Handbook of Borehole Acoustics and Rock Physics for Reservoir Characterization
By Vimal Saxena, Michel Krief and Ludmila Adam
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About this ebook
The Handbook of Borehole Acoustics and Rock Physics for Reservoir Characterization combines in a single useful handbook the multidisciplinary domains of the petroleum industry, including the fundamental concepts of rock physics, acoustic logging, waveform processing, and geophysical application modeling through graphical examples derived from field data. It includes results from core studies, together with graphics that validate and support the modeling process, and explores all possible facets of acoustic applications in reservoir evaluation for hydrocarbon exploration, development, and drilling support.
The Handbook of Borehole Acoustics and Rock Physics for Reservoir Characterization serves as a technical guide and research reference for oil and gas professionals, scientists, and students in the multidisciplinary field of reservoir characterization through the use of petrosonics. It overviews the fundamentals of borehole acoustics and rock physics, with a focus on reservoir evaluation applications, explores current advancements through updated research, and identifies areas of future growth.
- Presents theory, application, and limitations of borehole acoustics and rock physics through field examples and case studies
- Features "Petrosonic Workflows" for various acoustic applications and evaluations, which can be easily adapted for practical reservoir modeling and interpretation
- Covers the potential advantages of acoustic-based techniques and summarizes key results for easy geophysical application
Vimal Saxena
Vimal Saxena initially worked as a Solar Energy Scientist (1980 – 1982) and served as Lecture in Physics at Sagar University in India (1983-84). He joined Oil & Natural Gas Corporation, India in 1985, and served in different Petrophysics positions until 2006. He also worked as Research Petrophysicist in ONGC-Schlumberger Joint Research Center, India (1988-93) and served Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas, India as Petrophysics Advisor (1997-2002). He joined Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) in 2006 and worked as Lead Petrophysicist until 2012. He also served as Exploration Team Lead (Petrophysics) in PDO. He later served Salamander Energy Singapore as Petrophysics Advisor & Head during 2012-15 and was responsible for company’s extensive exploration and development plans. He has authored or co-authored 12 research papers, and authored more than hundred interpretation reports, manuals and field development plans for ONGC, PDO and Salamander. Mr. Saxena also holds a patent for rock physics modelling.
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Handbook of Borehole Acoustics and Rock Physics for Reservoir Characterization - Vimal Saxena
possible.
Chapter 1
Introduction
Abstract
It is an introductory chapter that presents some basic rock physics concepts those are frequently utilized and discussed with advanced details in the book. The chapter first familiarizes with the concepts of rock homogeneity and isotropy with simple examples under different conditions. Basic elasticity theory is introduced through stress-tensor, strain-tensor, and constitutive equations of linear elasticity. Presenting the case of isotropic linear elasticity, basic interrelations between elastic constants are shown. The chapter presents the equation of motion in elastic media. The case of isotropic media is discussed with three-dimensional equation and one-dimensional simplification. The general equation of motion in an anisotropic media is presented separately, and a discussion is included for the special case of transverse-isotropy.
Keywords
Isotropy; Anisotropy; Homogeneous; Heterogeneous; Stress tensor; Strain tensor; Linear elasticity; Hooke's Law; Constitutive equation; Kronecker's delta; Elastic constant; Equation of motion
1.1 General Introduction
Measurement of acoustic waves in a borehole were used for decades as a support tool for reservoir evaluation. Porosity evaluation, Rock mechanics, and sonic-seismic calibrations are among its most common applications. The technological development of borehole acoustics and its interface with advanced Rock Physics concepts have created new avenues of reservoir applications. Acoustic wave propagation in borehole acoustics has been the focus subject in some books (Paillet and Cheng, 1991; Tang and Cheng, 2004). Wave propagation in varying environment and key experimental studies are the centerpiece of other excellent books (Wilson, 2014; White, 1983; Bourbié et al., 1987). However, these do not dwell on Rock Physics. Modern understanding of Rock Physics has been the subject of many other books (Mavko et al., 2009; Schon, 1996, Guéguen and Palciauskas, 1994). Rock physics and characterization from a seismic perspective have been discussed in some books (Dvorkin et al., 2014; Avseth et al., 2010). However, there is a missing link for a reference book that combines acoustic borehole, rock physics theory and models, and experimental core acoustics while providing worksflows and examples in practical matter. This book intends to integrate the fundamentals of modern acoustic logging and measurement technology, Rock physics concepts, and geo-mechanics to discuss a wide purview of reservoir characterization applications. This domain extends from porosity to lithology identification, hydrocarbon evaluation, permeability characterization, anisotropy assessment, rock strength estimation, microscopic view of the macro-acoustic phenomenon, and much more. The integration demonstrates the strength of petrosonics through physical concepts and field examples and has been the main focus of this book. This chapter intends to introduce a few basics about anisotropy, elasticity, and equation of motion in isotropic and anisotropic media. These concepts will be utilized multiple times in this book.
1.2 Understanding Isotropy
It is not easy to define a rock composed of varying mineral constituents and also having a system of pores. In geophysics, a rock system is often characterized with generalized terms like isotropic
or anisotropic,
and homogeneous
or heterogeneous
for the sake of simplicity. Such identification is also sometimes discussed with lateral
or vertical
variants. It is important to understand such properties, as each corresponds to a different behavior of wave propagation in rocks and the different interlinking of elastic properties with acoustic