Alabama Wildlife, Volume 5

Collects the most recent findings of virtually all experts in the field as of 2012
 
Alabama Wildlife, Volume 5 offers a comprehensive update and provides a wealth of new information concerning changes and developments relative to the conservation status of wild animal populations of the state that have occurred in the decade since publication of the previous four volumes in 2004. Enhancements include the addition of any new or rediscovered taxon, species priority status changes, and taxonomic changes, plus the addition of the crayfishes, which were left out previously because so little was known about these understudied taxa.
 
A complete taxonomic checklist is included, which lists each imperiled taxon along with its priority designation followed by detailed species accounts. The eighty-four crayfish species accounts are comprised of a physical description (including a photograph, when available), distribution map, habitat summary, key life history, ecological information, basis for its status classification, and specific conservation and management recommendations. This revised expansion of the Alabama Wildlife set will be helpful to those seeking to broaden their knowledge of Alabama’s vast wildlife resources and will greatly influence future studies in the conservation of many of the imperiled species.
 

• Language: English
• Publisher: University Alabama Press
• Release date: Jun 6, 2017
• ISBN: 9780817391461

Book preview

Alabama Wildlife

Volume 5

Ericha Shelton-Nix, Editor

Published for and in cooperation with the

Division of Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries, Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources

The University of Alabama Press

Tuscaloosa

The University of Alabama Press

Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0380

uapress.ua.edu

Copyright © 2017 by the University of Alabama Press

All rights reserved.

Inquiries about reproducing material from this work should be addressed to the University of Alabama Press.

Typeface: Frutiger

Manufactured in Korea

Cover images (from top): Mottled Duck, photograph by Bala Chennupati; Fire Elimia shell, photograph by Thomas Tarpley; Trispot Darter, photograph by Patrick O’Neil; Southern Black-knobbed Sawback, photograph by James C. Godwin; and Slenderclaw Crayfish, photograph by Guenter A. Schuster Cover design: Michele Myatt Quinn

Published for and in cooperation with the Division of Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources

Cataloging-in-Publication data is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN: 978-0-8173-1961-8

E-ISBN: 978-0-8173-9146-1

THIRD

ALABAMA NONGAME WILDLIFE CONFERENCE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface

