Gun Digest eBook of Revolvers

By Dan Shideler

This e-book contains 16 in-depth chapters on all different kinds of revolvers, both new and old. Learn about the 38 S&W, 44 Special, 45 Auto Rimfire, Bull Dogs, cap and ball sixgunning, Colt and Smith & Wesson Police, the French Service Revolvers, the Ruger Super Blackhawk, the Webleys and more. If you're a sixgunner, this is your eBook.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Gun Digest Books
• Release date: Nov 11, 2011
• ISBN: 9781440231575

Dan Shideler

A lifelong firearms enthusiast, Dan Shideler is the editor of Standard Catalog of Firearms, Gun Digest Book of Guns & Prices, Modern Gun Values, Gun Digest and other Krause Publication titles. He also is a frequent contributor to Gun Digest Magazine and other national firearms publications.

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One

The .38 S&W

The Little Round That Refuses to Die

By David J. Lapell

1942 Vintage Smith & Wesson .38-200 British Lend Lease revolver.

It has been known by many names throughout its long life: the .380/200, the .38 New Police, the Belgian 9mm revolver, but it first started off as the lowly .38 S&W.

In 1876 Smith & Wesson began producing their new First Model Baby Russian revolver chambered in a new cartridge, the .38 S&W. Given its nickname because of the resemblance to the larger Smith & Wesson No. 3 Russian, the First Model was a five-shot single action revolver that was offered with either a 3-1/2 inch or 4-inch barrel and was ideal for concealing in a vest or pants pocket. Both the revolver and the new .38 caliber cartridge proved to be an instant success. All of the small, concealable handguns prior to that were chambered mostly in .22 and .32 rimfire, leaving much to be desired in the realm of stopping power. The Smith & Wesson First Model and the .38 S&W bridged the gap between the little underpowered pocket guns and the larger, more powerful revolvers that were too difficult to conceal.

Originally loaded with just over 9 grains of black powder and a 146-grain lead bullet, the .38 S&W had an average muzzle velocity of 740 fps and a muzzle energy of around 175 ft. lbs. While not anything to write home about in this day and age, it was far superior to the ballistics of the .32 Long, which delivered a 90-grain bullet at a little over 900 fps.

With the popularity of the .38 S&W cartridge and the First Model, Smith & Wesson wasted no time in bringing out their Double Action First Model in 1880, which resulted in a whole series of small revolvers that in one form or another would be produced until 1940. These little pocket-sized guns proved so successful that their basic premise was copied by Iver Johnson, Hopkins & Allen, Harrington & Richardson, and a whole host of others in America and abroad. In fact, one such revolver was used in an attempt to cut short the life of one of America’s greatest Presidents.

This photo shows the United States property markings that are found on British Lend Lease revolvers.

On October 14, 1912, Theodore Roosevelt was in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, campaigning for a return to the White House after four years out of office. Teddy had just left his hotel when a bartender named John Schrank stepped out from his hiding place and fired a single shot from a .38 S&W revolver. Schrank later claimed that the ghost of President William McKinley told him to kill Roosevelt because no man should have more than two terms in office as President. (Roosevelt was trying for a third.)

Schrank was quickly tackled before he could get another shot off, and when Roosevelt’s aide asked if he had been hurt, Teddy replied, He plinked me, Henry. That single bullet had passed through Roosevelt’s overcoat, his folded speech that was in his pocket, and his metal eyeglass case before stopping three inches deep into his chest. True to form, the former Commander in Chief refused medical attention and delivered his speech despite the fact he was bleeding profusely. When he later went to the hospital doctors found that the bullet was too close to Roosevelt’s heart to remove. Despite his wound, the Bull Moose was back out on the campaign trail only six days later.

Smith & Wesson continued to make break open pocket revolvers in .38 S&W, and in 1917, began producing their .38 S&W Regulation Police, a five shot Hand Ejector built on their I-frame line. The I-frame revolvers were too small for the then fairly new .38 Special but were perfect for the shorter .38 S&W. The Regulation Police came with fixed sights and a 4-inch barrel.

In 1936, Smith & Wesson began making a 2-inch barreled version of the Regulation Police called the Terrier. These guns proved to be very popular for concealed carry, and are still quite popular to this day in some circles.

Yet no matter how well liked these new guns were, the .38 S&W was still primarily found in the small break-open pocket revolvers. With new cartridges like the .357 Magnum being introduced in 1935 along with small semi-automatic pistols like those from Colt, the .38 S&W appeared to be on a short road to obsolescence. Then a savior came from the most unlikely of places, the British Empire.

Small .38 S&W-chambered revolvers like this one from US Revolver Company were made by the hundreds of thousands.

