T-54/55: The Soviet Army's Cold War Main Battle Tank
4.5/5
()
About this ebook
Anthony Tucker-Jones
Anthony Tucker-Jones, a former intelligence officer, is a highly prolific writer and military historian with well over 50 books to his name. His work has also been published in an array of magazines and online. He regularly appears on television and radio commenting on current and historical military matters.
Read more from Anthony Tucker Jones
Radio Operator on the Eastern Front: An Illustrated Memoir, 1940–1949 Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Tiger I & Tiger II Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Dien Bien Phu: The First Indo-China War, 1946–1954 Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Art of War: Illustrated Edition Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsFalaise: The Flawed Victory–The Destruction of Panzergruppe West, August 1944 Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Panther Tank: Hitlers T-34 Killer Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5The Panzer IV: Hitler's Rock Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5The Gulf War: Operation Desert Storm 1990–1991 Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Operation Dragoon: The Liberation of Southern France, 1944 Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Battle for Budapest 1944 - 1945 Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Iraq War: Operation Iraqi Freedom 2003–2011 Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Rommel's Afrika Korps in Colour: Rare German Photographs from the Second World War Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsIran–Iraq War: The Lion of Babylon, 1980–1988 Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Stalin's Revenge: Operation Bagration & the Annihilation of Army Group Centre Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Stalin's Armour, 1941–1945: Soviet Tanks at War Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsThe Vietnam War: The Tet Offensive, 1968 Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsAllied Armour, 1939–1945: British and American Tanks at War Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsLife and Death on the Eastern Front: Rare Colour Photographs From World War II Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsThe Afghan War: Operation Enduring Freedom 1001–2014 Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Soviet Cold War Weaponry: Aircraft, Warships, Missiles and Artillery Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsSoviet Cold War Weaponry: Tanks and Armoured Vehicles Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsThe Rise of Militant Islam: An Insider's View of the Failure to Curb Global Jihad Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsDaesh: Islamic State's Holy War Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsThe Battle for the Mediterranean: Allied and Axis Campaigns from North Africa to the Italian Peninsula, 1940-45 Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsSlaughter on the Eastern Front: Hitler and Stalin’s War 1941-1945 Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsThe Battle For Warsaw, 1939–1945 Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratings
Related to T-54/55
Titles in the series (100)
D-Day Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Armoured Warfare in Northwest Europe, 1944–1945 Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsAuschwitz Death Camp Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Great War Fighter Aces, 1916–1918 Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsAllied POWs in German Hands 1914–1918 Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5B-17 Memphis Belle Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Armoured Warfare in the North African Campaign Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Hitler's Mountain Troops, 1939–1945: The Gebirgsjager Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsFinal Days of the Reich Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsArmoured Warfare in the Battle of the Bulge, 1944–1945 Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsThe Battle for the Caucasus, 1942–1943 Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5The Germans on the Somme Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Crushing of Poland Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Armoured Warfare in the Italian Campaign, 1943–1945 Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Himmler's Nazi Concentration Camp Guards Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Afrika-Korps Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5Adolf Hitler Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5Armoured Warfare on the Eastern Front Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsBlitzkrieg Russia Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsChiang Kai-shek Versus Mao Tse-tung: The Battle for China, 1946–1949 Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Hitler's Defeat on the Eastern Front Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Blitzkrieg in the West Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5Armoured Warfare and the Waffen-SS, 1944–1945 Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsHitler's Headquarters, 1939–1945 Rating: 2 out of 5 stars2/5Waffen-SS on the Western Front, 1940–1945 Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsT-34: The Red Army's Legendary Medium Tank Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Armoured Warfare in the Korean War Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Armoured Warfare and Hitler's Allies, 1941–1945 Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Red Baron Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/56th SS Mountain Division Nord at War, 1941–1945 Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5
Related ebooks
T-34: The Red Army's Legendary Medium Tank Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5The Patton Tank: Cold War Warrior Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Soviet Cold War Weaponry: Tanks and Armoured Vehicles Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsBritish Battle Tanks: Post-war Tanks 1946–2016 Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsT-54/55: The Most-Produced Tank in Military History Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Chieftain: British Cold War Main Battle Tank Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Soviet T-55 Main Battle Tank Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsUS Cold War Tanks and Armoured Fighting Vehicles Rating: 1 out of 5 stars1/5The Panther Tank: Hitlers T-34 Killer Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5M1 Abrams: The US's Main Battle Tank in American and Foreign Service, 1981–2019 Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Armored Champion: The Top Tanks of World War II Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5M2/M3: American Half-tracks of the Second World War Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Russian Armour in the Second World War Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsHitler's Anti-Tank Weapons 1939–1945 Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsTanks and Combat Vehicles of the Warsaw Pact: Weapons and Equipment of the Warsaw Pact, #1 Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Weapons and Equipment of the Warsaw Pact: Volume One: Weapons and Equipment of the Warsaw Pact, #3.5 Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsLeopard 2: NATO's First Line of Defence, 1979–2020 Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsTiger I and Tiger II Tanks: German Army and Waffen-SS, The Last Battles in the West, 1945 Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsBritish Tanks: The Second World War Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5Forgotten Tanks and Guns of the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5German Machine Guns of the Second World War Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Soviet T-62 Main Battle Tank Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsM48 Patton: American Cold War Battle Tank Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Tank Warfare, 1939–1945 Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsM1 Abrams Tank Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Axis Tanks of the Second World War Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsHitler's Light Tanks Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Tiger I: The Official Wartime Crew Manual Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsThe Panzer IV: Hitler's Rock Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5The Panther V in Combat: Guderian's Problem Child Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratings
Political Ideologies For You
The Anarchist Cookbook Rating: 2 out of 5 stars2/5Mein Kampf: English Translation of Mein Kamphf - Mein Kampt - Mein Kamphf Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5The Psychology of Totalitarianism Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Unwoke: How to Defeat Cultural Marxism in America Rating: 1 out of 5 stars1/5The Communist Manifesto: Original Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Allow Me to Retort: A Black Guy’s Guide to the Constitution Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Disloyal: A Memoir: The True Story of the Former Personal Attorney to President Donald J. Trump Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Elite Capture: How the Powerful Took Over Identity Politics (And Everything Else) Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Rigged: How the Media, Big Tech, and the Democrats Seized Our Elections Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5A People's History of the United States Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The January 6th Report Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The U.S. Constitution with The Declaration of Independence and The Articles of Confederation Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative? Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Why We're Polarized Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/525 Lies: Exposing Democrats’ Most Dangerous, Seductive, Damnable, Destructive Lies and How to Refute Them Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Parasitic Mind: How Infectious Ideas Are Killing Common Sense Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Girl with Seven Names: A North Korean Defector’s Story Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Speechless: Controlling Words, Controlling Minds Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Capitalism and Freedom Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Great Reset: And the War for the World Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Power Worshippers: Inside the Dangerous Rise of Religious Nationalism Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Irreversible Damage: The Transgender Craze Seducing Our Daughters Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5Get Trump: The Threat to Civil Liberties, Due Process, and Our Constitutional Rule of Law Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5The Gulag Archipelago [Volume 1]: An Experiment in Literary Investigation Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Great Awakening: Defeating the Globalists and Launching the Next Great Renaissance Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Emergent Strategy: Shaping Change, Changing Worlds Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5They Thought They Were Free: The Germans, 1933–45 Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Freedom Is a Constant Struggle: Ferguson, Palestine, and the Foundations of a Movement Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5
Reviews for T-54/55
2 ratings0 reviews
Book preview
T-54/55 - Anthony Tucker-Jones
Chapter One
Heir Apparent – T-54
Towards the end of the Second World War the Soviets decided that rather than maintaining large fleets of dedicated light, medium and heavy tanks they needed a good all-rounder – this resulted in the main battle tank (MBT) concept. A ‘one size fits all’ solution.
Soviet tank designers began to look at developing a successor for the T-34/85 medium tank and the IS (loseph Stalin) heavy tank. Drawing on their experiences with the T-34/76, T-34/85, KV-85 and IS-1/2, in 1944 they came up with the T-44, which bore a striking resemblance to the late-war T-34/85 and was armed with the same 85mm gun.
It was essentially the same tank with a number of modifications. The main improvements to the rugged T-34/85 design were a similar-shaped turret but without the characteristic thick turret neck, plus a better-shaped hull. Other improvements included a transverse-mounted engine and transmission and torsion-bar suspension. The crew was reduced from five in the T-34/85 to four in the T-44.
T-44 Medium Tank
One of the designers’ tasks was to lower the height of the T-34/85 that first went into service in the summer of 1944. Upgunning the T-34/76 had resulted in a much bigger turret, which increased the T-34’s height from around 2.4m to over 2.7m. While the improvement from 76.2mm gun to 85mm gun was very welcome, it made the T-34/85’s bulky turret a much better target. Similarly, the IS heavy tank was almost 3m high.
On the T-44 one way to achieve a lower silhouette was to eliminate the prominent collar at the turret base. The hull side armour, which on the T-34 was sloped, was vertical and thicker. This was to permit a wider turret ring because the turret’s armour was more slanted than that on the T-34/85. Another way that the height was reduced was by installing the diesel engine transversely. Also the Christie spring suspension was replaced with a torsion-bar suspension. The result was that the T-44 had a height of just under 2.5m.
