Web Applications and Their Implications for Modern E-Government Systems: Working Action Research 1St Edition

By Salman Ben Zayed

The purpose of this book is to elaborate on the working structure of the e-government and the services it provides to its owners and users who are e-citizens. To its owners, it facilitates learning about new features, and to its end users, the e-citizens, it provides a platform to communicate and interact effectively and efficiently. It provides citizen-citizen (C2C) services for e-government to enhance the quality of communication, specifically at an e-government portal where implementation of applications is costly, also providing cheap quality of services along with many other issues, making the communication process difficult, whereas the same service provided by the new web applications is inexpensive and high in quality.

• Language: English
• Publisher: AuthorHouse UK
• Release date: Oct 26, 2015
• ISBN: 9781504940504

Salman Ben Zayed

Salman Ben Zayed is lecturer of Information Systems at Umm AlQura University (UQU). He completed his Bachelor Degree in Electrical and Computer Engineering, awarded by UQU in 2007 and worked for several years in the field. During this time, worked as Electrical Engineer: at AL-Kharj City Hall-Riyadh: Supervising Lighting Projects, Coordination Manger of City Projects Division and GIS Manger, Computer Engineer at MWL also done Coaching and Training Courses. Through these role, developed a keen interested in information technology (IT). In 2011, returned to university and completed a Master’s Degree in Computing- Information System Processes (ISP), awarded by Waterford Institute of Technology (WIT). In early 2013, Ben Zayed joined academia with UQU, and worked as Lecture at College of Computing and College of Computer, Deputy Dean to College of Computing, Vice Dean for Quality and Development to College of Computer also, Supervising Exams for National Center of Assessment in Higher Education in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In his webpage, he regularly updates his bio etc. (http://www.salmanbenzayed.com) PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIPS Member at IEEE. Member at The Saudi Engineers League. Member at Association for Information System. Operational Research Society UK. International Federation of Automatic Control IFAC- TC 9.5.TECIS

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© 2015 Salman Ben Zayed. All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means without the written permission of the author.

Published by AuthorHouse 12/16/2016

ISBN: 978-1-4969-9774-6 (sc)

ISBN: 978-1-5049-4050-4 (e)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016920590

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Contents

Preface

Acknowledgment

Abbreviations and Definitions

Part 1: Introduction

1 Introduction

1-2 Research Problems

1-3 Scope of the Research

1-4 Research Questions

1-5 Research Methodology

Part 2: Literature Review

2 Introduction

2-1 The Road Map toward E-Citizens’ Satisfaction

2-2 Web Technology and its Future

2-3 Understanding Information System Sustainability

2-4 E-Citizens as a Set of Customers

2-5 Learning Enables Moving toward Effectiveness through Change

2-6 Building Information Systems

2-7 E-government Systems Development

Part 3: Theory

3-1 Research Framework for C2C Services

Part 4: Presentation of Findings

4 General Finding

4-1 Tables of General Findings

4-3 Summary

Part 5: Discussion of Findings

5-1 Understanding Web 2.0 Application

5-2 Understanding E-Government System

5-3 Pilot Test and C2C Fit with Ideal E-Government

5-4 Summary

Part 6: Conclusion

6-1 Reflective Learning

6-2 Recommendation, Limitations and Future Work

Appendix

Alexa Statistics Analysis

Theoretical Framework of the Research

E-government Elements and Goodness of Fit

The Online Questionnaire and the Pilot Test as in (C2C4egovernment.info)

The Questionnaire (paper based) from C2C4egovernment.info

Errors Reported by Users

Author’s Bio:

Book’s Reviewers and Comments

Dedication

To my mother, to my father, to my daughters: I can’t thank you enough.

To all my family, to all my friends, and to my country: I thank you kindly.

Science and technology is not given.… It was made by people like us. If it’s not doing for us what we want, we have a right and a responsibility to change it. We need … a clear view of what we want for science and technology and the courage to stand up and do something about it.

