Gone for a Sojer Boy: The Revealing Letters and Diaries of Union Soldiers in the Civil War as They Endure the Siege of Charleston S.C., the Virginia Campaigns of Petersburg and Richmond, and Captivity in Andersonville Prison

By Neal E. Wixson

Gone for a Sojer Boy is a companion book to Echoes from the Boys of Company H and is based upon hundreds of letters from a few Civil War soldiers of Company H, 100th Regiment, New York State Volunteers. They provide rare insight into the life and thoughts of common solders. This volume explores the changes the boys experienced during their time of service. Both camp life and battles are reviewed and serve to trace and explain the evolution of their opinions about important aspects of a soldiers life: namely, death, politics, and religion. These young men were ordinary human beings who were rendered extraordinary by their experience.

This rich collection of Civil War letters presents a colorful, illuminating portrait of common soldiers serving their country. Edward Longacre, author of more than 20 books on the Civil War

I found this remarkable book to be a fascinating and unique telling of a soldiers story. The exhaustive work and research done by Neal Wixson to put letters and diaries together was only matched by his passion to tell of his great-grandfathers war experience. The qualities of work by the author, the unique story of soldiers in their own words, make this a truly superb work of military history. It has my highest endorsement. General Anthony C. Zinni USMC (retired)

The letters of soldiers, written to their loved ones at home, reveal in plain, uncluttered language the details of the daily life of the soldier. The voice of the common soldier provides an intimate, personal view that is devoid of the posturing of politicians and officers. Neal Wixson has lovingly edited the letters into a poignant journey through this painful chapter of our nations history. Jeff Toalson, Civil War author and lecturer

A great-grandson of Thomas Maharg of Company H, Neal E. Wixson earned a B.A. from Oberlin College and a J.D. from Syracuse University College of Law. He is member of the Williamsburg Civil War Roundtable and the 100th Regiments Veterans Association. He and his wife reside in Virginia.

• Language: English
• Publisher: iUniverse
• Release date: Jan 1, 2011
• ISBN: 9781450267748

Neal E. Wixson

Neal E. Wixson earned a B.A. from Oberlin College and a J.D. from Syracuse University College of Law. He is the author of Echoes from the Boys of Company H and Gone for a Sojer Boy. He is member of the Williamsburg Civil War Roundtable and lives in Virginia.

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Copyright © 2011 by Neal E. Wixson

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Cover photograph courtesy of the Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society, Buffalo, New York

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ISBN: 978-1-4502-6773-1 (sc)

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Table of Contents

MAPS

PICTURES

PREFACE

LEADING LETTER AND DIARY WRITERS

INTRODUCTION

PART I CAMP LIFE

Chapter 1 We are coming, Father Abra’am, three hundred thousand

Chapter 2 Johnny’s Gone for a Soldier

Chapter 3 Just Before the Battle, Mother

Chapter 4 Tenting on the Old Campground

Chapter 5 We are Marching on to Richmond

Chapter 6 When Johnny Comes Marching Home

PART II VALUES, BELIEFS AND OBSERVATIONS

PART III ROLL CALL

PART IV EPILOGUE

NOTES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

MAPS

_1Maps_-_seat_of_war.tif

Map of the Seat of War, Waters & Son, The London American, 1861

_2Charleston_and_its_defenses.tif

Charleston and its Defenses, Philadelphia Inquirer, April 11, 1863

EDWARD COOK LETTER DATED JULY 19, 1863

_3Edward_Cook_letter_page_1.tif_4Edward_Cook_letter_page_2.tif

PICTURES

Yorktown, Virgina. Landing Opposite Gloucester (1861-1869)

Beaufort, S. C. View of Beaufort from the Waterfront. Fuller’s House (1861) Timothy 0’Sullivan, photographer

Port Royal Island, South Carolina, Coosay Ferry (1862) Timothy O’Sullivan, photographer

Hilton Head, S. C. Dock built by Federal Troops (April, 1872) Timothy O’Sullivan, photographer

Charleston Harbor, S.C. View - Fort Sumter Parapet facing Morris Island (1865)

View of Forts Wagner and Gregg on Morris Island, S. C. (1865)

