Travels and Identities: Elizabeth and Adam Shortt in Europe, 1911

By Wilfrid Laurier University Press

Elizabeth Smith Shortt was one of the first three women to obtain a medical degree in Canada, and her husband, Adam Shortt, enjoyed a successful career as a professor of politics and economics at Queen’s University in Kingston. In 1908 Adam Shortt relocated his family to Ottawa to take up a commission to oversee civil service reform under Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier. There he convinced his superiors that an onsite investigation of four European countries would expedite his effort to improve Canada’s bureaucracy, and in June 1911 he and Elizabeth embarked on their trip. This book chronicles their Atlantic crossing and extended visit to England, as well as trips to Switzerland, Austria, Germany, and the Netherlands.

The Shortts were generally pleased with England and its values, but Elizabeth was sharply critical of the behaviour of British nurses. Her diaries and letters, here reprinted, critiqued the lands and peoples she visited in Europe. Leading foreign feminists such as Lady Chichester and Mrs. Maud of the Mothers’ Union in England sought her advice, as did Alice Salomon in Germany, the corresponding secretary of the International Council of Women. The diaries and letters presented in this volume reveal the multifaceted nature of Adam and Elizabeth Shortt, from public figures to difficult employers to a couple who couldn’t help but live beyond their means.

Peter E. Paul Dembski’s introduction paints a picture of a couple who lived as moderate liberals with occasional conservative or radical views, and who blended science and an adherence to Protestant Christianity into their thinking. Their travel experiences, during a period of building political upheaval, provide a valuable snapshot of pre–First World War European society and culture.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Wilfrid Laurier University Press
• Release date: Jan 5, 2017
• ISBN: 9781771122276

Book preview

Travels and Identities

Life Writing Series

In its Life Writing Series, Wilfrid Laurier University Press publishes life writing, and new life-writing criticism and theory, in order to promote autobiographical accounts, diaries, letters, memoirs, and testimonials written and/or told by women and men whose political, literary, or philosophical purposes are central to their lives. The Series features accounts written in English, or translated into English from French or the languages of the First Nations, or any of the languages of immigration to Canada.

The audience for the Series includes scholars, youth, and avid general readers, both in Canada and abroad. Wilfrid Laurier University Press hopes to continue its work as a leading publisher of life writing of all kinds through this imprint, aiming at scholarly excellence and striving to represent lived experience as a tool for both historical and autobiographical research.

We publish original life writing representing the widest range of experiences of lives lived with integrity. The Series also publishes original theoretical investigations about life writing, as long as they are not limited to one author or text.

Series Editor

Marlene Kadar

Humanities, York University

Travels and Identities

Elizabeth and Adam Shortt in Europe, 1911

Edited with commentary by

Peter E. Paul Dembski

Wilfrid Laurier University Press acknowledges the support of the Canada Council for the Arts for our publishing program. We acknowledge the financial support of the Government of Canada through the Canada Book Fund for our publishing activities. This work was supported by the Research Support Fund.

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Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication

Travels and identities : Elizabeth and Adam Shortt in Europe, 1911 / Peter E. Paul Dembski, editor.

(Life writing series)

Includes bibliographical references.

Issued in print and electronic formats.

ISBN 978-1-77112-225-2 (paperback).—ISBN 978-1-77112-226-9

(pdf).—ISBN 978-1-77112-227-6 (epub)

1. Smith, Elizabeth, 1859–1949—Travel—Europe. 2. Shortt, Adam, 1859–1931—Travel—Europe. 3. Smith, Elizabeth, 1859–1949—Diaries. 4. Shortt, Adam, 1859–1931—Diaries. 5. Canadians—Travel—Europe. 6. Europe—Description and travel. I. Dembski, Peter E. Paul, 1938–, editor II. Smith, Elizabeth, 1859–1949. Diaries. Selections. III. Shortt, Adam, 1859–1931. Diaries . Selections. IV. Title: Elizabeth and Adam Shortt in Europe, 1911. V. Series: Life writing series

D921.T73 2016       91404›88     C2016-904838-1

                                                     C2016-904839-X

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Cover design by Blakeley Words+Pictures. Front-cover photo of Elizabeth and Adam Shortt, 1914, courtesy University of Waterloo Library, Elizabeth Smith Shortt fonds; image no. WA10_2303-1. Front-cover photo of the Royal George courtesy of the Norway Heritage Collection, www.norwayheritage.com. Source: www.heritage-ships.com. Text design by Sandra Friesen.

