures Volume and Open Interest (1982 through June 2002)

Exhibit 3.7 Bond and Eurodollar Futures Open Interest by Contract (Year-End 2001)

Exhibit 3.8 Other 3-Month Money Market Futures Contract Specifications

Chapter 4

Forward and Futures Interest Rates

Exhibit 4.1 Eurodollar Futures Prices and Rates (June 17, 2002)

Exhibit 4.2 Eurodollar Deposit Rates (Monday, June 17, 2002)

Exhibit 4.3 Key Differences between Forward and Futures Markets

Exhibit 4.4 Are Futures Rich or Cheap? (June 17, 2002)

Exhibit 4.5 Is Term LIBOR Rich or Cheap? (June 17, 2002)

Exhibit 4.6 Return by Contract for Simple Buy and Hold Strategies (Mean of Return, Standard Deviation of Return, Sharpe Ratio)

Exhibit 4.7 Eurodollar Futures Prices and Rates (Monday, June 17, 2002)

Exhibit 4.8 Spot and Forward-Starting Term Rates (June 17, 2002)

Chapter 5

Hedging with Eurodollar Futures

Exhibit 5.1 Terminal Wealths and Zero-Coupon Bond Prices (June 17, 2002)

Exhibit 5.2 Effect of Rate Changes on the Value of the $100 Million 1-Year Zero

Exhibit 5.3 Pricing a 2-Year, 5% Coupon Bond (June 17, 2002)

Exhibit 5.4 Number of Eurodollar Futures Needed to Hedge $1 Million Par Amount Zero (June 17, 2002)

Number of Eurodollar Futures Needed to Hedge $100 Million Par Amount 5% Semiannual Coupon Bond (June 17, 2002)

Exhibit 5.5 Number of Eurodollar Futures Needed to Hedge the Cost of Borrowing $100 Million for 91 Days (June 17, 2002)

Exhibit 5.6 Constructing Terminal Wealths and Zero Prices Using a Stub Rate

(Trade Date = Thursday, July 18, 2002)

(Value Date for Stub Rate = Monday, July 22, 2002)

Exhibit 5.7 Correlation between Weekly Changes in Lead Eurodollar Futures Rates and Spot LIBOR (January 1997 through July 2002)

Exhibit 5.8 Interpolating Terminal Wealths (July 18, 2002)

Chapter 6

Pricing and Hedging a Swap with Eurodollar Futures

Exhibit 6.1 1-Year Fixed/Floating Interest Rate Swap with Quarterly Payments

Exhibit 6.2 Eurodollar Futures Prices, Terminal Wealths, and Zero-Coupon Bond Prices (June 17, 2002)

Exhibit 6.3 Eurodollar Futures Rates vs. Swap Fixed Rate (June 17, 2002)

Exhibit 6.4 Net Cash Flows and Present Values for a 1-Year Receive Fixed/Pay Floating Interest Rate Swap (Fixed Rate = 2.40670876%)

Exhibit 6.5 Hedging the Swap’s Cash Flows (June 17, 2002)

Exhibit 6.6 Swap Hedge Based on the Cash Flow Method Effect of a 1-Basis-Point Increase in Each Futures Rate (June 17, 2002)

Exhibit 6.7 Swap Hedge Based on the Hypothetical Securities Method Effect of a 1-Basis-Point Increase in Each Futures Rate (June 17, 2002)

Exhibit 6.8 Hedge for Below-the-Market Swap (0.4067%) Effect of a 1-Basis-Point Increase in Each Futures Rate (June 17, 2002)

Hedge for Above-the-Market Swap (4.4067%)

Effect of a 1-Basis-Point Increase in Each Futures Rate (June 17, 2002)

Exhibit 6.9 Convexity Characteristics of a Non-Callable Bond

Exhibit 6.10 Estimating the Convexity Bias between Futures and Forward Rates (June 17, 2002)

Exhibit 6.11 Eurodollar Futures and Swap Convexity Bias (June 17, 2002)

Exhibit 6.12 Convexity Bias by Futures Contract and Swap Maturity (June 17, 2002)

Exhibit 6.13 Three Yield Curves: Futures, Zero Coupon, and Par Coupon (June 17, 2002)

Exhibit 6.14 Three Yield Curves: Futures, Zero Coupon, and Par Coupon (June 17, 2002)