Morris Island, S. C. Artillery Unit July, 1863 Haas & Peale Phtographers

Morris Island, S. C. Artillery Unit July 1863 Haas & Peale photographers

Interior of Fort Wagner on Morris Island, S. C. (1865)

Morris Island S. C. Camp July 1863 Haas & Peale photographers

Morris Island S. C. Camp July 1863 Haas & Peale photographers

Morris Island, S. C. The rogue’s march drumming a thief out of camp (1863) Haas & Peale photographers

Morris Island S. C. Camp Scene July 1863 Haas & Peale photographers

Earthworks in Front of Petersburg Va. (1865)

Petersburg, Va. The First Federal Wagon Train entering the Town April, 1865 John Reekie photographer

Petersburg, Va. Pontoon Bridges across the Appomattox River May 1865 Timothy O’Sullivan photographer

Richmond, Va. General View of the Burned District April, 1865 Alexander Gardner photographer

Richmond Va. General View, with ruins, from Gambles Hill April, 1865 Alexander Gardner photographer

Washington, D.C. Units of the 20th Army Corps passing on Pennsylvania Avenue near Treasury May 1865 Matthew B Brady photographer

PREFACE

During the Civil War, my great-grandfather Thomas Maharg served in Company H of the 100th Regiment of the New York State Volunteers. His Civil War souvenirs started me on a quest to learn more about his service and, in turn, him as a person. It was an odyssey that stretched over five years of extensive research, reviewing letters, diaries, and notes housed anywhere from California to New York State. He was a so-called common soldier, but along with his comrades, he had an uncommon experience that lasted over three years.

The culmination of this search led to my book Echoes from the Boys of Company H. It focuses on the lives of a few soldiers in Company H of the 100th Regiment, New York State Volunteers. It traces these men from enlistment to death and relates their experiences as soldiers in camp, battle, and prison. It is a story about young men who evolve from idealistic, adventure-seeking individuals into seasoned soldiers. Eventually they become heroes who after the war continue the camaraderie established through shared times serving the Union.

The primary echoes were from the letters of Edward Cook and Alfred Lyth. Edward Cook was born in Buffalo, New York, in 1839. After he enlisted, he served as a clerk in the Quartermasters Department from February, 1863, to December, 1864, and was promoted to first lieutenant and then to captain in February, 1865, before he mustered out. Alfred Lyth was born in York, England, in 1844. He enlisted in August, 1862. He contracted typhoid fever in July, 1863, and was hospitalized until December of that year. After his return to his company, he was captured in May, 1864, and imprisoned in Andersonville until December of 1864. He remained in Camp Parole in Maryland until he later rejoined his company in Richmond, Virginia, before being mustered out.

Other echoes are from the letters, diaries, or journals of Thomas Maharg, George Barnum, and Edwin Nichols. Thomas Maharg was born in Buffalo, New York, in 1842 and enlisted into service as a private at nineteen. He was promoted to commissary sergeant in January, 1865, before being mustered out. A letter is included from his brother John advising him of the death of their father; however, George Barnum had already told Thomas of this sad loss. George Barnum was born in Buffalo, New York, in 1843. He enlisted as a private and was rapidly promoted to sergeant in 1863, second lieutenant in February, 1864, and first lieutenant in May, 1864. Edwin Nichols enlisted as a private, was promoted to sergeant in July, 1863, and to captain in December, 1864.

The book is based on unpublished letters, diaries, and notes written by these young soldiers. Through these sources, they are able to tell their own stories. They comment on everything from camp life and games, food, medical and dental care, women, religion, and politics to marches, dress drills, and fighting. Their initial exciting expedition and camp life turn into the horrors of adapting to battles, executions, and lost comrades. The soldiers eventually seem to be more and more unmoved by disease, hunger, death, and tragedy and relate these events almost with the objectivity of a reporter. Though written by different authors, the letters illustrate little disparity in relating common experiences. They reflect upon the observations of a limited number of comrades of essentially the same events. These events are reported differently only in the sense of the individual writer’s personal interest and assessment of their importance to their reader. The letters offer a unique window into each author’s mind and character. In a way, they silently express the isolation and loneliness that each man feels.