Acknowledgments

Maps

Counties of Alabama

Major Rivers, Basins, and Dams of Alabama

Ecoregions of Alabama

Aquatic Map Symbols

Terrestrial Map Symbols

FRESHWATER SNAILS AND MUSSELS

Introduction

Freshwater Snails

2012 Committee Members

Checklist

Freshwater Snails

Dusky Pebblesnails

Tryonia Pebblesnails

Pyrg Pebblesnails

River Pebblesnails

Freshwater Periwinkles

Amphibious Walkers

Mystery Snails

Nerites

Gilled Flatsnails

Elegant Pondsnails

Tadpole Pondsnails

Ramshorn Snails

Priority Species Lists

Priority 1 Species Account

Updates

Slender Campeloma

Cylindrical Lioplax

Salt Spring Hydrobe

Watercress Snail

Sculpin Snail

Manitou Cavesnail

Anthony Riversnail

Brooch Elimia

Teardrop Elimia

Latticed Elimia

Auger Elimia

Cobble Elimia

Oblong Rocksnail

Cahaba Ancylid

Wicker Ancylid

Priority 2 Species Account

Updates

Tulotoma

Angled Marstonia

Coosa Pyrg

Moss Pyrg

Cahaba Pebblesnail

Flaxen Elimia

Stately Elimia

Fire Elimia

Striate Hornsnail

Watchlist

References Cited

Freshwater Mussels

2012 Committee Members

Checklist

Priority Species List

Extirpated Species Account

Updates

Winged Spike

Duck River Dartersnapper

Ring Pink

Orangefoot Pimpleback

Cherokee Pigtoe

Coosa Pigtoe

Coosa Orb

Appalachian Monkeyface

Extirpated Taxa, Conservation Underway Species Account

Updates

Southern Combshell

Priority 1 Species Account

Updates

Spectaclecase

Alabama Pearlshell

Pheasantshell

Elktoe

Chipola Slabshell

Snuffbox

Alabama Moccasinshell

Southern Hickorynut

Canoe Creek Clubshell

Mississippi Pigtoe

Ohio Pigtoe

Georgia Pigtoe

Tennessee Clubshell

Warrior Pigtoe

Rayed Kidneyshell

Florida Floater

Downy Rainbow

Priority 2 Species Account

Updates

Delicate Spike

Narrow Pigtoe

Southern Sandshell

Etowah Heelsplitter

Sculptured Pigtoe

Monkeyface

Alabama Rainbow

Painted Creekshell

Watchlist

References Cited

CRAYFISHES

Introduction

2012 Committee Members

Checklist

Priority Species List

Priority 1 Species Account

Tennessee Bottlebrush Crayfish

Least Crayfish

Angular Dwarf Crayfish

Slenderclaw Crayfish

Boxclaw Crayfish

Lacon Exit Cave Crayfish

Phantom Cave Crayfish

White Spring Cave Crayfish

Burrowing Bog Crayfish

Shelta Cave Crayfish

Escambia Crayfish

Vernal Crayfish

Priority 2 Species Account

Cajun Dwarf Crayfish

Tallapoosa Crayfish

Slackwater Crayfish

Prickly Cave Crayfish

Chattahoochee Crayfish

Alabama Cave Crayfish

Longnose Crayfish

Greensaddle Crayfish

Mountain Midget Crayfish

Depression Crayfish

Sweet Home Alabama Cave Crayfish

Lavender Burrowing Crayfish

Speckled Burrowing Crayfish

Prominence Riverlet Crayfish

Flint River Crayfish

Saddle Crayfish

Shrimp Crayfish

Capillaceous Crayfish

Cockscomb Crayfish

Panhandle Crayfish

Southeastern Prairie Crayfish

Straightedge Crayfish

Jackknife Crayfish

Smoothnose Crayfish

Lagniappe Crayfish

Mobile Crayfish

Spur Crayfish

Crisscross Crayfish

Okaloosa Crayfish

Peninsula Crayfish

Watchlist

References Cited

FISHES

Introduction

2012 Committee Members

Checklist

LAMPREYS

Lampreys

CARTILAGINOUS FISHES

Sharks

Rays

RAY-FINNED FISHES

Sturgeons and Paddlefishes

Gars

Bowfins

Mooneyes

Ladyfish and Tarpon

Eels

Anchovies and Herrings

Carps, Minnows, and Suckers

Catfishes

Trouts and Salmons

Pikes and Mudminnows

Trout Perches, Pirate Perches, and Cavefishes

Mullets

Silversides

Needlefishes and Allies

Topminnows, Livebearers, and Allies

Sticklebacks, Pipefish, and Seahorses

Sculpins and Allies

Sunfishes, Perches, and Allies

Flounders

Priority Species List

Extirpated Species Account

Updates

Popeye Shiner

Chucky Madtom

Extirpated Taxa, Conservation Underway Species Account

Updates

Lake Sturgeon

Spotfin Chub

Priority 1 Species Account

Updates

Alabama Sturgeon

Alabama Shad

Blue Shiner

Bluestripe Shiner

Shoal Chub

Ironcolor Shiner

Dusky Shiner

Suckermouth Minnow

Broadstripe Shiner

Mountain Madtom

Frecklebelly Madtom

Alabama Cavefish

Shoal Bass

Scaly Sand Darter

Slackwater Darter

Holiday Darter

Bluebreast Darter

Vermilion Darter

Lollypop Darter

Watercress Darter

Rush Darter

Boulder Darter

Blotchside Logperch

Bankhead Darter

Snail Darter

Southern Walleye

Spring Pygmy Sunfish

Priority 2 Species Account

Updates

Gulf Sturgeon

Streamline Chub

Highscale Shiner

Blackmouth Shiner

Stargazing Minnow

Bluenose Shiner

Stonecat

Brindled Madtom

Bluefin Killifish

Mud Sunfish

Warrior Darter

Locust Fork Darter

