Chronicle of the Narvaez Expedition

By Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca

In 1526 Carlos I of Spain granted Pánfilo de Narváez a license to claim what is now the Gulf Coast of the United States. Pánfilo de Narváez set sail in 1527 to conquer and settle present day Florida. Setting out with a crew of approximately 600 members ultimately only four members would survive the ill-fated expedition. The journey would take these four survivors from Spain to Hispaniola and Cuba and then onto Florida. Sailing through a hurricane and other storms the expedition would finally land near Tampa Bay. Suffering from Indian attacks and the effects of poor food and disease, the crew, of which there was now only eighty, decided to sail from Florida to Mexico. In 1536, the four survivors—Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, Alonso del Castillo Maldonado, Andrés Dorantes de Carranza, and his enslaved Moor Estevanico—finally managed to rejoin Spanish countrymen in present-day Mexico City. Upon returning to Spain Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca would receive considerable notoriety for his published account of the ordeal.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Digireads.com Publishing
• Release date: Mar 20, 2020
• ISBN: 9781420968002

Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca

Enrique Pupo-Walker is Centennial Professor of Spanish and Portuguese at Vanderbilt University. His edition of Naufragios was published in Spain in 1992. Frances M. López-Morillas is an award-winning translator living in Austin, Texas.

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CHRONICLE OF THE

NARVÁEZ EXPEDITION

By ÁLVAR NÚÑEZ

CABEZA DE VACA

Translated by LUIS L. DOMINGUEZ

Chronicle of the Narváez Expedition

By Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca

Translated by Luis L. Dominguez

Print ISBN 13: 978-1-4209-6799-9

eBook ISBN 13: 978-1-4209-6800-2

This edition copyright © 2020. Digireads.com Publishing.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.

Cover Image: a detail of Cabeza de Vaca in the Desert, from Collier’s Weekly, c. 1906 (colour litho) / The Stapleton Collection / Bridgeman Images.

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER I. OF THE COMMENTARIES OF ALVAR NUÑEZ CABEZA DE VACA.

CHAPTER II. HOW WE DEPARTED FROM THE ISLAND OF CABO VERDE.

CHAPTER III. WHICH TREATS OF HOW THE GOVERNOR ARRIVED WITH HIS ARMADA AT THE ISLAND OF SANTA CATALINA, IN BRAZIL, AND DISEMBARKED HIS TROOPS THERE.

CHAPTER IV. HOW NINE CHRISTIANS CAME TO THE ISLAND.

CHAPTER V. HOW THE GOVERNOR HASTENED HIS JOURNEY.

CHAPTER VI. HOW THE GOVERNOR AND HIS PEOPLE ADVANCED INTO THE INTERIOR.

CHAPTER VII. WHICH TREATS OF WHAT HAPPENED TO THE GOVERNOR AND HIS PEOPLE IN HIS JOURNEY, AND OF THE NATURE OF THE LAND.

CHAPTER VIII. OF THE TROUBLES THAT THE GOVERNOR AND HIS PEOPLE UNDERWENT ON THEIR WAY, AND OF A KIND OF PINE TREE, AND OF THE FRUITS OF THAT LAND.

CHAPTER IX. HOW THE GOVERNOR AND HIS PEOPLE FOUND THEMSELVES STARVING, AND APPEASED THEIR HUNGER WITH WORMS FROM REEDS.

CHAPTER X. OF THE FEAR THE INDIANS HAD OF THE HORSES.

CHAPTER XI. HOW THE GOVERNOR NAVIGATED THE RIVER YGUAZÚ IN CANOES, AND HOW, IN ORDER TO AVOID A CATARACT OF THAT RIVER, HE CARRIED THE CANOES ONE LEAGUE BY HAND.

CHAPTER XII. WHICH TREATS OF THE RAFTS THAT WERE MADE TO CARRY THE SICK.

CHAPTER XIII. HOW THE GOVERNOR ARRIVED AT THE ASCENSION, WHERE THE SPANIARDS LIVED WHOM HE HAD COME TO RELIEVE.