As I wrote Echoes I began to explore the attitudinal changes that these common soldiers experienced during their service. Imagine leaving Buffalo for the first time, exploring New York City, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C., and then arriving on secession soil. They only had heard about the South and slaves through books and minstrel shows. It must have been like entering a foreign country. These young men had never been away from home, and their writing skills, though taught in normal school, had not been fully utilized. Their perspectives of death, religion, and politics had been developed in the Victorian culture and in the home. Hence, once again using their letters and diaries, I have authored this new book to explore these changes that came about in the boys during the course of the Civil War. Gone for a Sojer Boy reviews the camp life of these soldiers and their battles as well as the evolution of their thoughts about important aspects of a soldier’s life: namely, death, politics, and religion. I also have included a section devoted to Alfred Lyth’s experiences at Andersonville Prison, Georgia, which presented him with new and life changing challenges. The title, Gone for a Sojer Boy, is based upon references to the song Johnny Gone for a Soldier contained in Edward Cook’s letter to his father dated November 4, 1862, and his letter to his parents and relatives dated March 9, 1863.

The letter and diaries are only minimally edited so that their content and character remain intact. Some words that are offensive by today’s standards remain in the transcribed letters. Writing style are varied with Alfred Lyth’s long, run-on sentences punctuated only by commas being the most difficult to read.

The letters and diaries were probably written with quill pens which increasingly smudge as the nib of the quill wears down. Every quarter, the soldiers were able to acquire twelve new quills and ink from the army as part of their stationery ration. This would not be a huge supply for a prolific letter writer. Thus, some words in the original letters are totally illegible for transcription.

I am extremely grateful to the following for their assistance and support so readily given as well as access to their collections and permission to use materials where appropriate: The Library of Congress: Geography and Map Division, the Manuscript Division, and the Photography Division; Cynthia Conides, former Executive Director, and Cynthia Van Ness, Director of Archives and Library, both of the Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society, Buffalo, New York; and the Buffalo and Erie County Public Library, Buffalo, New York. Most especially, gratitude is expressed to Edward C. Fields, Supervisor, Information Services, Department of Special Collections, Davidson Library, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, for permitting access to Edward Cook’s wonderful letters which can now be shared with the world.

Words cannot adequately express my appreciation to my mentor Jeff Toalson who is a noted author of Civil War books. He responded with interest to my many questions about my projects and gave me words of encouragement. David Barnum provided the personal notes about his great-grandfather George Barnum. John Lyth has contacted me and expressed his deep appreciation for uncovering the letters and journals of his great-grandfather Alfred Lyth. Both men share a strong bond with me as great-grandsons of three of the boys of Company H. They, too, are fellow perpetual members of the 100th Regiment Veterans Association.

Special recognition and appreciation is also given to my daughter, Lindsey P. Wixson, who labored tirelessly for over two years transcribing copies of the original letters of Edward Cook and Alfred Lyth and to my wife, Donna R. Wixson, who read those transcribed copies in minute detail and gave me many suggestions for improvement to the book.

I thank the families who had the foresight to preserve the letters, diaries, and records of these soldiers by donating them to the historical societies and libraries where they remain. Their eloquent words have truly brought me a new depth of understanding of my great-grandfather that had been missing in earlier years as well as a powerful sense of gratitude for the sacrifices made by all who fought during the Civil War.

LEADING LETTER AND

DIARY WRITERS

George Barnum was born in 1840 and was 20 when he enlisted in the 100th Regiment, Company H. His father, George, was a grocer born in Connecticut and living in Buffalo, New York, when George enlisted. The elder George and his wife, Ellen, had five children:

George, age 18, clerk

Kate, age 15

Alexander, age, 13

Margaret, age 9

Alice, age 7

George Clark was born in 1836 and was 24 when he enlisted in the 100th Regiment, Company H. In the 1860 census, he was shown to be living with the Newton Stoddard family. Amongst the Stoddard family’s three children, George Stoddard also enlisted in the 100th Regiment, Company H. They were occasionally referred to as the two Georges in some of the letters.