Improving on the T-34/85’s main armament was unsuccessful. Attempts were made to upgun the T-44 with a 122mm tank gun but the turret was too small, although experiments with a 100mm gun were slightly more promising. However, only a few prototypes were ever built and the production T-44 retained the 85mm gun. The only way to get round this problem was to design a new tank with a larger turret.
While the T-44 was very similar to the T-34, the glacis plate at the front was much steeper which meant it had to be thicker. The driver was only provided with a very narrow vision slit in the glacis and his hatch, located next to the hull machine gun on the glacis on the T-34, was repositioned to the hull roof. The hull gunner was dispensed with in line with the existing trend with Soviet heavy tanks. Protection against infantry was provided by a Degtyarev 7.62mm machine gun mounted in a fixed position next to the driver, which was fired through an opening in the glacis plate. This was a feature later retained in the T-54.
The successful T-34 five road-wheel running gear was largely unchanged, although the T-44 had a wider gap between the first and second pairs of road wheels instead of the second and third as on the T-34. One of the drawbacks of the latter was that it employed the American Christie-style suspension. This meant that bulky springs took up a large amount of space inside the tank. Efforts to remedy this with the T-34M in 1941 had to be abandoned because of the outbreak of war. The T-43 partially remedied this but was swiftly superseded by the need for a larger gun and the T-34/85 which used the existing T-34 hull.
The T-44 proved problematic especially where its weight was concerned. It was supposed to be the same as the T-34/85 at some 31.5 tons, but in light of the thicker armour and lengthening of the hull, it is hard to see what the lowering of the height achieved other than to reduce the tank’s silhouette. It is suspected that the T-44 was heavier than its predecessor and suffered from problems with its running gear and transmission.
In the event only a few thousand T-44s were ever built at Kharkov and it did not see much, if any, combat at the end of the war. It was allegedly deployed briefly during the Hungarian uprising of 1956. After proving unreliable in front-line service the tank was rebuilt as the T-44M and continued to be used into the 1970s – largely in a tank driver training role. From the design faults and teething problems it is evident that the T-44 was very much an interim design and testbed for features that were incorporated in the vastly more successful T-54.
T-54 Main Battle Tank
The key lesson that the Red Army learned from the Second World War was that you needed a lot of everything, especially tanks, to wage modern armoured and mechanized warfare. It was clear from the T-34 and T-44 that they required a tank that was easy to mass-produce in vast numbers, was very reliable and armed with at least a 100mm gun. While the IS heavy tank had been armed with a massive 122mm gun, it meant that it was 20 tons heavier than the T-34/85. Experience showed that there was no long-term future in heavy tanks. Thus was born the T-54 MBT.
The T-54 was effectively a Ukrainian tank. Under the designation of Obiekt 137 (or B-40) it was designed by the Morozov Bureau at the Malyshev Plant in Kharkov, Ukraine. The city had been producing T-34s at the start of the Second World War but was captured during the German invasion. It subsequently became the scene of a series of battles fought between the Wehrmacht and the Red Army before being finally liberated. However, the Kartsev Bureau at Nizhnyi Tagil in Russia would take the credit for the T-54/55.
The T-54 made its debut in the late 1940s with the first prototype appearing in 1946 and initial production authorized three years later. Three factories were given the task, at Kharkov, Nizhnyi Tagil and Omsk. It and the subsequent T-55 went through numerous upgrades, rebuilds and reconfigurations and unless you are a specialist technical intelligence expert trying to identify them all is a largely fruitless task (some sources are downright contradictory or are simply incorrect). Essentially the T-54 and T-55 were the same tank with detailed improvements. The following lists the key T-54 production models.
T-54-1 (Model 1946)
This bore some resemblance to the T-44, with undercuts to the front and rear of the turret. Similarly, it also had a very wide gun mantlet but was armed with the 100mm D-10T tank gun. These features made the turret vulnerable to enemy fire. It was issued to field units for trials but proved unsatisfactory and in the meantime the focus remained on T-34/85 production.
T-54-2 (Model 1949)
This was the very first low-rate production model with an improved turret that eliminated the frontal undercut, featured an overhang at the rear and was armed with the 100mm D-10T tank gun.
T-54-3 (Model 1951)
Second low-rate production model, featuring a turret undercut at the rear and a narrow, so-called ‘pig snout’ gun mantlet.
T-54 (Model 1953)
First full-rate production T-54 with a hemispherical turret with no rear undercut and narrow mantlet. This turret became standard on all subsequent models of the T-54/55.
T-54A (Model 1955)
This version was fitted with a fume extractor just behind the muzzle