CHAPTER XIV. HOW THE SPANIARDS, LEFT BEHIND THROUGH SICKNESS, ON THE RIVER PEQUIRY, ARRIVED AT THE TOWN OF ASCENSION.

CHAPTER XV. HOW THE GOVERNOR, WISHING TO RE-PEOPLE BUENOS AYRES, SENT REINFORCEMENTS TO THOSE WHO HAD COME THERE IN THE SHIP ‘CAPITANA’.

CHAPTER XVI. HOW THE NATIVES KILL AND EAT THEIR ENEMIES.

CHAPTER XVII. OF THE PEACE WHICH THE GOVERNOR CONCLUDED WITH THE INDIAN AGAZES.

CHAPTER XVIII. OF THE COMPLAINTS ADDRESSED TO THE GOVERNOR BY THE POBLADORES AGAINST THE OFFICERS OF HIS MAJESTY.

CHAPTER XIX. HOW THE GOVERNOR RECEIVED COMPLAINTS AGAINST THE INDIAN GUAYCURÚS.

CHAPTER XX. HOW THE GOVERNOR INFORMED HIMSELF CONCERNING THE COMPLAINT.

CHAPTER XXI. HOW THE GOVERNOR AND HIS PEOPLE CROSSED THE RIVER, AND HOW TWO CHRISTIANS WERE DROWNED.

CHAPTER XXII. HOW THE SPIES, BY ORDER OF THE GOVERNOR, WENT IN SEARCH OF THE GUAYCURÚS.

CHAPTER XXIII. HOW THE GOVERNOR, PURSUING THE ENEMY, WAS INFORMED THAT HE WAS MARCHING IN FRONT.

CHAPTER XXIV. OF A PANIC AMONG THE SPANIARDS AND INDIANS, CAUSED BY A TIGER.

CHAPTER XXV. HOW THE GOVERNOR AND HIS PEOPLE OVERTOOK THE ENEMY.

CHAPTER XXVI. HOW THE GOVERNOR PURSUED THE ENEMY.

CHAPTER XXVII. HOW THE GOVERNOR AND ALL HIS PEOPLE RETURNED TO THE TOWN OF ASCENSION.

CHAPTER XXVIII. HOW THE INDIAN AGAZES BROKE THE PEACE.

CHAPTER XXIX. HOW THE GOVERNOR SET AT LIBERTY ONE OF THE CAPTIVE GUAYCURÚS, AND SENT HIM TO SUMMON HIS FELLOW TRIBESMEN.

CHAPTER XXX. HOW THE GUAYCURÚS CAME AND SUBMITTED TO HIS MAJESTY.

CHAPTER XXXI. HOW THE GOVERNOR, AFTER MAKING PEACE WITH THE GUAYCURÚS, DELIVERED THE PRISONERS TO THEM.

CHAPTER XXXII. HOW THE APIRÚS CAME AND MADE A TREATY OF PEACE AND SUBMITTED.

CHAPTER XXXIII. OF THE JUDGMENT PASSED ON THE AGAZES BY THE ADVICE OF THE MONKS, CAPTAINS, AND OTHER OFFICERS OF HIS MAJESTY.

CHAPTER XXXIV. HOW THE GOVERNOR SENT RELIEF TO BUENOS AYRES.

CHAPTER XXXV. HOW THE THREE SPANIARDS AND THE INDIANS RETURNED FROM THEIR RECONNAISSANCE.

CHAPTER XXXVI. HOW WOOD WAS PREPARED FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF TWO BRIGANTINES AND ONE CARAVEL.

CHAPTER XXXVII. HOW THE INDIANS CAME AGAIN AND OFFERED THEIR SERVICES.

CHAPTER XXXVIII. HOW THE SETTLEMENT OF ASCENSION WAS BURNED.

CHAPTER XXXIX. HOW DOMINGO DE IRALA ARRIVED.

CHAPTER XL. WHAT GONZALO DE MENDOZA WROTE.

CHAPTER XLI. HOW THE GOVERNOR HELPED THOSE WHO WERE WITH GONZALO DE MENDOZA.