Edward Cook was born in 1839 and was 22 when he enlisted in the 100th Regiment, Company H. His father, Lyman, was a carpenter born in England and living in Buffalo, New York, when Edward enlisted. Lyman and his wife, Mary, had four children:

At the time of the 1860 census, the children included:

Edward, 21, bookkeeper

Mary, 19

Elizabeth (Eliza), 17

Lora (Laura, Lillie, Lucy, Lilie), 13

Alfred Lyth was born in 1844 in England and was 18 when he enlisted in the 100th Regiment, Company H. His father, John, was a potter born in England and living in Buffalo, New York, when Alfred enlisted. John and his wife, Mary, had five children.

At the time of the 1860 Census, the children included:

Alfred, age 16

Francis, age 3

John, age 14

Mary, age 12

William, age 9

Thomas Maharg was born in 1842 and was 19 when he enlisted in the 100th Regiment. His father, John, was a drayman born in Ireland and living in Buffalo, New York, when Thomas enlisted. John and his wife, Sara, had six children.

At the time of the 1860 census, the children included:

Thomas, age 16

Nancy, age 19

John, age 17

Mary, age 14

Charles, age 8

Frank, age 6

Edward Nichols was an orphan born in England. He enlisted in the 100th Regiment, Company H in 1862. He does not show up in the 1860 Census as living in Buffalo, New York.

INTRODUCTION

In 1861, Edward Cook, Alfred Lyth, and Thomas Maharg had just graduated from normal school and had started their new jobs. They got together with their friends, the boys, to talk about the war and the events swirling around them.

In school, they had learned about the economic and social differences between the North and the South. For the most part, the South was an agrarian economy dependent upon cheap labor, namely slavery, which was based upon the plantation system, an antiquated social order of stratified wealth. The northern economy was established more upon an industrial, urban model which welcomed people of different cultures and classes to work together to produce goods.

Likewise, the boys had studied the Constitution and states rights’ issues as to whether states could vote to accept or not accept a federal act. The fight between slave and non-slave state proponents raged, and with the eminent expansion of the country and ultimate admittance of new states to the Union, the balance was a pressing issue. The abolitionist movement continued to grow, and the slavery issue was being discussed in newspapers, books, and plays. The election of Lincoln and the belief that he was anti-slavery and in favor of northern interests forced several states at that point to secede from the Union.

The boys were more fully made aware of many of these issues through the development of communication vehicles. Increasingly mass circulations of newspapers, both national and local, began in the 1850s. They provided much more information about events on a timely basis and were eagerly read. In the late 1850s, the North’s Frank Leslie’s Illustrated newspaper and Harper’s Weekly as well as the South’s Southern Illustrated News were introduced, and their circulation significantly increased.

American culture was vibrant, and entertainment venues flourished. P.T. Barnum embodied the essence of showmanship and achieved fame and fortune with his museum of oddities in New York City. Pseudoscience was popular as well. Phrenology linked one’s character to the shape of and bumps on a person’s skull. Stage entertainment also thrived, and a night at the theater included a play, musical interludes, magic tricks, or pantomime. Melodramas were popular as well as oratory with its speeches, poetry readings, and lectures.

The minstrel show entertained the audience with comedy, music, dance, and novelty acts. Stephen Foster songs were very popular. The image of the South as the land of cotton was established through the song Dixie written by Daniel D. Emmett. Blackface humor presented blacks in a denigrating manner, and actors portraying blacks wore makeup and spoke in dialects.

Prior to 1860, popular writers created the South’s image as one of aristocratic planters, beautiful southern belles, poor white trash, and faithful slaves. However, some authors of the day began to write from a different perspective. Initially serialized in the newspaper, Harriett Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin, a novel, portrayed the evils of slavery and attempted to shatter the myth that slavery was a benevolent, paternalistic institution. It drew critics from both the pro-slavery and abolitionist camps. The story found its way into stage productions which spread across the country, most notably in minstrel shows that incorporated the characters and themes into their shows. Her book sold more copies than any other preceding American piece of literature and became a lightning rod for social and political commentary. Stowe also created a version of her novel for dramatic readings. In 1856, she then wrote Dred: A Tale of the Treat Dismal Swamp. She used this book to attempt to silence her critics and strengthen her anti-slavery position. She advocated emancipation of and education for the blacks.