PART THREE

EURODOLLAR FUTURES APPLICATIONS

Chapter 7

The Convexity Bias in Eurodollar Futures

Exhibit 7.1 Convexity Bias (June 13, 1994)

Exhibit 7.2 Structure of Eurodollar Futures Rates (June 13, 1994)

Exhibit 7.3 Cash Consequences of a Change in a Forward Rate

Exhibit 7.4 Swap and Eurodollar Futures P/Ls

Exhibit 7.5 The Convexity Difference between Swaps and Eurodollar Futures

Exhibit 7.6 Net P/Ls for a Receive Fixed/Pay Floating Swap Hedged with Short Eurodollar Futures

Exhibit 7.7 Changes in 5-Year Term Rates versus Changes in the 4-3/4 Year Futures Rate

In Basis Points (Weekly Interval, 7/10/92 through 7/1/94)

Exhibit 7.8 Hedge P/L for a 3-Month Swap 1-3/4 Years Forward (Weekly Gains per Futures Contract, 1/5/90 through 7/1/94)

Exhibit 7.9 Hedge P/L for a 3-Month Swap 4-3/4 Years Forward (Weekly Gains per Futures Contract, 7/10/92 through 7/1/94)

Exhibit 7.10 Calculating the Value of the Convexity Bias

Exhibit 7.11 Standard Deviation of Eurodollar Futures Rate Changes (Annualized)

Exhibit 7.12 Standard Deviation of Term Yield Changes

Exhibit 7.13 Correlation of Eurodollar Rates and Term Rates

Exhibit 7.14 Eurodollar and Swap Convexity Bias (June 13, 1994)

Convexity Adjusted Swap Yields

Exhibit 7.15 Convexity Bias in Forward Swaps (bp)

Exhibit 7.16 Spreads between Market and Implied Swap Yields

Chapter 8

Convexity Bias Report Card

Exhibit 8.1 Eurodollar/Swap Convexity Adjustments (Theoretical vs. Market)

Exhibit 8.2 Eurodollar Convexity Bias Greeks (April 14, 1997)

Exhibit 8.3 Convexity Bias Greeks for Swaps (April 14, 1997)

Chapter 9

New Convexity Bias Series

Exhibit 9.1 Eurodollar Futures Rates (January 4, 2001, and January 4, 2002)

Eurodollar Futures Implied Volatilities (January 4, 2001, and January 4, 2002)

Exhibit 9.2 Convexity Bias Values for 5-Year Swaps (January 26, 1996, through December 31, 2001)

Convexity Bias Values for 10-Year Swaps (January 26, 1996, through December 31, 2001)

Chapter 10

Convexity Bias: An Update

Exhibit 10.1 Daily Zero to Ten

Chapter 11

Measuring and Trading Term TED Spreads

Exhibit 11.1 History of the TED Spread, 1970–1995 (3-Month LIBOR Less 3-Month Treasury Bill Rate)

Exhibit 11.2 2-Year Term TED

Exhibit 11.3 Term TED Spreads (June 5, 1995)

Exhibit 11.4 5-Year Term TED Spreads (September 1993 through May 1995)

Exhibit 11.5 Effect of Yield Curve Slope on the Difference between Unweighted and Weighted TED Spreads (5-Year)

Exhibit 11.6 2-Year TED Spread versus 2-Year Note Yield (1989 through 1995)

Exhibit 11.7 Change in 2-Year Term TED Spread versus Change in 2-Year Treasury Yield (Monthly Intervals, May 1989 through May 1995)

Exhibit 11.8 Eurodollar Futures Hedge Ratios for a 2-Year Term TED($100 Million of the 6-1/8s of 5/31/97)

Exhibit 11.9 Forward Term TED Spreads (Implied Eurodollar/Treasury Spreads for June 5, 1995)

Exhibit 11.10 2-Year versus 5-Year Term TED Spreads

2×5 Forward Term TED

Exhibit 11.11 Eurodollar Hedge for a 2×5 Term TED Spread (June 5, 1995)

Exhibit 11.12 Components of the Term TED Spread (June 5, 1995)

Exhibit 11.13 Parsing the 5-Year Term TED Spread (Basis Points)

Exhibit 11.A1 Terminal Wealths and Discount Factors (June 5, 1995)