Coldwater Darter

Trispot Darter

Tuscumbia Darter

Goldline Darter

Gilt Darter

Watchlist

References Cited

AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES

Introduction

2012 Committee Members

Amphibians

Checklist

Frogs and Toads

Salamanders

Priority Species List

Priority 1 Species List

Updates

Eastern Hellbender

Southern Dusky Salamander

Red Hills Salamander

Priority 2 Species List

Updates

Wood Frog

Smallmouth Salamander

Eastern Tiger Salamander

Seepage Salamander

Southern Redback Salamander

Watchlist

Reptiles

Checklist

Crocodilians

Lizards

Snakes

Turtles

Priority Species Account

Extirpated Taxa, Conservation Underway Species Account

Updates

Eastern Indigo Snake

Priority 1 Species Account

Updates

Mimic Glass Lizard

Rainbow Snake

Black Pinesnake

Eastern Coral Snake

Loggerhead Sea Turtle

Green Sea Turtle

Kemp’s Ridley Sea Turtle

Leatherback Sea Turtle

Mississippi Diamondback Terrapin

Alabama Red-bellied Turtle

Priority 2 Species List and Updates

Eastern Slender Glass Lizard

Gulf Salt Marsh Watersnake

Escambia Map Turtle

Flattened Musk Turtle

Watchlist

References Cited

BIRDS

Introduction

2012 Committee Members

Checklist

Screamers, Swans, Geese, and Ducks

Gallinaceous Birds

Loons

Grebes

Albatrosses, Shearwaters, Petrels, and Allies

Tropicbirds

Storks

Frigatebirds, Boobies, Gannets, Cormorants, and Anhingas

Pelicans, Herons, Ibises, and Allies

Vultures, Osprey, Kites, Eagles, and Hawks

Cranes, Rails, and Allies

Shorebirds, Gulls, Auks, and Allies

Pigeons and Doves

Cuckoos and Allies

Owls

Goatsuckers, Oilbirds, and Allies

Swifts and Hummingbirds

Rollers, Motmots, Kingfishers, and Allies

Puffbirds, Jacamars, Toucans, Woodpeckers, and Allies

Falcons

Parrots

Passerine Birds

Priority Species List

Priority 1 Species Account

Updates

Red-cockaded Woodpecker

Cerulean Warbler

Henslow’s Sparrow

Priority 2 Species Account

Updates

Mottled Duck

Least Bittern

Reddish Egret

Golden Eagle

Yellow Rail

Black Rail

King Rail

Red Knot

Gull-billed Tern

Short-eared Owl

Southeastern American Kestrel

Loggerhead Shrike

Bachman’s Sparrow

Nelson’s Sparrow

Rusty Blackbird

Watchlist

References Cited

MAMMALS

Introduction

2012 Committee Members

Checklist

New World Opossums

Sirenians

Armadillos, Sloths, and Anteaters

Rodents

Rabbits, Hares, and Pikas

Insectivores

Bats

Carnivores

Even-toed Ungulates

Priority Species Account

Priority 1 Species Account

Updates

West Indian Manatee

Alabama Beach Mouse

Perdido Key Beach Mouse

Southeastern Myotis

Eastern Small-footed Myotis

Little Brown Myotis

Indiana Myotis

American Black Bear

Priority 2 Species Account

Updates

Smoky Shrew

Brazilian Free-tailed Bat

Watchlist

References Cited

Glossary of Terms

About the Editor

PREFACE

It does not take much exploration for one to easily discover the rich biodiversity that abounds in Alabama. With vast river and stream systems, varied geography and terrain, and a great range of habitat types with their associated flora and fauna, Alabama ranks as one of the most naturally diverse states in the nation. Determined to educate citizens and scientists to that wealth of life, the Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries (ADCNR-DWFF) has produced four previous volumes and now this fifth in the series entitled Alabama Wildlife. Volume 5 provides updates and new information regarding Alabama’s imperiled wildlife species and is the result of work that took place following the Third Alabama Nongame Wildlife Conference in 2012.

To fully understand this publication, one must put it in context with its predecessors. In 2002, ADCNR-DWFF held the Second Alabama Nongame Wildlife Conference where experts evaluated and prioritized Alabama’s vertebrate and some invertebrate taxa. The set of books that resulted, Volumes 1–4 (Mirarchi 2002), detailed the status of Alabama’s imperiled wildlife species at the time and provided specific management recommendations.

The 2002 conference and the four-volume book set played an important role in the formation of the Alabama State Wildlife Action Plan (SWAP). Each state in the nation is required to have a SWAP to be eligible for federal funds through the Wildlife Conservation Restoration Program and the State Wildlife Grant Program. The intent of the SWAP is to prevent a species of greatest conservation concern from later being listed as endangered or extinct by forewarning of its tenuous status.