© 2017 Wilfrid Laurier University Press

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www.wlupress.wlu.ca

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Every reasonable effort has been made to acquire permission for copyright material used in this text, and to acknowledge all such indebtedness accurately. Any errors and omissions called to the publisher’s attention will be corrected in future printings.

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For the great loves of my life,

Julie, Chad, and Bryn

Contents

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ABBREVIATIONS

FREQUENTLY MENTIONED NAMES

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1   Prelude to a Journey, the Crossing to England, and Near Tragedy

CHAPTER 2   At Home in the Mother Country

CHAPTER 3   Two Canadian Travellers in a Stupendous London

CHAPTER 4   A Just Perfect Switzerland

CHAPTER 5   The Ambiguity of Austria

CHAPTER 6   Beauty and Hostility in Germany and the Likeable Dutch in Amsterdam

CHAPTER 7   Back in London and Glancing Forward

CONCLUSION

APPENDIX: INVENTORY OF PURCHASES

List of Illustrations

FIG. 1   Elizabeth Smith Shortt

FIG. 2   Adam Shortt

FIG. 3   Copesworth, the Shortts’ comfortable middle-class home in Kingston

FIG. 4   5 Marlborough Avenue, the more opulent residence in Ottawa that Adam and Elizabeth built

FIG. 5   Muriel Shortt

FIG. 6   Elizabeth’s sketch of a typical wayside shrine in Austria

FIG. 7   Lorraine Shortt

FIG. 8   George Shortt

Preface

The book that follows originated with my reading of A Woman with a Purpose: The Diaries of Elizabeth Smith 1872–1884, ably edited and introduced by Veronica Strong-Boag. This acquainted me with Elizabeth Smith (Shortt) and eventually led to an article on her mentor Jenny Trout, a project that was further assisted by consulting the Elizabeth Smith Shortt Papers in the Doris Lewis Room of the University of Waterloo’s Dana Porter Library. Once the Trout essay was completed, I returned to the Smith Shortt collection, hoping to pursue new topics contained in this treasure chest of primary materials.

Later I discovered Margaret Addison’s book, Diary of a European Tour, 1900, skilfully edited by Jean O’Grady. Soon afterward, I began to peruse four diaries, penned by Mrs. Shortt during a 1911 trip to Europe, for comparative purposes. In the process, my next academic enterprise was launched. Then, from the Queen’s University Archives, I obtained Mr. Shortt’s less extensive, but valuable, diaries on the same visit to the Old World. These writings of Elizabeth and Adam, along with some of the couple’s related letters, supplied the foundation for the present volume.

After investigating the documents, I realized that they furnished numerous insights into a wide variety of historical subjects. I further recognized that I shared Adam’s penchant for finding and analyzing such primary sources. For example, Elizabeth’s diaries and letters are filled with interesting and controversial opinions, where the meaning is seldom in doubt. They are perceptive, engaging, and often amusing—in brief, simply a delight to read.

There is relatively little written about the Shortts and virtually nothing dealing with them as a couple. Thus, I began this book with a comprehensive definition of their identity as a couple down to 1911. Further, I sought to provide an account of what Elizabeth and Adam saw and experienced in Europe. It soon became apparent that this was closely linked to the national identities perceived by the Shortts in the five countries they visited.

Here, Beth’s incisive criticisms were especially revealing. For example, she was displeased with the improperly trained British nurses, a manipulative Catholic church in Austria, and an intense militarism in pre–World War I Germany. Her thinking extended to international as well as national issues, a theme not generally enunciated in published works on Mrs. Shortt. There were, of course, positive as well as negative images that enraptured Mrs. Shortt in the Old World. For instance, she was delighted with the venerable parliamentary buildings in London, as well as the stunning scenery and culture in Switzerland. While she had misgivings about Catholic hegemony in Austria, Beth was overwhelmed by the beauty of St. Stephen’s Church in Vienna.

