Green Adsorbents

By George Z. Kyzas

Adsorption technology is a promising avenue for wastewater treatment. Numerous adsorbent materials are presently synthesized. Green or environmental friendly adsorbents are derived from plants and agricultural crop sources, giving them a very low production cost when compared to synthetic polymers. This monograph explains the basic principles of green adsorption technology, their production processes and strategies to remove different categories of environmental pollutants (dyes, heavy metals and phenols/pesticides). The book explains details in terms of features such as adsorption capacity, physico-chemical kinetics and reuse potential. A summary of the economics and future prospect for green adsorption technology is also given. This text is a handy reference for environmental chemistry students, researchers and policy makers.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers
• Release date: Dec 1, 2015
• ISBN: 9781681081366

George Z. Kyzas

Dr. George Z. Kyzas is a Full Professor at the Department of Chemistry at the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTh). He was born in Drama (Greece) and studied Chemistry at the Department of Chemistry at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh). He obtained his BSc, MSc, and PhD degrees from the same Department expertised in Chemical Technology. He is now working at the Department of Chemistry (DUTh, Kavala, Greece), being the Head of the Department (since 2019). He is also Director/Chair of the MSc in Cosmetic Chemistry (since 2021). His research interests include the synthesis and characterization of various (majorly adsorbent) materials (inorganic, aluminates, polymers, graphene, activated carbons, agro-food residues, nanomaterials, CNTs, etc.) for environmental applications (wastewater treatment). His scientific work has been published in more than 280 Papers in international journals with high impact factor (IF,ave 6.5), while he published 8 Books, 39 Chapters in scientific Books and holds 3 Patents. His name is included in the list of World Top 2% Scientists for consecutive years 2019-2022, which is compiled by the Stanford University (USA) based on standardized citation indicators.

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Table of Contents

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FOREWORD

PREFACE

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Composition of Industrial Wastewaters

Abstract

1.. INTRODUCTION

2.. Industrial Wastewater Characteristics

2.1.. Physical Characteristics

2.1.1.. Total Solids

2.1.2.. Color

2.1.3.. Odour

2.1.4.. Temperature

2.2.. Chemical Characteristics

2.2.1.. Inorganic Chemicals

2.2.2.. Organic Chemicals

2.2.3.. Volatile Organic Carbons (VOC)

3.. HEAVY METALS

3.1.. Heavy Metals and Inorganic Species

3.2.. Organic Pollutants

4.. Pollution load and concentration

5.. Industrial Wastestream Variables

5.1.. Compatible and Noncompatible Pollutants

5.2.. Dilute Solutions

5.3.. Concentrated Solutions

5.4.. Concentration versus Mass of the Pollution

5.5.. Frequency of Generation and Discharge

5.5.1.. Hours of Operation Versus Discharge

5.5.2.. Discharge Variations

5.5.3.. Continuous and Intermittent Discharges

5.5.4.. Industrial Effluents

6.. Effects of Industrial Wastewater

6.1.. Effects on Collection System

6.1.1.. Hydraulic Capacity Problems

6.1.2.. Plugging

6.1.3.. Odors

6.1.4.. Problems with pH

6.1.5.. Flammables

6.1.6.. Temperature

6.2.. Effects on the Treatment System

6.2.1.. Hydraulic Overload

6.2.2.. Interference

6.2.3.. Influent Variability

6.2.4.. Slug Loadings (Also Called Shock Loads)