CHAPTER XLII. HOW FOUR CHRISTIANS DIED OF THEIR WOUNDS DURING THIS WAR.

CHAPTER XLIII. HOW THE FRIARS TOOK TO FLIGHT.

CHAPTER XLIV. HOW THE GOVERNOR TOOK FOUR HUNDRED MEN WITH HIM ON HIS VOYAGE OF DISCOVERY.

CHAPTER XLV. HOW THE GOVERNOR LEFT PART OF THE PROVISIONS HE HAD BROUGHT WITH HIM.

CHAPTER XLVI. HOW HE STOPPED TO SPEAK WITH THE NATIVES OF ANOTHER PORT AND LAND.

CHAPTER XLVII. HOW HE SENT FOR AN INTERPRETER TO TREAT WITH THE PAYAGUÁS.

CHAPTER XLVIII. HOW THE HORSES WERE EMBARKED IN THE PORT.

CHAPTER XLIX. HOW JUAN DE AYOLAS ENTERED THE PORT WHERE HE AND HIS CHRISTIANS WERE KILLED.

CHAPTER L. HOW THE INTERPRETER AND THOSE WHO HAD PROMISED TO COME FAILED TO DO SO.

CHAPTER LI. HOW THE GUAXARAPOS SPOKE WITH THE GOVERNOR.

CHAPTER LII. HOW THE INDIANS COME AND ESTABLISH THEMSELVES ON THE SHORE OF THE RIVER.

CHAPTER LIII. HOW THEY ERECTED THREE CROSSES AT THE MOUTH OF THE RIVER YGUATÚ.

CHAPTER LIV. HOW THE INDIANS OF THE PORT OF LOS REYES CULTIVATE THE SOIL.

CHAPTER LV. HOW THE INDIANS OF GARCIA SETTLED IN THIS PLACE.

CHAPTER LVI. HOW THEY SPOKE WITH THE CHANESES.

CHAPTER LVII. HOW THE GOVERNOR SENT TO FIND OUT THE INDIANS OF GARCIA.

CHAPTER LVIII. HOW THE GOVERNOR HELD A COUNCIL WITH HIS OFFICERS AND INFORMED THEM OF WHAT WAS PASSING.

CHAPTER LIX. HOW THE GOVERNOR SENT AN EXPEDITION TO THE XARAYES.

CHAPTER LX. HOW THE INTERPRETERS CAME BACK FROM THE XARAYES.

CHAPTER LXI. HOW THE GOVERNOR DECIDED ON ENTERING THE COUNTRY.

CHAPTER LXII. HOW THE GOVERNOR ARRIVED AT THE RIO CALIENTE.

CHAPTER LXIII. HOW THE GOVERNOR SENT TO DISCOVER THE HOUSE WHICH WAS FURTHER ON.

CHAPTER LXIV. HOW THE INTERPRETER RETURNED FROM THE INDIAN HABITATION.

CHAPTER LXV. HOW THE GOVERNOR AND HIS PEOPLE RETURNED TO THE PORT OF LOS REYES.

CHAPTER LXVI. HOW THE INDIANS WOULD HAVE KILLED THOSE WHO REMAINED AT THE PORT OF LOS REYES.

CHAPTER LXVII. HOW THE GOVERNOR SENT CAPTAIN MENDOZA IN SEARCH OF PROVISIONS.

CHAPTER LXVIII. HOW HE SENT A BRIGANTINE TO DISCOVER THE RIVER OF THE XARAYES WITH CAPTAIN DE RIBERA.

CHAPTER LXIX. HOW CAPTAIN FRANCISCO DE RIBERA RETURNED FROM HIS EXPLORATION.

CHAPTER LXX. HOW CAPTAIN FRANCISCO DE RIBERA REPORTED OF HIS DISCOVERY.

CHAPTER LXXI. HOW THE GOVERNOR SENT FOR GONZALO DE MENDOZA.

CHAPTER LXXII. HOW HERNANDO DE RIBERA RETURNED FROM HIS EXPLORATION ALONG THE RIVER.

