Finite Physical Dimensions Optimal Thermodynamics 2: Complex Systems

By Michel Feidt

Finite Physical Dimensions Optimal Thermodynamics: Complex Systems is the result of 30 years of teaching and research in the field of thermodynamics of systems and processes. It starts from FTT during the seventies (and P Chambadal approach in France), but also includes the equilibrium thermodynamics from Carnot and TPIL from Onsager. The book shows that thermodynamics proposes more realistic results than those obtained from equilibrium thermodynamics. Focusing on a multidisciplinary approach that characterizes thermodynamics, particularly the connection between transfer phenomena and conversion of energy, the book is ideal for those in industry.

• Presents a synthesis of years of teaching and research on the topic
• Proposes a view of the evolution of knowledge regarding the thermodynamics modeling of systems and processes
• Starts from FTT during the seventies (and P Chambadal approach in France), but also includes the equilibrium thermodynamics from Carnot and TPIL from Onsager

• Language: English
• Publisher: Elsevier Science
• Release date: Jul 24, 2018
• ISBN: 9780081023877

Michel Feidt

Michel Feidt is Professor in the Department of Physics and Mechanics at the University of Lorraine, France.

Book preview

Finite Physical Dimensions Optimal Thermodynamics 2

Complex Systems

Michel Feidt

Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

Preface

Acknowledgements

List of Notations and Acronyms

1: Finite Dimensions Thermodynamics beyond Thermomechanical Systems

Abstract

1.1 Introduction – objectives of this chapter

1.2 Thermoelectricity revisited according to FDT

1.3 Thermoacoustics

1.4 Photoelectric conversion

1.5 Fuel cell

1.6 Conclusions

2: From Machines to Systems: Complex Machines

Abstract

2.1 Introduction: from simple to complex machines

2.2 Multistage machines

2.3 Cascade machines

2.4 Hybrid machines

2.5 Conclusions and perspectives

3: Toward Systems Integration

Abstract

3.1 Introduction: from simple useful effects to several utilities

3.2 Coupling of heat exchangers

3.3 Multiple heat effects: TFP

3.4 Useful heat and mechanical effects: cogeneration

3.5 Trigeneration

3.6 Generalization: polygeneration – system integration

4: EE, E Exponent E

Abstract

4.1 Introduction: new trends in thermodynamics

4.2 Energy analysis

4.3 Entropy analysis

4.4 Exergy analysis

4.5 Economy and thermodynamics

4.6 New trends

4.7 Conclusion of the chapter

Conclusion

C.1 Reminder of methodology developed in Volume 1

C.2 Extension of finite physical dimensions thermodynamics (FPDT) to complex systems

C.3 Perspectives

Appendix 1: Fluids

Appendix 2: Mathematics

A2.1 Legendre transformation

A2.2 Calculus of variations

Bibliography

Index

Copyright

First published 2018 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Press Ltd and Elsevier Ltd

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Notices

Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

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© ISTE Press Ltd 2018

The rights of Michel Feidt to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

ISBN 978-1-78548-233-5

Printed and bound in the UK and US

Preface

Michel Feidt April 2018

This work is the result of over 30 years of thought, teaching and research in the field of phenomenological thermodynamics. It focuses on systems and processes, while also allowing an opening to more fundamental thought.

The starting point is a new trend in thermodynamics, called finite time thermodynamics (FTT), which originated in the article by Curzon and Ahlborn, published in 1975. In France, the development of this genuine thermodynamics was initiated in 1957 by P. Chambadal, but it draws on earlier works such as those by Reitlinger in Belgium (1926) and Moutier in France (1872), in addition to the major contributions of S. Carnot, and as well as of L. Onsager [FEI 17].

The two volumes of this book aim to show that thermodynamics is a multidisciplinary and federative umbrella science, which places particular emphasis on the phenomena of transfer and conversion of energy and matter, the former being a flow while the latter is a stock.

The gradual unfolding of the book will prove useful both from a didactic perspective (introduction to modern phenomenological thermodynamics), and from a research perspective, as it touches upon recent advances that are still developing and may be in the research stages. Therefore, the target audience of this book comprises students as well as engineers and researchers in the energetics field.

Volume 1 provides the fundamentals of the proposed methodology and illustrates of simple cases, among which is the Carnot engine; after a review of equilibrium thermodynamics (ET) or thermostatics, the new challenge of finite physical dimensions thermodynamics (FPDT or FDT) is presented (Chapter 1). Chapters 2–6 elaborate the proposal for simple thermomechanical systems: the Carnot heat engine (Chapter 3), internal combustion engines (ICE, Chapter 4), combustion turbines and other heat engines (ECE, Chapter 5) and, finally, reverse cycle machines (Chapter 6). Here, constrained thermodynamic optimization in finite dimensions provides a tool and new results.

Volume 2 (this book) is an extension of the same thermodynamics (FPDT), expanding beyond thermomechanical systems, to complex systems.