In the 1850s, America’s ethnic and racial minorities also began to publish novels, poems, histories, and autobiographies. Frederick Douglas, in his book My Bondage and My Freedom, wrote about the hardships and cruelties experienced in his life as a slave. Many Sunday sermons began to focus upon the immorality of slavery.

Frederic Law Olmstead’s journals provided greater detail as to the southern culture. As he toured the south, his narrative of his travels as contained in The Cotton Kingdom cited slavery not as a moral issue but rather as an economic one. The unequal distribution of wealth in which economic activities were concentrated at the plantation level did not produce overall good roads, bridges, strong cities, or infrastructure that benefitted the entire population. Other businesses such as banks or wholesalers of produce and goods were normally owned by a major landowner in a given county. They did not necessarily bring education and entertainment to residents in general such as would be provided by libraries, museums, and theaters. Southern towns were lacking in public institutions and public buildings since most business was transacted at the plantation level. The invention of Eli Whitney’s cotton gin resulted in the elimination of the laborious and time-consuming task of extracting seeds from the cotton and increased the demand for slaves to raise short-staple cotton instead. Furthermore, Olmstead argued that growing cotton ruined the land and caused the abandonment of plantations at times in favor of moving to richer soil in new areas. He felt that managing slaves through threats and punishments resulted in slaves as well as poor, white manual laborers becoming lazy, indolent, and careless.

As the boys pondered these issues, they must have wondered just how a single nation could succeed with such divergent cultures. They were just boys who had been raised in Buffalo, New York, and had not ventured out of their city as of yet. They wanted to join the Union Army before the war was over. They were raised in the Victorian time when one’s duty was a binding moral obligation. Patriotism and nationalism were highly important. Glory, honor, courage, and sacrifice were not abstract thoughts. Even romanticism was important in this sentimental age. There was genuine concern that their country as they knew it would change if the Union lost the war. Their northern view held that slavery had degraded southern society and destroyed democracy in the South by creating an elite class of wealthy land owners. The Confederacy had to be destroyed not only to save the Union but to preserve the foundations of the nation.

Recruitment for the 100th Volunteers had been going on since September 2, 1861. The initial companies in the regiment left the state on March 10, 1862, and sustained heavy losses in their first battle, The Seven Days Battle. Their regiment’s aggregate casualty count was 176 men, and they needed volunteers to fill the ranks desperately.

An excerpt from Lt. Col. Charles Walbridge’s speech at the first reunion of the new Veteran’s Association following the war describes the initial service of the 100th Regiment:

"We arrived at Washington … and were conducted to our camp ground. Tents were issued, and we were speedily instructed in the modus operandi of pitching them. Here our first tribulation with the commissary department began, for instead of bread, rations were issued of flour, which in an uncooked state was of no earthly use to us and of coffee unburned, and ungrounded.

One evening in the latter part of March, we broke camp with the rest of our division, marched down through the city, crossed the Potomac over the ‘long bridge’ and arrived in the outskirts of Alexandria about ten o’clock on a clear, cold night. We were halted by the roadside, stacked arms, and dismissed, with intimation that we could make ourselves comfortable by lying around loose, anywhere in the vicinity. This is memorable because it was our first bivouac, and that, too, at a very inclement time of the year, and under peculiarly trying circumstances, many of us having neither overcoats or blankets, having indiscreetly left them to come with the baggage. We’ll, we got through that night and the next, somehow, and the third day marched to the wharf and embarked with the rest of your brigade on the monster steamship Constitution … Arrived at Newport News, we were quickly established in camp at the peach orchard, or Camp Scott, as it was officially designated, and our campaign on the peninsula was begun.

After a few days’ sojourn, we advanced to Warwick Court House, and on this march realized the burden of knapsack, overcoat, blanket, arms haversack and forty rounds of ammunition, when marching under a Southern sun, and we then, for this first time, witnessed the sight of poor fellows stopping by the roadside overcome by the heat. Opening their knapsacks and throwing their trinkets and even clothing right and left, they were willing to do anything to lighten their unaccustomed load.

