The Speech: The Story Behind Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s Dream

By Gary Younge

In this “slim but powerful book,” the award-winning journalist shares the dramatic story surrounding MLK’s most famous speech and its importance today (Boston Globe).

On August 28, 1963, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. led the historic March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, where he delivered the most iconic speech of the civil rights movement. In The Speech, Gary Younge explains why King’s “I Have a Dream” speech maintains its powerful social relevance by sharing the dramatic story surrounding it. Today, that speech endures as a guiding light in the ongoing struggle for racial equality.

Younge roots his work in personal interviews with Clarence Jones, a close friend of Martin Luther King Jr. and his draft speechwriter; with Joan Baez, a singer at the march; and with Angela Davis and other leading civil rights leaders. Younge skillfully captures the spirit of that historic day in Washington and offers a new generation of readers a critical modern analysis of why “I Have a Dream” remains America’s favorite speech.

“Younge’s meditative retrospection on [the speech’s] significance reminds us of all the micro-moments of transformation behind the scenes—the thought and preparation, vision and revision—whose currency fed that magnificent lightning bolt in history.” —Patricia J. Williams, legal scholar and theorist

• Language: English
• Publisher: Open Road Integrated Media
• Release date: Aug 12, 2013
• ISBN: 9781608463565

Gary Younge

Gary Younge is a journalist, author and broadcaster. He is editor-at-large for The Guardian. His latest book is Another Day in the Death of America (Guardian Faber Publishing, 2017).

Book preview

© 2013 Gary Younge

Published in 2013 by

Haymarket Books

P.O. Box 180165,

Chicago, IL 60618

773-583-7884

[e-mail]

www.haymarketbooks.org

ISBN: 978-1-60846-356-5

Trade distribution in the United States through Consortium Book Sales and Distribution, www.cbsd.com

Text of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s I Have a Dream speech reprinted by arrangement with The Heirs to the Estate of Martin Luther King Jr., c/o Writers House as agent for the proprietor, New York, NY.

Cover design by Abby Weintraub. Cover image of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. speaking at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, August 28, 1963. US Information Agency.

This book was published with the generous support of the Wallace Global

Fund and Lannan Foundation.

Library of Congress CIP data is available.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Contents

Acknowledgments

I Have a Dream

Introduction: Lightning in a Bottle

1. The Moment

2. The March

3. The Speech

4. The Legacy

Bibliography

About the Author

Acknowledgments

This book stems from my long-standing interest in the American South and commitment to issues of social justice. The two came together, not for the first time, in 2011 when I conducted two public interviews, in London and Glasgow, with Clarence Jones, who wrote the draft text of Martin Luther King’s speech at the March on Washington. I have long been intrigued by how the speech became lionized and the wildly conflicting interpretations of it that have circulated. And my conversations with Jones, both on and off stage, showed me that the manner in which the speech was written and delivered, the political moment that made it possible, and the occasion at which it was given said as much about the speech as the words themselves.

This book includes many interviews I have conducted over the last sixteen years with a range of civil rights leaders, activists, and other political and cultural commentators. To present a full and vivid portrayal, it also weaves together a number of other autobiographical and historical accounts of which I am not the source. All are listed in the bibliography and credited frequently throughout the book. But in the absence of footnotes and out of respect for their contributions, I would also like to express a particular debt of gratitude to the hard work and scholarship of a few without whom this book would not have been possible: Drew Hansen, author of The Dream: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Speech That Inspired a Nation; Charles Euchner, who wrote Nobody Turn Me Around: A People’s History of the 1963 March on Washington; Nick Bryant, author of The Bystander: John F. Kennedy and The Struggle for Black Equality; and Taylor Branch for Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954–63. These books were not just invaluable to my research, they are invaluable, period.

Also crucial to this book and the body of work focusing on this era are Eyes on The Prize by Juan Williams, The Life and Times of Bayard Rustin by John D’Emilio, and My Soul Is Rested by Howell Raines, as well as the accounts of Clarence Jones in Behind the Dream and John Lewis in Walking with the Wind.

I’d also like to thank Julie Fain, my Haymarket editor, for immediately realizing the potential for this book and supporting me throughout its writing; Anthony Arnove, also of Haymarket, for his lucid and consistent advice and encouragement; Ruth Goring, whose precision and clarity made substantial improvements; and the staff at Haymarket who’ve worked so hard to promote the book within a tight schedule. In his editing of the first draft, Colin Robinson’s speed and attention to detail went above and beyond the call of duty. I thank my agent, Jonny Geller, for more than a decade of advocating for my work and representing my interests on both sides of the Atlantic.