CHAPTER LXXIII. WHAT BEFELL THE GOVERNOR AND HIS PEOPLE IN THE PORT OF LOS REYES.

CHAPTER LXXIV. HOW THE GOVERNOR, HAVING ARRIVED WITH HIS PEOPLE AT THE TOWN OF ASCENSION, WAS MADE A PRISONER.

CHAPTER LXXV. HOW THE POPULATION ASSEMBLED BEFORE THE HOUSE OF DOMINGO DE IRALA.

CHAPTER LXXVI. OF THE TUMULTS AND DISTURBANCES THAT TOOK PLACE IN THE COUNTRY.

CHAPTER LXXVII. HOW THE GOVERNOR WAS KEPT IN PRISON.

CHAPTER LXXVIII. HOW THE INSURGENTS RAVAGED THE LAND AND TOOK POSSESSION OF THE PROPERTY OF THE INHABITANTS.

CHAPTER LXXIX. HOW THE MONKS LEFT THE COUNTRY.

CHAPTER LXXX. HOW THEY TORTURED THOSE WHO WERE NOT ON THEIR SIDE.

CHAPTER LXXXI. HOW THEY WISHED TO KILL A SHERIFF WHO HAD MADE THEM A REQUISITION.

CHAPTER LXXXII. HOW THE INSURGENTS GAVE THE INDIANS PERMISSION TO EAT HUMAN FLESH.

CHAPTER LXXXIII. HOW THE INSURGENTS HAD TO WRITE TO HIS MAJESTY AND SEND HIM A REPORT.

CHAPTER LXXXIV. HOW THEY GAVE ARSENIC THREE TIMES TO THE GOVERNOR DURING THE VOYAGE.

NARRATIVE OF HERNANDO DE RIBERA.

Chapter I.

Of the Commentaries of Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca.

Since it pleased God to deliver Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca from captivity, and from the troubles that he underwent for ten years in Florida, he came to these kingdoms in the’ year of our Lord 1537, where he remained till the year 1540; in which year there came to this court of His Majesty some persons from the river La Plata to inform His Majesty of what had happened to the army which Don Pedro de Mendoza had taken there, and of the danger those were in who had survived, and to supplicate that His Majesty would be pleased to aid and succor them before they perished (as but few of them remained). And when His Majesty knew of it, he ordered that a certain arrangement and capitulation should be made with Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca, in order that he might go to their relief. This arrangement and capitulation was there effected, the said Cabeza de Vaca offering to go to their assistance, and undertaking to expend for that journey and relief, in horses, arms, apparel and provisions, as well as other things, eight thousand ducats. And in consideration of this treaty thus entered into, His Majesty favored him with the governorship and general captaincy of that land and province, and with the title of Adelantado.{1} It pleased also His Majesty to grant to him the twelfth part of everything that was in that land and province, and of all that entered and went out of it, provided that the aforesaid Alvar Nuñez expended on that expedition the sum of eight thousand ducats as aforesaid. And so, in fulfillment of the agreement entered into with His Majesty, he started immediately for Seville in order to put the agreement into execution, and to make provision for the aforesaid assistance and armament. And to this effect he bought two vessels and a caravel, together with another that was in waiting for him at Canaria. One of these vessels was newly arrived from her first voyage and was of three hundred and fifty tons burden, and the other was of one hundred and fifty tons. He equipped these vessels very well and supplied them with plenty of commodities, and engaged pilots and sailors, and four hundred soldiers well trained to the use of arms, and such as were wanted for that relief; and all that volunteered for that expedition were provided with a double set of arms. In order to complete his purchases and supplies he remained there from the month of May till the end of September, when the ships were ready to sail. But the weather being unfavorable, he was detained in the city of Cadiz from the end of September till the 2nd of November, on which day he set sail and made his voyage, and in nine days arrived at the island of La Palma, where he disembarked with all his people, and remained there twenty-five days, waiting for a favorable wind to continue his voyage. At the end of this time he sailed towards Cape Verde. In this voyage the ship, the Capitana, made so much water that it rose to the height of ten spans in the hold of the vessel. Five hundred quintals of biscuits were damaged, and much oil was lost, besides other commodities. This accident caused them great trouble, and they kept at the pumps day and night till they arrived at the island of St. Iago (one of the Cape Verde Islands). Here they disembarked and landed the horses, in order that they might refresh themselves and rest from their fatigues, and because it was necessary to unload the vessel in order to stop the leak. And after she had been unloaded the master stopped the leak (for he was the best diver in Spain). They sailed from La Palma to Cape Verde in ten days, for they are 300 leagues apart. In this island the harbor is very bad because of the many sharp, sunken rocks that fray the cables attached to the anchors, and when they pull on them in order to raise the anchors these remain in the rocks. And for this reason the sailors have a saying that there are many rats in that harbor, which gnaw the cables asunder; and because of this, it is a very dangerous harbor for vessels stationed there in the event of a storm. This island is unhealthy and full of infections in the winter, so much so that the greater part of those who go ashore there die in a few days, soon after their arrival. The armada, however, remained there twenty-five days, during which not a single man died; and the inhabitants were much astonished at this, and took it as a great marvel. And the inhabitants gave them a good reception; and this island is very rich, and there are more doubloons in it than reales,{2} for those who traffic there for negroes were giving a doubloon for twenty reales.