—Mike Cooley

Preface

Any society following the latest trends of IT tends to be in a continuous state of change, which has various effects on our lives. Moreover, administration in public level institutions is responsible for continuously reorganizing the systems in accordance with the latest improvements in the e-government system to avail the comfort and accessibility of the improved system. To understand this phenomenon, all the improvements in the structure of the e-government system and in the main applicable concepts have been thoroughly studied

The purpose of this book is to elaborate as to the working structure of the e-government and the services that it provides to its owners and its users who are e-citizens. To its owners, it facilitates learning about new features, and to its end users, the e-citizens, it provides a platform to communicate and interact effectively and efficiently. It provides citizen-citizen (C2C) services for e-government to enhance the quality of communication, specifically at an e-government portal where implementation of applications is costly, also providing cheap quality of services along with many other issues, making the communication process difficult, whereas the same service provided by the new web applications is inexpensive and high in quality.

This book is truly resourceful as it includes unique result, theory and practice for modern unique development especially for e-government systems that since its begging had a slow increase of users and low performance in compression with Social Network Systems (SNS)," I really want readers to see the difference between the development of SNS and e-gov systems in which there are so many things to compare and learn from, and to focus on cost of implementation, user adaption, trust and overall performance of each e-gov systems then compare it with the successfulness of SNS or even simple E-Commerce solutions. The outcomes of this book generated two new future works and ideas. One is to develop e-Government dashboard capability successfully if a development as such consider or include the gaudiness and the example of (C2C) in the experiment provided thus, such a development would have a greater metric used to evaluate factors that are crucial to the success of an organization or in this case government KPIs. Finally, other in business side idea of this book would be a development of all-in-one SNS system for example, one world of SNS applications.

Acknowledgment

This first edition of this book has been put together with a great deal of time and effort from many people.

Very special thanks go to Dr. Mícheál Ó hÉigeartaigh, CEO at Connemara Strategic Software (Republic of Ireland), for his guidance, encouragement, and advice as well as his support. 2011-2012

Abbreviations

The symbols and acronyms that used in this book are as follows:

Definitions

The definitions that used in this book are as follows:

Information System (IS): When information, people, procedures, data presentation and information technology are all amalgamated into a well-coordinated pattern, we call it an IS. They work to modify and enhance the operating daily function of an organization and try to assist them in decision making and resolving issues of the administration and their clients (Whitten 2001).

Information Technology (IT): The mixture of hardware and software with telecommunication is known as IT, which includes voice, image, data, and so forth (Whitten 2001).

Capability Maturity Model (CMM): A system that verifies and examines the standards of the management procedures, the products, and the company’s information system is called CMM. The key processes areas are a sequence of strategies that include five steps of checking (Whitten 2001).

Information System Architecture: This provides a unifying framework into which various people with different perspectives can organize and view the fundamental building blocks of information system (Whitten 2001).

Alexa.com (www.alexa.com): Best known for its toolbar and website, the company has a manipulative strategy of attracting traffic by storing the browsing history of a user on the website through his or her toolbar, which forwards it to the web link for increasing the number of views. One of the functions of this is to help archive web pages that are low on traffic. It became the founding website for the Internet Archive, which is available through the Wayback Machine.

Human-Computer Interaction (HCI): The HCI is composed of artificial intelligence designing that enables interactive communication between the user and the system, allowing the user to apply and measure the computer system along with the help of tools around him (Dix 2004).

Emotion: Humans are sensitive beings, and we interact and react in ways that influence our task performances. A negative attitude and reaction will enhance the complexity of a prevailing issue, while a positive emotion will bring about a challenging feel to resolve the problem quickly (Dix 2004).

Usability: When an individual interacts with a product, uses a service, or facilitates with a system’s characteristics, the calculation of his time with that specific product defines the usability. It could be any technological tool: a web page, a system, software, and so forth (Jakob Neilson).

Cognitive Science (CS): This is a method designed to solve problems in systems (McCormack 2000).

Chaordic Systems Thinking (CST): This framework uses chaos as a lens and as a metaphor for change (van Eijnatten 2003).