Historians have paid a greater degree of attention to Adam Shortt, but here, too, the documents in this volume add much to our understanding of his past importance. For example, while in Great Britain, Principal Daniel M. Gordon of Queen’s University and Shortt were given the power to appoint English applicants to that university’s faculty without any further consultation with the administration or teachers back home in Kingston. Adam Shortt remained a significant force in determining his alma mater’s development, even after he had left that institution to become one of two commissioners overseeing the federal civil service. The primary materials in this book also reveal much about Adam’s preferences that cannot be found elsewhere. His love of good meals followed by lively discussions, and his athletic prowess, which caused a fifty-one-year senior bureaucrat to climb a mountain in Switzerland, bring to the reader’s attention a number of traits not examined in existing publications. Here, the material discloses important aspects of Mr. Shortt’s personal identity.

These revelations—and there are many more in the pages to follow—present on a micro level individual reactions, which complement and extend the macro accounts of English Canadian visitors to Europe, such as the recently published A Happy Holiday: English Canadians and Transatlantic Tourism, 1870–1930, by Cecilia Morgan. Both approaches must be included in a comprehensive history of English Canadian tourism on the world stage. I can only hope that the material that follows contributes modestly to this worthy purpose. If it does, I owe a great debt to Veronica Strong-Boag, Jean O’Grady, and the supportive librarians at the University of Waterloo and Queen’s University.

Wherever possible, the Shortts’ writings have been analyzed in the prefaces to each relevant chapter; thus, their views on the national identities of Switzerland, Austria, Germany, and the Netherlands have been assessed in the prefaces to chapters 4, 5, and 6. However, their discourse on the British identity extended over four chapters, and could be discussed coherently only in the conclusion. One other subject, which ranged over two chapters, was reserved for consideration in the final section: Elizabeth’s evaluation of visual art in Austria, Germany, and the Netherlands. This topic furnishes an enlightening commentary on how a well-educated, influential Canadian woman evaluated Europe’s artistic identity in the early twentieth century. Their definitions of the British identity and European art in 1911 show that the Shortts’ diaries and letters deal with multiple identity questions, which make them valuable references for understanding both Canada and the Old World during an era of great change.

Thus, it seems appropriate to title this work Travels and Identities. Finally, I have placed Elizabeth’s name first in recognition of the fact that her writings supplied the cornerstone for this undertaking. Adam’s diaries and letters were significant, but also secondary. Now that the stage has been set, it is time to present the two main actors in our introduction after a few more preliminary comments.

Acknowledgements

Many people helped to make this book viable, but here I will mention only the most evident. At Wilfrid Laurier University Press, Jacqueline Larson fostered my early work on the project, while Lisa Quinn, Mike Bechthold, Clare Hitchens, Siobhan McMenemy, Rob Kohlmeier, and contract copy editor Edwin Janzen guided it to completion. It has been a rewarding experience to work with this highly proficient and congenial publisher. Meanwhile, Professors Cynthia Comacchio and Suzanne Zeller of the Department of History at Wilfrid Laurier University offered opinions and encouragement that were vital to a favourable outcome.

Three libraries also made this volume possible. At the University of Waterloo’s Special Collections and Archives, all the staff—including Susan Mavor, Jane Britton, Susan Seabrook, Nick Richbell, Jessica Blackwell, Martha Lauzon, Susan Plouffe, and Danielle Robichaud—facilitated the slow movement of the materials from the research stage to the point of conclusion. It would be difficult to find a more amiable, cooperative, and efficient research centre anywhere else. John McCallum, Diane Wilkins, Deborah Wills, and others at the WLU Library were also on hand to promote the enterprise in a number of significant ways. Finally, useful documents, as well as personal support, were forthcoming from the librarians at the Queen’s University Archives.

Two historians whom I greatly admire—A. Margaret Evans and Oscar Cole-Arnal—read early versions of this potential book and provided constructive ideas on revisions. The same can be said of the anonymous readers furnished by WLU Press, who made necessary suggestions for improving what now seems like a very rough draft. Sara Benediktson, a computer wizard, rendered an essential service by translating my final editing revisions into the electronic copy. Last, but certainly not least, was the constant inspiration and practical assistance rendered by my wife, Julie, without whose collaboration this volume would not have been possible. Thanks to all for their help, which in no way diminishes my full responsibility for any errors that will be found in the ensuing pages.