Exhibit 11.A2 Time Line 1: Calculating a Spot Stub Rate

Exhibit 11.A3 Time Line 2: Calculating a Discount Factor for a Particular Cash Flow

Exhibit 11.A4 Interpolating Terminal Wealths

Exhibit 11.A5 Time Line 3: Tracking the Cash Flows on a Treasury Note

Exhibit 11.A6 TED Spread: Eurodollar Strip Rate versus Treasury Yield

Exhibit 11.A7 TED Spread: Implied Eurodollar Yield versus Treasury Yield

Exhibit 11.A8 TED Spread: Fixed Spread to Eurodollar Rates

Exhibit 11.A9 Forward Term TED Spread

Exhibit 11.A10 Hedge Ratios for TED Spread Trades ($100 Million of the 6-1/8s of 5/31/97) (Trade June 5, 1995, Settle June 6, 1995)

Exhibit 11.A11 Hedge Ratios: Fixed Spread against Eurodollar Rates

Chapter 12

TED Spreads: An Update

Exhibit 12.1 2-Year Note TED Spreads (Plus Forward TEDs to September 18, 2002) (September 10, 2002)

Exhibit 12.2 TED Spreads (Plus Forward TEDs to December 18, 2002) (September 10, 2002)

Chapter 13

Hedging and Trading with Eurodollar Stacks, Packs, and Bundles

Exhibit 13.1 Treasury Note Correlations with ED Packs (June 1994 to June 1999)

Exhibit 13.2 Eurodollar Hedges for a 2-Year Note (5-1/2s of 7/31/01 as of August 4, 1999)

Exhibit 13.3 Eurodollar Futures Contract Rates (Closing Levels, August 4, 1999)

Exhibit 13.4 Contracts by Color (August 4, 1999)

Exhibit 13.5 The Menu of Eurodollar Bundles

Exhibit 13.6 Best Pack and Bundle Hedges (2-Year Note, 5-Year Note, and 10-Year Note)

Exhibit 13.7 Best Single Contract, Pack, and Bundle Hedges

Exhibit 13.8 Treasury Note Correlations with Eurodollar Packs (Daily Price Changes, June 1994 to June 1999)

Exhibit 13.9 Hedge Horizon and Best Hedges

Exhibit 13.10 Short-Term versus Long-Term Correlation between Price Changes in 5-Year Treasurys and First White 5-Year Bundle (Daily, June 14, 1994 to June 14, 1999)

Exhibit 13.11 The Consequences of Decorrelation: Errors from DV01-Hedging OTR 5-Year Treasury Note with First White 5-Year Bundle (Daily, June 14, 1994 to June 14, 1999)

Exhibit 13.12 Volatility of Daily Changes in ED Contract Rates and Term TED Yields (Standard Deviations, Mid-1994 to Mid-1999)

Exhibit 13.13 Scaled Hedges for a 2-Year Treasury Note (5-5/8s of 9/30/01 as of October 27, 1999, Daily Standard Deviation = $227,618)

Exhibit 13.14 Deconstructing a Curve TED Spread

Exhibit 13.15 The Curve Trade Implied by a Red Pack Hedge for a 2-Year Treasury Note

Exhibit 13.16 Calculating the Curve Spread

Exhibit 13.17 Curve Exposure

Exhibit 13.18 Generic Eurodollar Curve Spreads

Exhibit 13.19 Augmenting a 2-Year TED Spread

Chapter 14

Hedging Extension and Compression Risk in Callable Agency Notes

Exhibit 14.1 Callable Agency Yield Spread over 10-Year Treasury (Yield Spread in Basis Points)

Exhibit 14.2 Structure of a Callable Agency Security (10-Year Note That Cannot Be Called During the First 5 Years of Its Life)

Exhibit 14.3 Standard Maturities and Call Features

Exhibit 14.4 Components of Risk in a Callable Note (10-Year Note, Callable in 5 Years)

Exhibit 14.5 Constructing a Synthetic Forward Note

Exhibit 14.6 Alternative Hedges for a 10-Year Note Callable in 5 Years (Call Option’s Delta = 0.5)

Exhibit 14.7 Delta Hedges for $10 Million of a Callable Agency Note (10-Year Maturity, Callable in 5 Years)

Exhibit 14.8 How to Price a Forward Note

Exhibit 14.9 Callable Agency Hedge: 10-Year Callable in 5 (Trade January 20, 1995, Settlement January 30, 1995)