For the latter part of the nineteenth and early part of the twentieth centuries the British supplied Her Majesty’s soldiers with large-caliber revolvers. After the end of WWI someone in charge of British Ordnance came to the conclusion that a 200-grain bullet in .38 caliber would be just as effective in combat as their tried-and-true 260-grain .455 Webley. So in 1922 the new Enfield No. 2 top break revolver was unveiled and chambered in the British version of the .38 S&W. The British round differed from the American .38 S &W with its heavier 200-grain lead round-nose bullet that was backed with 2.8 grains of Neonite powder for a muzzle velocity of 630 fps and a muzzle energy of 175 ft. lbs. The new round was dubbed the .380/200 Cartridge Revolver Mk I. Prior to World War II, however, the British feared that the 200-grain lead bullet of the .380/200 violated the Hague Convention of 1899’s ban on exploding bullets, so they replaced them with a 178-grain jacketed round-nose bullet. This new round was called the Cartridge Pistol .380 Mk IIz. The British continued to use the older .380/200 rounds for training purposes, but when World War II broke out both the 200- and 178-grain loads were issued to the troops as ammunition was in short supply.

The outbreak of the war found the British also lacking in handguns, so they quickly turned to the United States for help. This came in the form of the Smith & Wesson Military & Police revolver. The British had originally contracted Smith & Wesson to produce a lightweight 9mm semi-automatic rifle. The gun proved to be unreliable and the idea and the rifles were scrapped. To make up for the money that had been advanced to Smith & Wesson, a deal was struck to provide the British with Military & Police revolvers at the rate of $20 each.

In March, 1940 Smith & Wesson began producing Military & Police revolvers chambered in .38 S&W, and these were so marked on the right side of the barrel. Other than the caliber, these guns were mechanically identical to the .38 Smith & Wesson Special guns that were already being turned out. Soon the entire factory was dedicated to the production of revolvers that were to be shipped to England. By December of 1940, 112,584 Military & Police revolvers chambered in .38 S&W had been manufactured and sent overseas as part of the Lend-Lease program. While these guns have the look of the Smith & Wesson Victory model revolvers with their lanyard rings and plain finish, they lack the V and SV serial number prefixes that did not start until April of 1942 at serial number 1,000,000. These earlier Lend-Lease revolvers were marked with UNITED STATES PROPERTY and U.S. PROPERTY on the top strap with ordnance markings on the butt.

Throughout the war, the .38 S&W Military & Police revolvers were used by British, Canadian, New Zealand, and Australian armed forces. Some of the Australian M&Ps were in service long after the war, remaining in use until the 1980s.

Other countries enjoyed the use of surplus .38 S&W revolvers as well. The Royal Hong Kong and Royal Singaporean Police were both supplied with Webley Mk III and Mk IV .38 S&W revolvers that were not retired until the 1970s. The Ordnance Factory Board of India to this day still manufactures ammunition for surplus .38 S&Ws in the form of the 178-grain .380 Mk IIz cartridge.

After World War II, Smith & Wesson continued production of the .38 S&W Military & Police revolvers and sold them to British Commonwealth countries. The gun was never officially catalogued but did become known as the Model 11 in 1957. Production finally stopped in 1965, and now any post-WWII Military & Police .38 S&W revolvers are desirable collector’s items.

Vintage Remington Kleanbore .38 S&W rounds (left) with modern, nickel plated-cased rounds (right).

Smith & Wesson continued to produce their smaller I-frame Terrier and .38 Regulation Police revolvers (later the Model 32 and Model 33, respectively) in the little cartridge, but with the introduction of the Smith & Wesson Chief’s Special in 1950 and the rival Colt Detective Special both chambered in .38 S&W Special, there was not much interest in the little .38 S&W revolvers anymore. They soldiered on until 1974, when Smith & Wesson made their last .38 S&W handgun.

Yet while the .38 S&W has been on the brink of extinction at one time or another, it just refuses to throw in the towel. This is in no small part due to the sheer multitude of handguns around the world chambered for it. Not counting the more than half million Military & Police revolvers produced for the British, Smith & Wesson made over 1,000,000 handguns of the little pocket variety over a period of 60 years. Then there were the countless thousands of revolvers made by various other companies all over the world. .38 S&W ammunition is still very easy to obtain, with Remington and Winchester both offering loads using the venerable old 146-grain lead bullet that is advertised at 685 fps and has a muzzle energy of 150 ft. lbs. These modern smokeless loads can be safely used in the break-open revolvers as long as the gun itself is in safe working order.

A word to the wise on some of the old .38 S&W pocket revolvers: those from Smith & Wesson were the best quality break-open guns of all that were produced, with the possible exception of the Webleys. The copies of those little S&W handguns range from excellent to barely functional, so if you have an old .38 S&W revolver and are considering shooting it, have it checked by a competent gunsmith first.

More powerful ammunition can also be had for the stronger revolvers like the Smith & Wesson M&Ps and the I-frame revolvers. Fiocchi loads their 145-grain lead bullet at 780 fps, which will work just fine in the swing-out cylinder revolvers but are too hot for the break-open guns. Surplus military ammunition can still be found, and more often than not it is the full metal jacketed .380 Mk IIz.