Abbreviations

A. or Ad. — Adam

A.D.C. — aide-de-camp

acc. — according

Alta. — Alberta

amt. — amount

anx. — anxiety

assoc. — association

blds. — buildings

blk. — black

Br. — British

C. Northern — Canadian Northern Railway

C.S. — civil service

Can. Com. — Canadian High Commission

Chas. — Charles

Col. — colonel

Coll. — college

com. — committee

comp. — composition

depart. or dept. — department

diff. — different or difference

do. — dollar(s)

Ed. — Edward

Eng. — England or English

eno. — enough

evg. or even. — evening

ft. — feet

G.T.R. — Grand Trunk Railway

Geo. — George

Gov.-Gen. — governor general

H.C. or H. Com. — high commissioner

hrs. — hours

immig. — immigration

Inst. — institute

L. — Lake

Lt. Gov. — lieutenant governor

Lon. — London

M.P.P. — member of provincial parliament

med. — medicine

min. — minister or minute

Min-ta. — Minnesota

mt. and mts. — mountain and mountains

no. — number

P.O. or P. Office — Post Office

Post-M. Gen. — postmaster general

Prin. — principal

prob. — probably

pub. — public

R.C. — Roman Catholic

R.M.C. — Royal Military College

rec. — receive, received, or receiving

rep’s — representatives

Ry. or Rl’y — railway

S. — south

S.D. — special delivery

scabs. — scabbards

sec. or secty. — secretary

sq. — square

st. — street

sups. — supplementals

Switz. — Switzerland

temp. — temperature

tho. — though

thro. — through

transp. — transportation

Vien. — Vienna

w or ϖ — with

wgt. — weight

wh. — which

wk. or wks. — week or weeks

yr. — year

Frequently Mentioned Names

Adam and Elizabeth’s Children

Muriel, 22, graduated from Queen’s University in 1909, and during 1911 resided at the Shortts’ family home in Ottawa. Like her mother, she participated in numerous clubs and associations, as well as performing household chores. In the summer of 1911, Muriel looked after the Shortts’ abode at 5 Marlborough Avenue.

George, 17, was a recent graduate of Trinity College School in Port Hope, Ontario. During the summer of 1911, he was preparing to take supplemental examinations to enter Queen’s University in the fall. A remarkably active person, George also worked at the Dominion Archives in Ottawa and pursued outdoor interests, even while relying on wooden legs after losing his natural limbs in an accident at age 10.

Lorraine, 13/14, was a public school student in the Ottawa area. She was fond of travelling and during the summer of 1911 would visit a close friend in Kingston, and then an uncle and aunt in Winona, before returning to her home in Ottawa.

Elizabeth’s Family

Damaris Isabella Smith (née McGee) was Elizabeth’s mother. She worked strenuously on the family farm near Vinemount, Ontario, until 1886, when she retired to live with her daughter, Gertrude, in Hamilton.

Gertrude was Elizabeth’s younger sister, who never married. She resided with her mother in a house that Gertie had personally designed. She also continued the family history begun by Mrs. Smith after the latter’s death in 1913.

Ernest D’Israeli Smith was Elizabeth’s elder brother. He founded the E. D. Smith Company, which processed and distributed fruit, jam, and related products throughout Canada, making its proprietor a very wealthy man. He had represented the riding of South Wentworth as a Conservative Member of Parliament from 1900 to 1910. In 1911, Ernest and his wife, Christina, resided on a large estate in Winona, Ontario.

Mauritana, commonly called Martha or Myrtie, was the elder sister of Elizabeth. Mauritana lived with her husband, Hervey A. Coon, and their three children on a farm in Norwich, Ontario.

The eldest daughter of Hervey and Mauritana Coon was Alice Coon, who received a B.A. from the University of Toronto in 1910, and the following year used it to secure a position as a public school teacher in Saskatchewan.

Cecil was Elizabeth’s younger brother. By 1911, he had become a leading electrical engineer in the province who had helped to establish the Ontario Hydro-Electric Commission, where he subsequently served as one of three commissioners. In 1911, Cecil was assisting a power company in Portland, Oregon, to build a similar system for that city.