Exhibit 14.10 Callable Agency Yield Spread over 10-Year Treasury (8.5 Percent Coupon, 10-Year Callable in 5) (Yield Spread in Basis Points)

Exhibit 14.11 Value of American Option versus European Options

Exhibit 14.12 European Call Option Values (No Call Protection)

Exhibit 14.13 European Call Option Values (5 Years of Call Protection)

Exhibit 14.14 Hedging with Eurodollar Futures (3-Year Callable Note with 2 Years of Call Protection)

Exhibit 14.15 Hedging with Eurodollar Futures (3-Year Callable Note with No Call Protection)

Chapter 15

Opportunities in the S&P 500 Calendar Roll

Exhibit 15.1 Average S&P 500 Futures Calendar Spreads (First Deferred — Lead) versus Business Days to Lead Contract Expiry (1Q 1996 through 4Q 1998) Actual Calendar Spread (Index Points) Actual Less Theoretical Spread (Index Points) Implied Financing Rate Less Lead ED Rate (bps)

Exhibit 15.2 Implied Financing Rate Less Lead ED Rate (1988–1998)

Exhibit 15.3 Daily Changes in the Lead ED Futures Rate

Exhibit 15.4 Target Fed Funds Rate

Exhibit 15.5 Lead ED Futures Rate Less Target Fed Funds Rate (bps)

Chapter 16

Trading the Turn: 1993

Exhibit 16.1 LIBOR Futures Calendar Spread (December 1992/January 1993)

Exhibit 16.2 Time Line for the 1993 Turn

Exhibit 16.3 Fed Funds Behavior around Year-End

Exhibit 16.4 How the Turn Fits In

Exhibit 16.5 Effect of Turn Rate on the Fair Values of Dec ′93 LIBOR and Eurodollar Futures Prices (3-Day Turn)

Exhibit 16.6 Implied 1-Month Forward Deposit Rates (September 13, 1993)

Exhibit 16.7 LIBOR Futures Calendar Spread (December 1992/January 1993)

Exhibit 16.8 LIBOR Futures Calendar Spread (December 1993/January 1994)

Exhibit 16.9 Add-on Turn Volatility Premium (3 percent Forward Rate)

Exhibit 16.10 Add-on Turn Volatility Premium (6 percent Forward Rate)

Exhibit 16.11 LED Volatility Spreads (December 1991 Contracts)

Exhibit 16.12 LED Volatility Spreads (December 1992 Contracts)

Exhibit 16.13 LED Volatility Spreads (December 1993 Contracts)

Chapter 17

The Turn: An Update

Exhibit 17.1 Eurodollar and LIBOR Turn Report

Exhibit 17.2 Stub Hedges (Using CBOT Fed Funds Futures)

PART FOUR

BUILDING BLOCKS: EURODOLLAR OPTIONS

Chapter 18

The Eurodollar Option Contract

Exhibit 18.1 Grid of Available Options (June 17, 2002, Close of Trading)

Exhibit 18.2 Eurodollar Option Contract Specifications

Exhibit 18.3 Number of Standard, Serial, Mid-curve, and Bundle Option Contracts

Exhibit 18.4 Option Type Symbols

Exhibit 18.5 Contract Month Symbols

Exhibit 18.6 October ′02 1-Year Mid-curve Option Prices

Chapter 19

Price, Volatility, and Risk Parameter Conventions

Exhibit 19.1 Pricing Sep ′02 Eurodollar Options (Closing Values, June 17, 2002) (Futures = 97.895; Discounting Interest Rate = 1.879%)

Exhibit 19.2 Option Pricing Model (Assumed Volatility → Theoretical Price)

Exhibit 19.3 Distribution of Rate Changes

Exhibit 19.4 Option Pricing Model (Market Price → Implied Volatility)

Exhibit 19.5 Summary of Risk Parameters

Application of Risk Parameters (For Small Changes in Market Conditions)

Chapter 20

Caps, Floors, and Eurodollar Options

Exhibit 20.1 Cap and Eurodollar Put; Floor and Eurodollar Call

Exhibit 20.2 Rate Setting on a 2-Year Cap

Exhibit 20.3 An Interest Rate Cap Is Like a Eurodollar Put (Put Strike Price = 100 — Cap Rate)

Exhibit 20.4 Comparing Eurodollar Puts to an Interest Rate Cap (June 17, 2002)