6.3.. Effects on Effluent and Sludge Disposal and Reuse

6.4.. Effects on the POTW

7.. dyeing WASTEWATERS

7.1.. Textile Dyeing Wastewater Risk

7.2.. The Textile Industry Standards for Water Pollutants

8.. RADIOACTIVE WASTEWATERS

Adsorption in Wastewater Treatment

Abstract

1. INTRODUCTION

2. ADSORPTION FOR WASTEWATERS DURING PAST DECADES

2.1. First Attempts (1910-1950)

2.2. Initial Knowledge (1951-1970)

2.3. Economic Development (1971-2000)

2.4. 21st Century

2.4.1. Activated Carbon

2.4.2. Chitosan-Based Adsorbents

3. Isotherm models

3.1. Langmuir Isotherm Model

3.2. Freundlich Isotherm Model

3.3. Dubinin-Radushkevich Isotherm Model

3.4. Temkin Isotherm Model

3.5. Flory-Huggins Isotherm Model

3.6. Hill Isotherm Model

3.7. Three Parameter Isotherms

3.7.1. Redlich-Peterson Isotherm Model

3.7.2. Sips Isotherm Model

3.7.3. Toth Isotherm Model

3.7.4. Koble-Corrigan Isotherm Model

3.7.5. Khan Isotherm Model

3.7.6. Radke-Prausnitz Isotherm Model

3.8. Multilayer Physisorption Isotherms

Synthesis of Green Adsorbents

Abstract

1. INTRODUCTION

2. ACTIVATED CARBON FROM WASTES

2.1. Activation of Carbon

2.1.1. Physical (Thermal) Activation

2.1.2. Chemical Activation

2.1.3. Differences Between Physical and Chemical Activation

2.2. Non-Conventional Wastes for Activated Carbons

3. AGRO-BASED WASTES – SOURCES

3.1. Rice and Wheat Waste

3.2. Tea and Coffee Waste

3.3. Coconut Waste

3.4. Peanut (Groundnut) Waste

3.5. Peels (of Various Wastes)

3.6. Shells (of Various Wastes)

3.7. Seed, Seed Coat, Stem and Stalk of Different Agricultural Products (of Various Wastes)

3.8. Miscellaneous Agricultural Wastes

4. INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL WASTES

4.1. Fly Ash

4.2. Steel Industry Wastes (Blast Furnace Slag, Sludge and Dust)

4.3. Aluminium Industry Waste (Red Mud)

4.4. Fertilizer Industry Waste

4.5. Leather Industry Waste

4.6. Paper Industry Wastes

4.7. Miscellaneous Industrial Wastes as Adsorbents

Pollutants Removed with Green Adsorbents

Abstract

1. INTRODUCTION

2. VARIOUS POLLUTANTS

2.1. Dyes

2.2. Heavy Metals - Ions

2.3. Others

3. Kinetics

3.1. Dyes

3.2. Heavy Metals - Ions

3.3. Others

Economic Perspectives and Future Trends

Abstract

1. NEED FOR COST-EFFECTIVE ADSORBENTS

2. green adsorbents and limited costs

3. theory of comparing economics

4. comparison of economics in real regarding industrial data

5. future trends

DISCLOSURE

REFERENCES

Green Adsorbents

Authored By

George Z. Kyzas

Technological Educational Insitute of Kavala

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

Greece

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FOREWORD

Athanassios Ch. Mitropoulos

Technological Educational Institute of Kavala

Petroleum and Natural Gas Technology

Kavala, Greece

When Dr. Kyzas asked me to write this preface, I was honored and thrilled to have the opportunity to introduce this outstanding work!

I have been impressed with the promising career of Dr. Kyzas who has contributed enormously in the field of environmental technology and in particular adsorption phenomena. He has both published extensively on this subject and is well qualified to write and edit such books. Dr. Kyzas has made significant contributions in the synthesis and adsorptive evaluation of various materials during his early research career. The research potential of Dr. Kyzas is really impressive. The high-level of his research includes: (i) publication of many papers in highly Impact Factor scientific journals; (ii) oral or poster presentation in National and International Scientific Conferences; (iii) publication of many chapters in scientific books; (iv) editorship in Scientific journals; (v) reviewership in Scientific journals. However, the most impressive thing in his early scientific research career is that until the end of his Ph.D. he had published 6 papers, while the next 5 years took off his research capabilities, publishing 52 papers in high Impact Factor journals. Taking into account (i) his age; (ii) his teaching work (until now) as a.Lecturer at Technological Educational Institute of Kavala (Greece); (iii) the impressively rapid growth of his research career in a relatively young age, I can assure that Dr. Kyzas can be easily considered as one of the top-ranked young scientist of Greece.