Database Technology: When a computer has a record of all the data, it is called database technology (Grefen, Pernici, and Sánchez 1999).

Citizen-Citizen Service (C2C): This is provided by the e-government in context of using modern web applications (e.g., social networks), allowing various citizens to communicate with each other from different levels and categories of a society over the Internet. These modern web applications are linked to a central database where information gathered through e-government’s portal is collected. That is, linking all e-citizens with e-government services so that they can effectively access comprehensive activities within this portal through a three-click process and single access. Such portals are also integrated with CRM (customer relationship management) activities that will treat e-citizens as a set of customers and generate feedback reports and measurements to the e-government regarding the reliability of the system and other such needs of e-citizens.

Chapter 1:

INTRODUCTION

1 Introduction

Since the 1960s, the concept of globalization has become fame and, many works for its promotion were started (O’Reilly 2011). After the period of the Cold War, the United States started working in various technological fields like computers (Hobbes 2002). To conduct all this research, an institute with advanced tools was created, which was assisted in its progress by prominent recipients of its services, such as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) (Vidgen et al. 2002).

There were some unexpected developments in the field of computers, including the development of human-computer interaction (HCI). In the 1970s, software engineers initially tackled the complex structure of the software and tried to deal with all the nonfunctional essentials like maintainability, usability, and many other features, which led to an extensive process of testing this technology. Due to all these research works and studies, computer graphics and information retrieval came into existence in the 1970s. This development in the technological field proved that interactive systems were the essential factors for progress in this area. Whatever developments being brought into this field were only for the purpose of making more understanding and empowered users of technology (Rosson and Carroll 2002). Moreover, HCI is a separate field of research and practice that showed up during the early 1980s as an area of specialty in the field of computers.

After all the developments in HCI area in the 1970s, during the 1980s, various other developments were made to facilitate communication via the most convenient tools. For instance, transmission control protocol (TCP) and Internet protocol (IP) were introduced in the mid-1980s. A number of years after the domain name system was introduced, one hundred thousand hosts were found busy in the research community in the National Science Foundation, which ultimately led to a huge outbreak of network connections with the adoption of various changes in the working mechanism and structures of personal computers. These developments were based on network connections and spurred in Apple, IBM, Networkable Sun Servers, and Cisco Infrastructure as well as the Ethernet local area network, owned by Bob Metcalf (Vidgen et al. 2002). Then later on, during the 1990s, the World Wide Web (WWW), Microsoft, Internet Explorer, and Mozilla were developed. By that time, the Internet did not have a license for commercial organization established for profit generation. Moreover, during 1996, there was huge competition between different browsers, among which only two survived this war: Netscape and Microsoft (Vidgen et al. 2002).

With the continuously rapid growth of communication technology, the WWW was observed to be the most used service on the net by the twentieth century, and this excessive usage led it to Computer Science Corporation, which is no longer restricted to any single platform. Things get more fascinating with the latest advancements in technology, specifically in enhancing mobility of services (O’Reilly 2011). In early 2000, it was noted that there were about 56.2 million computers, with about 97 million users in the United States, which meant 38% of the population, whereas in the United Kingdom, there were about 14 million users, which was 25% of the population (Forrester 2001).

The Internet e-government and non-Internet e-government are being practiced routinely to enhance the quality of communication service available for citizens and government. The e-government is usually taken as government services available on web or online government services. However, there are both sorts of e-government services available. Non-Internet e-government services include telephone, fax, PDA, SMS text messaging, CCTV, Bluetooth, wireless networks and services, tracking systems, identity cards, biometric identification, road traffic management and regulatory enforcement, near field communication applications, smart cards, polling stations, TV, trans-radio-based delivery of governments services, and so on. Whereas Internet Services include online community facilities, e-mail, newspapers and electronic mailing lists, online chat, and instant messaging technologies. Whether on the web or not, all these facilities are there to serve government and citizens in a number of ways. They facilitate G2G, which