Chapter 21

Structure and Patterns of Eurodollar Rate Volatility

Exhibit 21.1 Summary: Historical, Implied, Realized, and Break-Even Volatilities

Exhibit 21.2 Implied versus Historical Eurodollar Volatility (Lead Contract, 1984 through 2002)

Exhibit 21.3 Break-Even Volatility

Exhibit 21.4 Normalized Historical Eurodollar Basis Point Volatility (1994 through 2002)

Normalized Historical Eurodollar Relative Rate Volatility (1994 through 2002)

Exhibit 21.5 Basis Point Implied Volatilities for At-the-Money Call Options (June 17, 2002)

Exhibit 21.6 Volatility Cones and Histograms (Sep ′02 and Dec ′02 Quarterly Eurodollar Options) (June 17, 2002)

Exhibit 21.7 Volatility Cones and Histograms (Sep ′02 and Dec ′02 1-Year Mid-curve Eurodollar Options) (June 17, 2002)

Exhibit 21.8 Implied Volatilities—Sep ′02 Quarterly Eurodollar Options (June 17, 2002) (Sep ′02 Futures = 97.895)

Exhibit 21.9 Implied Volatility Skew—Sep ′02 Quarterly Eurodollar Options (June 17, 2002) (Sep ′02 Futures = 97.895)

Exhibit 21.10 Implied Distribution of Futures Rates from Market Option Prices (Sep ′02 Futures = 97.895) (June 17, 2002)

PART FIVE

EURODOLLAR OPTION APPLICATIONS

Chapter 23

Trading with Serial and Mid-curve Eurodollar Options

Exhibit 23.1 Quarterly, Serial, and Mid-curve Eurodollar Options

Exhibit 23.2 Vega, Gamma, and Theta (At-the-Money Call)

Exhibit 23.3 Risk Parameters of a Curve Steepener (Long 94.375 June ′98 Call, Short 94.25 Short June ′98 Call)

Exhibit 23.4 A Curve-Steepening Trade with Eurodollar Options (Long 94.375 June ′98 Call, Short 94.25 Short June ′98 Call)

Exhibit 23.5 P/L of a Curve-Steepening Trade at Expiration (Long 94.375 June ′98 Call, Short 94.25 Short June ′98 Call)

Exhibit 23.6 P/L for a Delta-Neutral Time Decay Spread

Exhibit 23.7 90-Day Historical Eurodollar Volatility (A Cross-sectional View)

Exhibit 23.8 Term Structure of Implied Eurodollar Volatility

Exhibit 23.9 Timeline of FOMC Meetings

Exhibit 23.10 First Eurodollar Rate (Dependent) against OTR 2-Year Treasury Yield (Independent) (April 26, 1996-March 25, 1998; R² = 0.52)

Exhibit 23.11 Fifth Eurodollar Rate (Dependent) against OTR 2-Year Treasury Yield (Independent) (April 26, 1996-March 25, 1998; R² = 0.94)

Exhibit 23.12 TED Spread

Exhibit 23.13 Yields of U.S. 5-Year Notes and 5th Eurodollar since June ′94

Exhibit 23.14 Yield Spread between 5-Year Notes and 5th Eurodollar since June ′94 (In Basis Points)

Chapter 25

What Happens to Eurodollar Volatility when Rates Fall?

Exhibit 25.1 Key Rate Levels versus Dec ′01 Implied Rate Volatility (September 10, 2001, to October 4, 2001)

Exhibit 25.2 Eurodollar Volatility Cones (2-Year History as of Close of Business October 4, 2001)

Exhibit 25.3 Eurodollar Rate Levels and Basis Point Volatilities (1983 to October 4, 2001)

Exhibit 25.4 Eurodollar Rate Levels and Basis Point Volatilities (December 6, 1990, to October 4, 2001)

Exhibit 25.5 Relative and Basis Point Rate Volatilities (January through October 2001)

Chapter 26

Eurodollar Volatility: An Update

Exhibit 26.1 Volatility Cones and Return Distributions (2-Year History as of September 10, 2002)

Chapter 27

Hedging Convexity Bias

Exhibit 27.1 Net Swap/Eurodollar P/L

($100MM 4-Year Receive Fixed Swap/Short Eurodollar Futures Strip)

Change in Net DV01 (With