Thus, Chapter 1 of this book uses several examples to approach other forms of energy conversion (thermoelectricity, thermoacoustics, photoelectric conversion, fuel cell and direct chemical–electrical conversion). All of these examples are conducive to optimization according to FPDT. The importance of couplings with thermal energy is evidenced throughout the chapter. Similarly, whatever the system, optimal operating temperatures emerge.

Chapter 2 moves from engines to systems, which are assemblies of engines (cascade or hybrid engines) or complex machines. They correspond to the actual evolution of machines created by mankind, following the natural evolution from simple to complex. Due to the systems’ complexification, an increasing variety of objectives and constraints can be met.

FPDT applied to complex systems proves to be a privileged tool that can be used to reach performance optima (trend models) and optima optimorum, which can serve as realistic references for the qualification of real systems.

Systems integration, presented in Chapter 3, is the subject of a wide range of the current studies, and here serves as an extension of Chapter 2. The focus is not on the element, but on the whole; it is not on the function, but on all of the functions simultaneously.

The first configuration examined relates to a chain of hot and cold heat effects: it is a heat integration associated with an optimum of the heat exchanger network. A more advanced integration features reverse cycle machines. The simplest example, namely the thermofrigopump, is considered in detail.

A further form of integration that should be subject to strong development in the future is generalized polygeneration (energy–mass). The standard application to date is hot cogeneration or trigeneration.

All of these examples refer to the notion of exergy and the optimizations of finite physical dimensions optimal thermodynamics (FDOT) that have already been presented. An optimum optimorum of flow of useful exergy results for the Carnot cogenerator. The latter is proposed as a more representative reference than the previous ones in order to assess the quality of a real system.

Chapter 4 has a provocative title, namely E E . E E simultaneously signifies energy, entropy, exergy, environment as well as economy, covering the classic meaning of these notions, and also all of the interrelations that are manifest in the new proposals advanced by phenomenological thermodynamics applied to systems and processes.

The entropy generation minimization (EGM) method is revisited in particular. It yields new proposals that shed light on an existing debate that takes the form of an original theorem and a generalization.

Thermoeconomy is also touched upon using the classical energoeconomic approach, which is extended by the exergoeconomic analysis that is currently being developed.

Among the new recent trends, the concepts of emergy and entransy are introduced, with a discussion of their limits and difficulties. On the other hand, the constructal theory seems much better established, but it seems limited to transfers.

Relativistic thermodynamics features the limit velocity c 0, as well as interesting consequences from both fundamental and applied perspectives.

Thus, the purpose of this chapter is to show finiteness as a ubiquitous condition in any approach presented in this book. Moreover, it highlights the fact that optimizations, as consequences of this finiteness, are subjected to many new criteria, including those related to economy and environment. Besides the physical constraints, this opening yields technical or use constraints. The essential conjecture resides in the proposal and existence of a physical principle of finiteness, which complements the previous laws of thermodynamics, and of an extended principle of optimum, which was recognized in the past. The main question is: what are the objectives, whether constrained or not, of nature?

Multicriteria analysis and optimization then become essential, and the corollary of the conjecture advanced on the basis of this phenomenological approach is the existence, from a fundamental point of view, of an FDOT.

At the end of this process, FDOT appears to be a well-established challenge, in terms of application. What remains to be done is to develop its potential from simple (didactic) cases toward real and necessarily sophisticated uses.

Hoping that his convictions will be shared by the reader, the author wishes to thank the many colleagues he came into contact with across the world, as well as the publisher for their reception and patience.

Finally, the author is open to any remark on this work, which is by necessity imperfect and extendable.

Acknowledgements

The English edition of this book would have never seen the light if it were not so favorably received by C. Menasce several years ago. Given the scale of the task, the decision was made to publish it in two volumes.

Furthermore, the editor’s patience has greatly facilitated the completion of this project. I am deeply grateful to the many colleagues and students who have, either from afar or more actively, participated in the elaboration of this work, offering their insight and proposals for improved readability (particularly to Angéline C., Jean B., Monica C., including my all-time secretary, Françoise H.).

A special thought goes to my family: Renaud, who has been very receptive to my efforts, Marie José and Aude for their encouragements in the accomplishment of this task and their renewed support, and my granddaughter Jade, very mindful of her grandparents.

This book is dedicated to the newest member of our family, my grandson Axel, and to the future that awaits us.

List of Notations and Acronyms

Notations

A area, m ² ; constant

(intermediate variable); absorber

An anergy, J

B(b) magnetic induction, Τ; constant; (boiler)

C(c) Curie constant or other constant; heat capacity, J/K; (specific heat capacity, J/(kg.K); condenser); torque or consumption

d constant; number; desorber

e electron charge; constant; evaporator

E(e) total energy, J (thickness, m)

Em Emergy, J

En Entransy, JK

Ex Exergy, J

 Faraday constant, 36500 C

F(f) force, N; function; free energy, J; (specific free energy); factor

g gravity acceleration (conventionally considered 9.81m/s ²)

G(g) free enthalpy, J;