Chapter II.

How we departed from the island of Cabo Verde.

When we had repaired the leak of the Admiral ship, and purchased the necessary supplies, such as water, meat, and other things, we embarked and pursued our voyage and crossed the equinoctial line, and, continuing our navigation, the master took stock of the water that was on board the Admiral, and, out of a hundred barrels that had been stored, he found no more than three left, and four hundred men and thirty horses had to drink. And the governor, having seen the necessity we were in, ordered the ship to land; and they were in search of it three days, and the fourth day, one hour before dawn, a wonderful thing happened, and as it is not beyond our purpose, I will relate it. It happened, as the vessels were going towards land, they were on the point of striking some very high rocks, and nobody would have seen or been aware of them had not a cock began to crow which one of the soldiers had put on board at Cadiz, being desirous of listening to the music of the cock; during two months and a half, however, we had neither heard it nor known of its existence; and the soldier was grieved at its silence. That morning, however, the bird felt the land and began to crow, and its music woke all the people on the vessel, who saw the rocks an arrow-flight off, and shouted to let go the anchors, as we were drifting towards the rocks. And so they lowered the anchors, and this saved us, for had not the cock crowed our four hundred men and thirty horses would assuredly have been drowned; and we all thought it a miracle of God for us. And while we navigated more than one hundred leagues along the coast, the cock gave us his music every night, and so the armada arrived at an harbor which is called Cananea,{3} which lies beyond Cape Frio,{4} and is twenty-four degrees of elevation. It is a good harbor, and there are several islands at its entrance. The water is clear and eleven fathoms deep. Here the governor took possession in the name of His Majesty, and having done so, he left that harbor and passed over the river and the bay called San Francisco,{5} which is twenty-five leagues from Cananea, and thence the armada proceeded to the island of Santa Catalina, which is twenty-five leagues from the Rio de San Francisco, and they anchored at the island of Santa Catalina, after encountering many troubles and reverses on the voyage, arriving there on the 29th of March 1541. The island of Santa Catalina is barely in the twenty-eighth degree of latitude.

Chapter III.

Which treats of how the governor arrived with his armada at the island of Santa Catalina, in Brazil, and disembarked his troops there.

When the governor had arrived with army at the island of Santa Catalina, he ordered the disembarkation of all the people that he had brought with him, and the twenty-six horses, being all that had survived the sea voyage of the forty-six taken on board in Spain, in order that

Reviews for Chronicle of the Narvaez Expedition

[mrslee_1 · Rating: 4 out of 5 stars]