A word of warning when it comes to shooting .38 S&W ammunition out of guns that are chambered in .38 Special: Don’t even think about it. The .38 Special has a bullet diameter of .358 whereas the .38 S&W’s is .361. Even though a large number of the surplus British M&P revolvers have been rechambered to .38 Special, their bores are oversized and accuracy won’t be the greatest. Some of these guns were not converted properly and can even be dangerous to shoot. Stick to guns that are original .38 S&W guns; you will be happier and safer in the long run.

Recently I decided to take an original .38 S&W Smith & Wesson Military & Police revolver to the range with some factory ammunition as well as some handloads to see what I could make of the old warhorse and the cartridge. This particular Military & Police was part of the first batch of pre-Victory Model revolvers in 1940. It was shipped to the U.S. Government Hartford Ordnance Depot in Springfield, Massachusetts, but somehow ended up here in the states for the duration of the war.

I managed to scrounge up some original military ball ammunition, which was the 178-grain jacketed round-nose .380 Mk IIz loads. Velocity was less than what I expected, averaging only 560 fps from the Smith’s 5-inch barrel. Shot from a rest at 15 yards, the shots grouped at 2-½ inches but were a couple inches high with one flyer skewing off to the right.

Next I decided to try a vintage box of Remington factory ammo. These were the same 146-grain lead round-nose bullets that are still offered to this day. Velocities with these were much better, running about 650 fps from the muzzle. From the same range of 15 yards, these also grouped at 2-½ inches but hit a bit low and off to the right.

I followed these up with a few of my handloads. The first were 146-grain lead bullets over 2.3 grains of Winchester 231. These turned out to be a disappointment, with a muzzle velocity of only 500 fps despite the fact that some of my manuals listed it as being much more. Groups were fairly ragged and a few inches low.

Next I brought along some loads using the same 146-grain lead bullets with 3.1 grains of Unique. These proved to be very accurate, hitting at nearly point of aim at 15 yards and having a velocity of 640 fps. Of all the loads I shot that day, these were the best overall with a 2-¼ inch group.

I then decided to see what kind of punch the little .38 S&W cartridge had. I didn’t want to waste a perfectly good surplus military helmet, so instead I found an old round metal kid’s sled that appeared to be just as thick. (Sorry for those of you that may be nostalgic over these.) I first decided to shoot some .38 Specials from a 5-inch-barreled Model 27 Smith & Wesson for a comparison. These were nothing more than standard 130-grain FMJ ammunition. The three .38 Specials I fired went right through with little difficulty. For the .38 S&W I used some vintage .380 Mk IIz loads from the same distance out of my 5-inch-barreled Smith & Wesson Military & Police revolver. Again I fired three shots, just to the right of the .38 Specials. Two .38 S&Ws went through, but one only tore the metal as it bounced off of the metal sled. I can see why the little .38 was not exactly seen as a manstopper during World War II.

What the .38 S&W really has going for it is its inherent accuracy combined with almost no recoil. In the K-frame sized gun, it had little more recoil than a revolver of the same sized chambered in .22 Long Rifle. With the right handloads and in the right gun, it makes for a very handy small game cartridge. Rabbits and squirrels would certainly be within the .38 S&W’s limits in either an old Smith & Wesson M&P or a Regulation Police. It has enough power to get the job done on game animals without destroying too much meat like more powerful calibers.

The .38 S&W, despite being written off at one time or another, is still hanging on even though no handguns have been produced for it for 35 years. I have little doubt that while it has been on the ragged edge of retirement more than once, the .38 S&W won’t be going away any time soon.

This article appeared in the Gun Digest 2011 annual book. To learn more visit gundigest.com.

Two

The .44 Special Begins Its Second Century

By John Taffin

The Road To The .44 Special

In 1857, two entrepreneurs, Horace Smith and Daniel Wesson, produced the first successful cartridge-firing revolver, the Smith & Wesson #1. This little seven-shot, tip-up revolver was chambered for what would become the most popular cartridge of all time, the .22 rimfire. They would go on to build both .22 and .32 rimfires in the Models 1, 1-1/2, and 2, and they had plans to bring out a big-bore version, but those plans were pushed to the back burner with the coming of the Civil War in 1861.

Meanwhile, over at the Colt factory, Sam Colt had decided cartridge cases would never catch on and shooters would always want to load their own using powder, ball, and cap. When Colt received a very lucrative contract to build 1860 Army Model .44s for the Northern Army not, only was the company’s immediate future assured but there definitely was no further thought of building cartridge-firing revolvers. Smith & Wesson kept producing their little pocket guns, which were quite popular as hideout weapons during the 1860s, but they did not forget their plans to build a .44-caliber version.

Sam Colt died in 1862, but his ideas persisted and percussion revolvers remained as the number one focus of the Colt Company. Then it happened! I can let my imagination run loose and see the executives of Colt sitting around the boardroom in late 1869 when the messenger arrives. He talks to the president, Richard Jarvis, who immediately scowls. He shares the information with the rest of the group. That other gun company, that Smith & Wesson group, had just announced a large-frame, break-top, six-shot, cartridge-firing .44 sixgun!

The new Smith & Wesson was known as the American and was chambered