Finally, I’d like to thank Tara and Osceola for bearing with me as I wrote it, and Zora, who came into this world right in the middle of it.

I Have a Dream

Address delivered at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

I am happy to join with you today on what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation. [applause]

Fivescore years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity.

But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. [Audience:] (My Lord) One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later (My Lord) [applause], the Negro is still languished in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. And so we’ve come here today to dramatize a shameful condition.

In a sense we’ve come to our nation’s capital to cash a check. When the architects of our Republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence (Yeah), they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed the unalienable Rights of Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of colors are concerned. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked insufficient funds. [sustained applause]

But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. (My Lord) [laughter] (Sure enough) We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation. And so we’ve come to cash this check (Yes), a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom (Yes) and the security of justice. [applause]

We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of now. This is no time (My Lord) to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism. [applause] Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy. (My Lord) Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time [applause] to lift our nation from the quicksand of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. Now is the time [applause] to make justice a reality for all of God’s children.

It would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment. This sweltering summer of the Negro’s legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality. Nineteen sixty-three is not an end, but a beginning. And those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as usual. [applause] There will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship rights. The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges.

But there is something that I must say to my people, who stand on the warm threshold which leads into the palace of justice: In the process of gaining our rightful place, we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds. Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred. (My Lord) [applause] We must forever conduct our struggle on the high place of dignity and discipline. We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical violence. Again and again, we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force. The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead us to a distrust of all white people, for many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny. [applause] And they have come to realize that their freedom is inextricably bound to our freedom. We cannot walk alone.

And as we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall always march ahead. We cannot turn back. There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights, When will you be satisfied? (Never)

We can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is the victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality. We can never be satisfied [applause] as long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities. [applause] We cannot be satisfied as long as the Negro’s basic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a larger one. We can never be satisfied as long as our children are stripped of their selfhood and robbed of their dignity by signs stating: For Whites Only. [applause] We cannot be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote. (Yes) [applause] No, no, we are not satisfied and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream. [applause]

I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulations. (My Lord) Some of you have come fresh from narrow jail cells. Some of you have come from areas where your quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution (Yes) and staggered by the winds of police brutality. You have been veterans of creative suffering. Continue to work with the faith that unearned suffering is redemptive. Go back to Mississippi (Yes), go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed. (Yes) Let us not wallow in the valley of despair, I say to you today, my friends [applause].

And so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. (Yes) It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream.

I have a dream that one day (Yes) this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal. (Yes) [applause]

I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.

I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice (Well), sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.

I have a dream (Well) [applause] that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. (My Lord) I have a dream today. [applause]

I have a dream that one day down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of interposition and nullification, (Yes) one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. I have a dream today. [applause]

I have a dream that one day "every valley shall be exalted (Yes), and every hill and mountain shall be made low; the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight (Yes); and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together." (Yes)

This is our hope. This is the faith that I go back to the South with. (Yes) With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. (Yes) With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. (talk about it) With this faith (My Lord) we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day. [applause] And this will be the day [applause continues], this will be the day when all of God’s children (Yes) will be able to sing with new meaning

My country, ’tis of thee (Yes), sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing

Land where my fathers dies, land of the pilgrim’s pride (Yes),

From every mountainside, let freedom ring!

And if America is to be a great nation, this must become true.

And so let freedom ring (Yes) from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire.

Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York.

Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania. (Yes, that’s right)

Let freedom ring from the snow-capped Rockies of Colorado. (Well)

Let freedom ring from the curvaceous slopes of California. (Yes)

But not only that: Let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia. (Yes)

Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee. (Yes)

Let freedom ring from every hill and molehill of Mississippi. (Yes)

From every mountainside, let freedom ring. [applause]

And when this happens [applause continues], when we allow freedom to ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city (Yes), we will be able to speed up that day when all of God’s children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual:

Free at last! (Yes) Free at last!

Thank God Almighty, we are free at last! [applause]

Introduction

Lightning in a Bottle

The night before the March on Washington in 1963, Martin Luther King Jr. asked his aides for advice about the speech he was due to make the next day. Don’t use the lines about ‘I have a dream,’ Wyatt Tee Walker told him. It’s trite, it’s cliché. You’ve used it too many times already.

King had indeed employed the refrain several times before. It had featured in an address just a week earlier at a National Insurance