A fascinating read. This version is a translation of Cabeza de Vaca's account, but also lets us know where his account differs from the joint account by the few survivors of the journey. It also recounts some of the details unearthed by Carl Sauer and Cleve Hallenbeck in the 1930s which confirm many of the details in the journal.The details of how little they ate and still survived amaze me. Not to mention the fact that the tribes would eat mostly one food while it was in season, then move on to the next. I wish the book had included a map to follow his trail. The insights of a person who lived among the various tribes not as a conqueror, but as a slave give perspective. He managed to better his situation by learning the languages of several tribes so that he could act as a go-between and do trading back and forth. In that way he was able to gain a little, and he was on the path most of the time alone, so avoided the beatings which were common. He described many of the customs of the people, which seem bizarre to our materialistic culture, such as that when a tribe brought a healer among their neighbors, they would go and pilfer everything they wanted from the homes, then when the pilfered people took the healer to the next tribe, they would do the same. Since the tribes didn't live in one place long, but constantly moved to find the next food source, I don't imagine there was much to pilfer.In the end, the four survivors became healers. Not by choice, but because the tribes they were among at the time decided that they were. So, praying for the people, and blowing on them, then making the sign of the cross, they would pray for healing with all their hearts, because if the people were not healed, they would put the healers to death! The people were healed, many times and miraculously, so that these four became a legend. Rather than take advantage of that though, they seem to have grown compassion for the natives. I believe that their own faith was strengthened and refined, or at least Cabeza de Vaca's was. They did use their power to make the tribes take them to the "Christians" further on (down in Mexico), but they made sure that each tribe had food distributed evenly, and that they did not leave one person without a blessing. When they arrived to the place where the "Christians" were, they found that the land was deserted, the natives had fled in terror because they didn't want to be enslaved. Cabeza de Vaca and the others went to the Governor at that place and protested about the treatment and misunderstandings. In this one place, that changed the way the natives were treated. At least until these four men went home to Spain.In spite of our present feeling about the results of this period of history, I believe it is important to read this sort of first person material to gain perspective. In reading it, it becomes clear how the jumble of history can happen one person at a time through misunderstandings, differing personalities and distant uncomprehending governments with their own agendas.

[varielle_1 · Rating: 4 out of 5 stars]

This is the horrifying misadventure of Spanish explorer Cabeza de Vaca. He relates to the Spanish king what befell his fellow Spaniards in their exploration of the new world. The large host he began with, upon reaching Florida, was eventually destroyed by shipwreck, disease, malnourishment and the predations of the indigenous inhabitants. After spending many years making his way up Florida, across the Gulf Coast, through northern Mexico, down the Pacific coast before finally making it home again, only he and three others managed to survive. His detail of the never before seen flora, fauna and descriptions of the various tribes he encountered provided a wealth of detail regarding customs and general anthropology. The survivors went from being abused by the natives to being perceived as medical men with the power to heal and were followed by adoring tribes everywhere they went. When finally encountering fellow Spaniards again, he was horrified by their enslavement and mistreatment of the Indians. He provides new meaning to the word survival as his detail of the suffering they endured and what they had to do to survive makes one ache for them. This would make an excellent adventure film as it touches upon so many aspects of culture clash and wonder.

[wesh_17 · Rating: 4 out of 5 stars]

A fascinating read. It was amazing how he kept finding and losing his shipmates.

[tnilsson_24 · Rating: 3 out of 5 stars]

I can't add much to tinkettleinn's review of this book. De Vaca and his crew are essentially murderous Keystone Kops who more or less aimlessly wander around Southeastern America 500 years ago in search of food, shelter, and (unwilling) native guides while trying to find a way home. Along the way they enslave, murder, kidnap, torture, and steal all of the food of the natives (when they have the upper hand), and are themselves enslaved by, or work at minor jobs for, the natives (when they don't have the upper hand). De Vaca and his crew lose and find one-another over and over again throughout the narrative, bumbling around under the author and a few of his compatriots almost accidentally find their way back to "civilization."De Vaca's account is not a pleasant read, but it gives insight into the biased world-view of a Spanish adventurer and the lives of the natives living in Southeastern America 500 years ago. It is an interesting read, and educational, but not light or enjoyable by any means. My star rating reflects a compromise between 5 stars for educational/historic merit and 1 star for enjoyable/happy reading.