The book is very well organized in multiple short chapters that are beautifully illustrated both with ultrasound images and diagrams. Initially, they introduce the subject with a chapter on the different compositions of industrial wastewaters. Next, adsorption (as the major treatment of wastewater) is presented, which is a simple, rapid, and economic decontamination technique. This technique is also described in this eBook both in batch mode examples and fixed-bed ones. The following chapters introduce the synthesis of various materials used as adsorbents. These are environmental-friendly materials satisfying some basic standards of the general field of green technology. Examples of Pollutants removed from wastewaters with green adsorbents are then presented as dyes, heavy metals (ions), pesticides, phenols, insecticides etc. The last chapters report some useful information which can be characterized as real and practical regarding techno-economical data for the use of green adsorbents. Industrial scaling and economic perspectives are posed along with the future trend of green adsorption technology.

This book, while very comprehensive, remains simple in its approach. It makes a very complex and rather intimidating organ accessible to both the novice and the seasoned examiner. Furthermore, this book is presented as an eBook which is a very innovative format, awaited with great anticipation. Such novel media will challenge the primacy of bulky printed books. Many books will soon be available as eBooks and carried as a small discrete thumb-drive or even downloaded perhaps on an electronic device. Electronic versions of books are the future of our industry and Dr. Kyzas has stepped up in choosing such a modern and practical display for his book.

In conclusion, I am very excited about this eBook, not only because it is superbly organized and is well illustrated, but also because as an eBook it can be carried and propagated throughout our community much more easily than a hard copy book. Dr. Kyzas has succeeded admirably in their endeavor to produce what promises to be an outstanding resource on Green Adsorption technology.

PREFACE

George Z. Kyzas

Technological Educational Insitute of Kavala

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Greece

One of the most recent trends in environmental technology is the research turn to green chemistry. It is generally accepted that one of the most promising techniques for wastewaters treatment is adsorption. On this basis, numerous adsorbent materials have been synthesized up to now. However, nowadays, there is a novel concept, which promotes the use of materials with the lowest possible cost. The economic crisis of the 2000s led researchers to turn their interest to adsorbent materials with lower cost. Attempts were already realized to use some low-cost adsorbent materials in order to initially treat synthetic aqueous solutions and then real industrial samples. In this eBook, the main scope is to describe these environmental-friendly materials namely green adsorbents, as I firstly introduce this term. With this term, it is meant the adsorption process using low-cost materials originated from: (i) agricultural sources and by-products (fruits, vegetables, foods); (ii) agricultural residues and wastes; (iii) low-cost sources from which most complex adsorbents will be produced (i.e., activated carbons after pyrolysis of agricultural sources).

It is a fact that low-cost adsorbent materials belong to a hot-topic of recent literature given its economic perspective. Although they present a slightly lower adsorption capacity compared to more complex materials (i.e. polymers), their near zero cost of preparation makes them very attractive in chemical technology. In this field, some crucial factors will be developed regarding the removal of those environmental pollutants from aqueous systems with the aforementioned type of materials.

Three main categories of environmental pollutants are discussed as: (i) dyes; (ii) heavy metals, and (iii) others (phenols, pesticides/insecticides etc). This category will be preferred to be presented as general category of others, because the number of published works for this type of pollutants is still limited compared to those of dyes or metals.

Extensive comparison will be done for: (i) their adsorption capacity, showing the main models used up to now for the expression of their theoretical maximum capacity theoretically; (ii) their kinetic behavior, showing the main models used and some more specific kinetic simulations; (iii) parameters