Electronic Structure of Atoms: Chemistry for All

By Amin Elsersawi

The book presents the quantum theory of the electronic structure of atoms and focuses on the electronic structures and reactivity of atoms and molecules. It shows how to draw molecules such as the oxygen and water to far more complex molecules, using molecular orbital theory, and hybridization of orbitals. It gives quite clear picture of molecular polarity, together with symmetrical and unsymmetrical distribution of an atom or molecule when developing a temporary (instantaneous) dipole. The book provides a clear and comprehensive summary of oxidative and reductive processes. Electronegativity on oxidation and reduction is also introduced. Examples are provided. It enables the reader to master the principles and applications of organic functional groups. Readers will find information quickly and easily about alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and arenes. Bonding with p and s is also introduced. It explains the fundamental principles of nomenclature methods, using IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) and enables the reader to apply it accurately and with confidence. The book is replete with examples for guidance and there are extensive and complicated figures to direct the reader to nomenclature quickly. It gives hands-on chemistry activities with real-life functions. It provides clear and thorough understanding of carbohydrates, polysaccharides, starch and glycogen, cellulose and chitin, nucleotide, nitrogenous hydroxyl and phosphate, lipids, protein, ester, lipoprotein, glycolipid, steroid, mucin, etc. it is a useful reference for health professionals, practicing physicists, chemists, and materials scientists.

• Language: English
• Publisher: AuthorHouse
• Release date: Feb 12, 2013
• ISBN: 9781481714266

Amin Elsersawi

Biography Amin Elsersawi is a Canadian author, engineer and by consensus a biochemist. He received his Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering with emphasis in power electronic from Bradford University, U.K in 1980. He is a professional engineer registered with the Professional Engineering Society of Ontario Canada Dr. Elsersawi is currently retired. He previously served as general director for notable power generation and distribution energy utility. Prior to that, he was a chief of electrical engineering for the Public Work and Government Services Canada. He published more than 100 papers and reports in engineering and mathematic, biology, astronomy, and chemistry. He spent more than 15 years in teaching at universities and colleges. He compiled his own celestial mechanics algorithms for the precise computation of astrophysics of planets and constellations, and other phenomena such as weak energy, dark universe, quantum radiations and lights. He presented several reports, articles and essays in chemistry and chemical engineering at several seminars and conferences. He is the author of the book Chemistry, Biology and Cancer: the Bond, the book The Atom and the Universe: Theories and Facts unfold, the book Biochemistry of Aging: Wellness and Longevity, the book The Universe and Its Creation: The probability of God and Improbability of Science, the book The Secret of Electricity, the book World of Nanobioengineering: Potential Big Ideas for the Future, and the book The Book of Intelligence and Brain Disorder: Your Brain Must Have All Forms of Intelligence: IQ, EQ, and CQ. Dr. Elsersawi and his wife, Randa, have been happily married since 1969 and have three children. First daughter, a University of Toronto graduate is a practicing Obstetrician-Gynecologist. The second daughter, a graduate in psychology from York University, and the son, a graduate in electrical engineering from Western Ontario University.

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© 2013 Amin Elsersawi, Ph.D. All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means without the written permission of the author.

Published by AuthorHouse 2/5/2013

ISBN: 978-1-4817-1427-3 (sc)

ISBN: 978-1-4817-1426-6 (e)

Any people depicted in stock imagery provided by Thinkstock are models, and such images are being used for illustrative purposes only. Certain stock imagery © Thinkstock.

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Because of the dynamic nature of the Internet, any web addresses or links contained in this book may have changed since publication and may no longer be valid. The views expressed in this work are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher, and the publisher hereby disclaims any responsibility for them.

Contents

Introduction

Chapter 1

The Electronic Structure of Atoms

Chapter 2

Shells and Subshells

Chapter 3

Hybridization and Energy

Chapter 4

Donor-Acceptor Bonds

Chapter 5

Molecular Structure and Polarity

Chapter 6

Oxidation and Reduction

Chapter 7

Functional Groups

Chapter 8

IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) Nomenclature

Chapter 9

Chemistry in Life

Glossary

Introduction

Have you ever wondered about the differences between Lewis dot and hybridization in molecular structure, between matters and antimatters, between alpha decay and beta decay, between energy in electron shells, between symmetrical and unsymmetrical polar covalent bond, and between oxidation and reduction? This is the book for a real journey into many modern chemistry subjects. The book is divided into nine chapters as briefly enlightened below:

The first chapter deals with the Chemistry of the Universe, which allows scientists to explore new types of chemical reactions that occur under the extreme conditions of space. The sequence of the formation of the universe, including Big-Bang stage, quantum cosmology, quarks and leptons stage, Inflation stage, hadrons stage and atomic nuclei stage are described in the book. Before we examine universe, it’s important to understand topics such as matter and antimatter, grand unified theory, the Higgs Boson, Feynman diagram, and supersymmetry which are also discussed here.

The second chapter is geared toward helping anyone-student or not-to understand shells and subshells, ionic and covalent bonds and how they are formed, including the structure of valence electrons. Understanding of proton decay (alpha, Beta and Gamma) is also included.

The Third chapter shows you how to draw molecules, using molecular orbital theory or hybridization. From simple molecules such as the oxygen and water to far more complex molecules, this chapter shows you how to represent them using molecular orbital theory, and hybridization of orbitals.