Arthur, 16, and Harold, 13, were the two sons of Cecil Smith. In the summer of 1911, they worked at the same engineering firm as their father in Portland.

Violet was Elizabeth’s youngest sister, who at the time of the latter’s trip to England and Europe lived in Edmonton, Alberta, and taught public school.

Other Characters

Captain and Mrs. Desborough often entertained Adam and Elizabeth in the British capital, introducing them to other prominent Londoners, as the Shortts’ diaries make clear. Captain Desborough was a retired army officer who had served in India, while Mrs. D., as Elizabeth often referred to her, showed the highly receptive Mrs. Shortt around some of the city’s finest shops.

Arthur George Doughty was the Dominion’s first archivist when he was appointed in 1904, and three years later collaborated with Adam Shortt on the publication of constitutional documents relating to Canada. After the death of his first wife, Doughty married Kathleen Browne in 1911. On their honeymoon, the Doughtys travelled to England with their close friends, the Shortts.

Mrs. Jessie Ewart and her daughter, Gladys, travelled with Mr. and Mrs. Shortt on their voyage to England aboard the Royal George. John S. Ewart joined his family, along with Adam and Elizabeth, on the return trip to Canada. Mr. Ewart was a friend of the Shortts in Ottawa, where he had become a prominent constitutional lawyer who often argued cases before the judicial committee of the British Privy Council in London.

Principal Daniel M. Gordon of Queen’s University was an ordained minister of the Church of Scotland. He had taught systematic theology at the Presbyterian College in Halifax until his appointment as Queen’s principal in 1903. He was a close friend of the Shortts, and continued to rely on Adam’s advice regarding a number of questions relating to the Kingston school even after the latter’s relocation in Ottawa.

William Lawson Grant was the son of George Monro Grant, principal of Queen’s University from 1877 to 1902. In 1910, William became a professor of colonial history at Queen’s after lecturing on the same topic at Oxford for six years. On 1 June 1911, he married Maude Erskine Parkin, a daughter of the prominent Canadian imperialist George Robert Parkin, who by that date was the organizing secretary of the Rhodes Scholarship Trust in London, the imperial capital.

Edward Peacock was a partner in the esteemed Baring Brothers financial firm in London. He was generally considered one of Adam Shortt’s most outstanding students at Queen’s University, and later became the first Canadian-born director of the Bank of England.

Earl Alan Ian Percy was the surviving son and heir of the 7th Duke of Northumberland. Lord Percy was returning to England from Canada, where he had been aide-de-camp to Earl Grey, the governor general. During the summer of 1911, Percy was to wed Lady Helen Gordon-Lennox, the daughter of the Duke of Richmond.

Introduction

In 1859, Elizabeth Smith and Adam Shortt were born in Upper Canada, which eight years later became the influential province of Ontario within the new and auspicious British Dominion of Canada. Protestant religious affiliations furnished a vital ingredient in the identities of both the Smith and Shortt families. The Smiths were devout Anglicans, and this bond made an indelible imprint upon a youthful Elizabeth Smith. Elizabeth’s Anglicanism was essential to her sense of well-being. Faith in a benevolent but stern deity gave a moral framework to her life. Her principles rested on the confidence that the Protestant religion, and especially the Church of England, represented the surest guide to human experience.¹

Not a great deal is known about Adam Shortt’s early years and upbringing, but it is clear that religion in the form of the Free Kirk Presbyterian Church vitally affected his personal development. His father was one of three brothers who migrated during the 1850s to Canada, where they sought to employ the milling skills they had learned in their native Scotland. In 1858, George Shortt brought his bride, Mary Shields, to Kilworth, a small village eight miles west of London. Mary was very religious, and she imbued the Shortts’ household with a pious tone.² At Kilworth, George established a milling enterprise, which a flood in 1863 largely destroyed. The family sold what remained of their property there, and George directed various milling operations within the province. Having accumulated sufficient capital, they moved to Walkerton in 1867, where two further attempts at achieving prosperity through the ownership of grain mills ultimately failed.