We were without tents; those we had formerly used having been left with all the extra baggage. It was some days before shelter tents were received and in the meantime we made little booths, in which we weathered several severe rainstorms. Provisions were in very scant supply, owing to the great difficulty of transporting them through the deep mud and wretched roads.

… after [General] Magrauder had delayed us for a whole month, when at last our big siege guns were mounted and all preparations were made to assault his line, he took ‘French leave’ one night, and in the morning the fortifications in front of us were evacuated. We were quickly in pursuit but by some blunder which I never heard explained, our regiment, and I believe our whole division, marched without overcoats, blankets or knapsacks, and with only one day’s rations. We supposed we were sent out for a reconnaissance, and that we would return to camp at night just as we had from similar expeditions before. This careless blunder on the part of some cost an immense and needless amount of suffering.

The next day was the battle of Williamsburg, where the enemy under Longstreet and Magruder made a determined effort to still further delay the advance of our army. The 100th lay in the woods until late in the afternoon, although we were within distinct sound of the firing all day. There were thousands of troops like us close at hand.

It was now dusk and we were formed in line of battle and remained there till morning. The suffering of that night will ever be remembered by all who were there. We were without overcoats or blankets, had eaten no proper food all day and now as the cold night set in became chilled through and through. Not a spark of fire was allowed along the whole line; many of the men were seized with severe pains, and as they were brought by the stretcher corps and laid in a row along the edge of the woods, where the surgeons could do but little to relieve them, their groans and agony added to their discomfort and suffering of the rest of us. It was such experiences as these that soon filled the hospitals with sick and disabled soldiers, and death was already busy gathering in his harvest.

Well, the longest night has an ending, and the morning came at last. We found as we had turned the enemy’s flank, he had evacuated his whole line of works, not to make another stand until the defenses of Richmond were reached. We therefore had nothing to do but to build great fires, lie down and rest in the warm sunshine, and wait for welcome rations which soon arrived. I shall always remember gratefully that lovely morning and the comfort it brought us…

All the morning they have been getting their troops into position and now their solid columns and long lines speedily emerged from the dense woods which skirted the battle field, and with screeching shells and rattle of musketry, the ball opened; This was the first general battle between the Army of the Potomac and the brave foes, the Army of Northern Virginia; neither side appreciated as yet the value of rifle pits, and we stood there squarely facing the coming storm.

Our fellows were dropping rapidly, but no attempt was made to reinforce our line, all the effort of our Commanders being to establish a second line while we held our ground in front. As they pressed us hard, with the hope of staying them yet a little longer, the order was given us to charge. This charge has always seemed to us a most desperate expedient. There was then, however, no thought of holding back, or of questioning the propriety of the order, but away we went, clambering over logs and stumps of the slashing in our front, until the fire of the enemy was so intense that no troops could breast such a storm of lead. It was in this advance and the subsequent withdrawal that we met with our heaviest losses. Soon the order came to fall back, and I can now in memory see [General] Naglee as he rode along the rear of the line, swinging his hat, and shouting Retreat! Retreat! As we passed to the rear there was no hurry, and no panic… Thus the 100th regiment received its baptism of fire. After that eventful afternoon, we felt that we were no longer green troops, but veterans.

In August the final abandonment of the peninsula was decided upon, and the 100th took up its line of March with the rest of the army for Fortress Monroe. The heat was intense, and we were almost choked with dust but we at least reached our goal, when, instead of embarking with the bulk of the army to go to the aid of General Pope, we were sent to Gloucester Point on the York river, directly opposite historic village of Yorktown."1

On July 1 1862, President Lincoln issued a call into service for an additional 300,000 men. He indicated that the new troops must be enrolled and activated without delay so as to bring this unnecessary and injurious civil war to a speedy and satisfactory conclusion.

The boys school principal was putting together a company in the 100th Regiment and it was time for them to make a commitment. Whether this commitment arose from the spirit of patriotism or the spirit of adventure, we will never know. The boys then made a pact to enlist and return the next evening to report on joining the Union army.

The boys returned the following night, and their adventure was ready to begin. Edward Cook, Albert Lyth, Thomas Maharg, George Barnum,