The fourth chapter discusses the fundamental property of donors and acceptors based on the concept of electronegativity. Ligands of-n and o in bonds between transitional metals are also introduced.

Chapter 5 gives quite clear picture of molecular polarity, together with symmetrical and unsymmetrical distribution of an atom or molecule when developing a temporary (instantaneous) dipole. Dipole-dipole attachment is also introduced.

In Chapter 6, we provide a clear and comprehensive summary of oxidative and reductive processes. Electronegativity on oxidation and reduction is also introduced. Examples are provided.

Chapter 7 enables the reader to master the principles and applications of organic functional groups. Readers will find this chapter indispensable for finding information quickly and easily about alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and arenes. Bonding with-n and o is also introduced.

Chapter 8 clearly explains the fundamental principles of nomenclature methods, using IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) and enables the reader to apply it accurately and with confidence. The chapter is replete with examples for guidance and there are extensive and complicated figures to direct the reader to nomenclature quickly. Aimed at chemistry teachers and students at all levels, it advises on the best presentation of formulae and chemical figures.

The last chapter (chapter 9) gives hands-on chemistry activities with real-life functions. It provides clear and thorough understanding of carbohydrates, polysaccharides, starch and glycogen, cellulose and chitin, nucleotide, nitrogenous hydroxyl and phosphate, lipids, protein, ester, lipoprotein, glycolipid, steroid, mucin, etc. A useful reference for allied health professionals.

The book provides a firm foundation in chemical concepts and principles while presenting a broad range of topics in a clear, concise manner.

Chapter 1

The Electronic Structure of Atoms

1. General Chemistry

The material world consists mainly of two disciplines: The abstract and the solid. The abstract is of certain subsets of religion, philosophy, literature and abstract math. The solid is related to chemistry; it is the scientific discipline which studies the properties, composition, bonding, reaction, and transformation of matter.

John Dalton published his theories about modern atomic theory, which consists of five important points. They are considered to be mostly true in our day, (Wikipedia).

5705.jpg Elements are composed of tiny particles called atoms.

5708.jpg All atoms of a given element are identical.

5710.jpg The atoms of a given element are different from those of any other element; the atoms of different elements can be distinguished from one another by their respective relative weights.

5712.jpg Atoms of one element can combine with atoms of other elements to form chemical compounds; a given compound always has the same relative numbers of types of atoms.

5714.jpg Atoms cannot be created, divided into smaller particles, nor destroyed in the chemical process; a chemical reaction simply changes the way atoms are grouped together.

The difference of the very recent model and his theory is that Dalton did not realize the isotopes, which have different weights and character, and he did not distinguish between the nuclear reaction and the chemical reaction. The nuclear reaction can divide atoms into small parts, which is different than chemical reaction.

1.1 Atomic Structure

Electrons

Electrons are the negatively charged particles of atom. Together, all of the electrons of an atom create a negative charge that balances the positive charge of the protons in the atomic nucleus. An electron has a mass that is approximately 1/1836 that of the proton. The mass of an electron is almost 1,000 times smaller than the mass of a proton.

Protons

Along with neutrons, protons make up the nucleus, held together by the strong force. The proton is a baryon (hadron) and is considered to be composed of two up quarks and one down quark. See the section of the Standard Model of elementary particles, with gauge bosons.

Neutrons

The neutron is a subatomic hadron particle which composed of one up quark and two down quarks. The number of protons in a nucleus is the atomic number and defines the type of element the atom forms. Neutrons are necessary within an atomic nucleus as they bind with protons via the nuclear force; protons are unable to bind with each other due to their mutual electromagnetic repulsion being stronger than the attraction of the nuclear force (Sir James Chadwick’s Discovery of Neutrons. ANS Nuclear Cafe. Retrieved on 2012-08-16). The number of neutrons is the neutron number and determines the isotope of an element. For example, the abundant carbon-12 isotope has 6 protons and 6 neutrons, while the very rare radioactive carbon-14 isotope has 6 protons and 8 neutrons.

1.2 The Standard Model of Elementary Particles

As previously mentioned, atoms are made up of 3 types of particles electrons, protons, and neutrons. Electrons are very small and light particles that have negative charges. Protons are much larger and heavier than electrons and have positive charge. Neutrons are large and slightly heavier than protons, and have no electrical charges, Figure (1.1).

Figure (1.1): Atomic structure

Image434.JPG

Today, scientists have proved theoretically and experimentally that the protons and neutrons are made up of even smaller particles, called quarks. Particles that cannot be broken further such as quarks are sometimes called fundamental particles.

Scientists now believe that the nucleus of an atom (nucleus has only protons and neutrons) has protons and neutrons made of smaller particles: quarks and three other types of particles—leptons, force-carrying bosons, and the Higgs boson—which are truly fundamental and cannot be split into anything smaller. Higgs bosons have not yet been proven experimentally. In the 1960s American physicists Steven Weinberg and Sheldon Glashow and Pakistani physicist Abdus Salam (they shared the Noble prize for their discovery), developed a mathematical description of the nature and behavior of elementary particles. The term elementary particles has the same meaning as fundamental particles but is used more loosely to include some subatomic particles that are composed of other