Over the next fourteen years as Adam gradually aged, the Shortts experienced both prosperity and hardship, and for some time their eldest son was denied access to the local school because of a tax dispute. The Presbyterian minister in the area, the Reverend George Bell, assisted in Adam’s youthful instruction by encouraging him to read extensively at the town’s Mechanics’ Institute. This was supplemented by Sunday evening readings where Adam and his siblings were introduced to literary classics by authors such as Dickens, Scott, and Thackeray.³ This unusual avenue to an early education was not without advantage. S. E. D. Shortt tells us that Adam later attributed his distrust of commonly accepted views and penchant for original research to this unorthodox educational background.⁴ Thus, intellectual autonomy became another crucial element in Shortt’s personal cachet.

When Principal George Grant of Queen’s University visited Walkerton in 1878 on a fundraising trip, his stirring address deeply moved Adam and his parents. By now Adam had nearly completed the necessary schooling to qualify for university matriculation. One year later he won a scholarship to Queen’s, and his lengthy association with this institution began.

These events deeply affected the young Adam Shortt. As Ferguson asserts, Shortt experienced in childhood and youth the vicissitudes of the miller’s trade in a marginal agricultural area during the pioneer phase.⁵ He was determined to avoid the insecurities of his father’s business. As Bowden points out, he discovered an escape route in higher education. At first, this process seemed to lie in the Presbyterian-controlled faculty of theology at Queen’s University, where, under his devout mother’s prodding, Shortt initially studied for the Presbyterian ministry. He soon abandoned this maternal ambition,⁶ but he never renounced his commitment to Protestant Christianity. Indeed, in 1893 Shortt asserted that his personal vision of political, social and religious advancement centred on a Christian notion of salvation: Our destiny must be eternal progress with perfection as its goal. This I take to be the end at once of true national life and true religion.⁷

After his move to Ottawa in 1908, Shortt regularly attended St. George’s Anglican Church, where he became a highly esteemed member.⁸ But he also responded to the needs of the Presbyterian denomination that had nurtured his early Christian faith. For example, in 1910 Adam joined with William Lyon Mackenzie King, Oscar Skelton, and Robert Magill to produce a reader for that church on contemporary social issues.⁹ Adam Shortt’s dedication to Protestant Christianity was less overt and emotive than the frequent religious expressions of his wife Elizabeth—a fact made abundantly clear in their diary entries during their 1911 trip to Europe—but his world view was rooted just as firmly in Christian doctrine. It is not surprising that H. A. Innis admired the very firm ethical, religious and philosophical context in which men like Shortt and [James] Mavor grounded their advocacy of reform.¹⁰

In the same year that Elizabeth Smith and Adam Shortt were born, traditional Christian dogma was challenged by the publication of Charles Darwin’s treatise On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection: Or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. This work suggested that an evolutionary method of creation, and not a transcendent God, was responsible for the original and ongoing changes in the natural environment. Moreover, the benevolent divinity in the Christian Bible seemed to have very little relevance in Darwin’s world of natural selection, where amoral forces determined the survival, modification, or extinction of life forms. Another volume published by Darwin, On the Descent of Man in 1871, cast doubt on humanity’s unique and superior place in creation as presented in the Book of Genesis. According to this British scientist, men and women had evolved from higher creatures in the animal world, which were "different in degree but not in kind" from their human descendants.¹¹

These concepts had a revolutionary impact on Great Britain’s social thought as well as on its scientific studies. Soon the country’s Christian churches felt threatened by Darwin’s apparently godless theories. It was not long before these controversial ideas were exported to the British colony of Canada, where McKillop reports that the spectre of Doubt was abroad. Some Canadian thinkers totally rejected the new science and its implications, but others sought a reconciliation between it and traditional Christianity.¹²

Among the leading intellectuals pursuing the latter course was John Watson, an adherent of Objective Idealism, whose work was widely respected throughout the Anglo-Saxon world.¹³ Watson and other Canadian idealists expressed an evolutionary approach in their metaphysical orientation, but for them it extended to both the spiritual and material realms.¹⁴ In his inaugural speech as a professor of philosophy at Queen’s University in 1872, Watson articulated the accommodation that many Canadian Christians had longed to hear: Watson’s stages in the progressive evolution of thought offered an alternative to the materialistic social evolutionism of Herbert Spencer¹⁵ and his disciples. Moreover, and most important of all, the philosophy Watson espoused did not seem to undermine the Christian experience.¹⁶

After Adam Shortt arrived on the Queen’s campus to pursue an undergraduate degree, he was soon captivated by the scholarly and moral perspective of the renowned Professor Watson. Indeed, a desire to study philosophy under Watson provided Shortt with a key reason for concentrating on that subject as his major, and the former became the young man’s academic mentor. More specifically, Watson endowed Adam with a deep and lifelong respect for science, as well as religion and philosophy. Both Shortt and Watson were interested in the relation of science to philosophy, as demonstrated by Shortt’s honours essay on Herbert Spencer…. Both men thought that science, religion and philosophy were not antithetical because science was a process, an attitude and not a theory of knowledge which could explain the nature of reality itself.¹⁷

During his undergraduate days at Queen’s, Shortt encountered another person who was destined to have an even more profound effect on his life than Professor Watson. Elizabeth Smith was one of the first three women to seek medical degrees at the Royal Medical College in Kingston, which was affiliated with Queen’s, where Principal George M. Grant had vigorously supported coeducation at the university level.¹⁸ Miss Smith, Mrs. Alice McGillivray, and Miss Elizabeth Beatty met Mr. Shortt while all four were staying at the same boarding house near the university campus. It was not long before Adam became, in Miss Smith’s words, like a brother to us.¹⁹

The three female medical students sorely needed a brother’s encouragement and assistance. Their entry into the Royal had caused a massive revolt by the male students at the institution led by no less a figure than the College’s professor of physiology, Dr. Thomas Fenwick.²⁰ Only a handful of female physicians were functioning in Canada at this time. It was one thing to allow women into the undergraduate arts and science programs within the Dominion’s universities, and quite another to allow females to enter professional schools like the Kingston medical college. The three Rs, domestic science, art, music, and literature were generally accepted as appropriate subjects for women. Few objected to their training to be teachers or to be better wives and mothers. But opposition was acute to the idea of women entering the medical or law schools, for this suggested that women intended to be doctors and lawyers rather than wives and mothers.²¹ Moreover, on a more practical level, as another historian has pointed out, male doctors had no desire to share their profitable and respected calling with female rivals.²²

Thus, when Elizabeth issued an appeal for other women to join her in applying to the Royal, she was creating a radical gender upheaval in medical education. It was a response that had been encouraged by her family. In 1853, when Sylvester and Damaris McGee were married, they had used loans from their parents to buy a 170-acre farm near the Niagara Escarpment and the town of Winona. There, the third generation of Smiths in Saltfleet Township specialized in grain and cattle production.²³ As Damaris Smith put it, altogether, we got to be quite well-to-do-farmers.²⁴ In time, this land would be managed by Elizabeth’s older brother Ernest, who enhanced not only the family farm but also his own estate in the same area. Here a concentration on the growth and sale of fruits and vegetables led to his eventual founding, in 1882, of one of Canada’s major processing operations in the food industry, the E. D. Smith & Sons Company Limited.²⁵

Six years before this significant development in Ontario’s business community, E. D.’s younger sister also faced a weighty personal decision. Elizabeth had just completed a year and a half of high school, which was all the family could afford with five other children to look after. Therefore, she was presented with a momentous choice. She could remain at home, now dubbed Mountain Hall, and look after the three younger children while awaiting a possible suitor for marriage. Or she could prepare to study at a medical school on the understanding that most of the expenses there would be covered by income secured through public school teaching.²⁶

It did not take her long to decide on the second alternative. A Smith family history notes that from her earliest days Elizabeth was determined to become a physician.²⁷ Damaris Smith had yearned for a similar career because she greatly admired her father, an army surgeon. Elizabeth would fulfill the ambition that her mother had found unattainable.²⁸ On the negative side, Miss Smith rejected the exclusive homemaker role, which so many young women of her generation at least publicly accepted. A return to a farm life and nothing more, she feared, would cause her "to rust mentally and wear out ‘physically’ in the drudgery of all work on a farm. However, a desire to pursue a medical career did not mean the abandonment of aspirations to marry in the future; on the contrary, earning a doctor’s substantial livelihood would enable Elizabeth to marry for love and not for mercenary motives."²⁹ The young Miss Smith was determined to control her own destiny.

After she had opted for medical studies, Smith generally relied on the motivation provided by the first woman to be licensed as a practitioner of medicine in Ontario, Dr. Jenny Trout. Indeed, as Strong-Boag reveals, Elizabeth became Dr. Trout’s special disciple.³⁰ Jenny supplied her protegé with the same linkage between religion and science that John Watson had furnished to Adam Shortt. I thank God that a few noble women are preparing themselves to work in that part of ‘The Master’s’ vineyard which needs their services so much.… I am glad that it is a matter of principle with you for it is the most noble work on this His Foot Stool, yes more noble than the ministry in one way. I believe in the old Christ-like apostolic way of healing the bodies and saving the souls of men by one and the same person.³¹

Such inspirational words were essential, for by 1882 Smith, McGillivray, and Beatty felt they were suffering in biblical proportion at the Royal Medical College. The ordeal finally ended in 1884, with the successful graduation of Shadrach (Smith), Meshach (McGillivray), and Abednego (Beatty), as the pious women had nicknamed themselves during the struggle.³² The assumption of these religious tropes by the three young female physicians indicated their determination to integrate science and religion in their future careers. The episode also established the youthful Miss Smith as a leader in the struggle for women’s rights, a role she retained for many years to come.³³

Soon Beth’s commitment to this mission had to be shared with another urgent involvement. By the end of her studies at the Royal Medical College, Smith’s feelings for Adam Shortt had moved from the fraternal stage to close friendship, and finally into passionate love. By the summer of 1883, they were engaged to be married. Always a romantic, Beth acknowledged on 28 June 1884 that love not only blossomed again, but grew to perfect blossom.³⁴ When she wrote these words, her engagement to Shortt had become a long-distance enterprise, which relied on extensive correspondence. In the spring of 1883, he had secured a B.A. from Queen’s along with a gold medal for his outstanding performance in the university’s philosophy classes.³⁵ The following September, Shortt left for postgraduate classes at both Glasgow (Watson’s alma mater) and Edinburgh. He naturally concentrated on the philosophy courses, which had originally brought him to Scotland, but his growing interest in science caused him to pursue as well lectures in physics, chemistry, and botany. W. A. Mackintosh later pointed out that throughout his life, he [Shortt] remained an enthusiastic and competent botanist.³⁶

While at Glasgow, Adam sought a B.Sc. degree, but repairs to the laboratories there prevented him from completing a practical requirement in chemistry. Shortt then strove for a Ph.D. at Edinburgh, but his ambitions were thwarted once more, because he had only six months to write his thesis. The manuscript was considered a fairly good piece of work, but one which was too slight to deserve the degree. The Edinburgh authorities offered Adam an M.A.,³⁷ but he preferred to receive the second degree from Queen’s, where he had already submitted another paper for this purpose while in Scotland.

When Shortt returned to Kingston, where in 1885 he received the M.A. based on the studies in Scotland and his superior undergraduate performance,³⁸ Adam’s formal education was complete. His mixture of philosophy and science created a diverse approach to life and thought. As S. E. D. Shortt has stated, he was a transitional figure, related to the older idealistic scholarship of Maurice Hutton and James Cappon by his occasional metaphysical statements, yet usually a precursor of a later generation of pragmatic, realistic social scientists, which his University of Toronto counterpart, James Mavor, already represented.³⁹ Thus, religion, philosophy, and science became the three main pillars in Shortt’s world view.

Adam assumed that the second degree and prizes won in a number of Scottish courses would lead to permanent employment at the university level by Christmas, 1885. However, only a few positions were open, and none suited his qualifications.⁴⁰ Watson again came to Adam’s aid by persuading Principal George Grant to offer his protegé part-time work on the Queen’s campus.⁴¹ In 1886, among a myriad of responsibilities, Shortt was assigned the teaching of an unpopular course in political economy, with Grant’s polite hope that he [Shortt] would give the course a decent burial.⁴²

However, Adam saw a unique opportunity in this dire situation. S. E. D. Shortt has asserted that, "born of his training in