One of the recommendations from the 2002 conference was that ADCNR-DWFF re-evaluate and update the status of Alabama’s taxa every eight to ten years (Mirarchi 2002). During July 21–23, 2012, therefore, more than 140 experts from the Southeast met at Auburn University for the Third Alabama Nongame Wildlife Conference to reassess and update the taxa prioritizations made in 2002. Changes include the addition of any new or rediscovered taxon, species priority designation changes, or taxonomic changes.

Alabama Wildlife, Volume 5, includes the proceedings from the Third Alabama Nongame Conference, 2012. This serves as the new basis for the revision to Alabama’s SWAP that was due in October 2015 and is now under review by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Species conservation status designations in this publication follow the same criteria as the 2002 conference. Those are:

Alabama Wildlife, Volume 5, is divided into six sections. Each section represents a taxa group from the 2002 conference (Freshwater Mussels and Snails, Fishes, Amphibians and Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals) with the addition of a new taxa group, Crayfishes. The beginning of each section includes the current taxonomic list for each group following the introduction, an overview that outlines advancements and setbacks made since the last conference, a summary of current species priority designations, and issues and/or concerns on the horizon.

All taxonomic classifications follow the most recently accepted guidelines for the respective scientific societies, unless otherwise noted. Latin names are a fundamental part of communication among biologists. These names are unique to each taxon in question, and those that pertain to animals are governed by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) that was first published in 1905 and has since been periodically updated. Recommendation 22A.1 of the ICZN strongly recommends that the date of publication and authorship of a given Latin name be cited at least once in each published work. Article 51.3 of the ICZN calls for use of parentheses around Latin names that have been moved out of the genus in which they were originally described. The science of systematics has progressed significantly since most taxa were described, the majority have been reassigned to other genera so have their authors and dates in parentheses, though occasional names remain in their original combinations and are without them. As such, what appears to be an editorial inconsistency is indeed an important piece of information to the taxonomist. A current list of each imperiled taxon assigned a priority designation (Extirpated, Extirpated/Conservation Action Underway, Priority 1, or Priority 2) immediately follows. Detailed species accounts are included only for newly added Priority 1 or 2 taxa and updated sections from the 2002 species accounts and/or specific management recommendations that required updates.

There is one exception. Crayfishes are a newly added taxa group and will follow the same format as Alabama Wildlife, Volume 2. After the complete taxonomic checklist, the crayfishes section contains a list of extinct species and a list of each imperiled taxon assigned a priority designation (Extirpated, Extirpated/Conservation Action Underway, Priority 1, or Priority 2), followed by detailed species accounts. Species accounts include a physical description (including photograph, when available), a distribution map, the habitat where it is found, key life history, ecological information, basis for its status classification, and specific conservation and management recommendations.

Our desire is that you continue to explore the marvelous wonders of Alabama the Beautiful and learn to value and respect these incredible and abundant natural resources that make Alabama so beautiful. I personally hope this updated addition to the Alabama Wildlife set is useful to those seeking to broaden their knowledge of Alabama’s vast wildlife resources and that future studies will result in the conservation of many of these imperiled species.

Ericha Shelton-Nix, Editor

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors and committee members who created, updated, and reviewed the content of this book deserve many thanks. The expertise shown in their respective fields was invaluable. Numerous individuals, organizations, and agencies whose names do not appear elsewhere in this publication deserve recognition for the planning, execution, and funding of the Third Nongame Conference and/or efforts that aided in the completion of this publication. They include: Director Charles F. Chuck Sykes, Chief W. Keith Gauldin, Mark Sasser, Steve Rider, and Andrew Nix, Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (ADCNR), Division of Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries; Ashley Peters, ADCNR, State Lands Division; Kim Nix, Brandon Berrey, and Billy Pope, ADCNR, Information and Education Section; Dr. Ralph E. Mirarchi; Mark Smith, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University (AU); Birmingham Audubon Society; The Nature Conservancy; Alabama Ornithological Society; Alabama Chapter of The Wildlife Society, AU Student Chapter of The Wildlife Society; Dr. Greg Jackson; Thomas Tarpley; Alabama Wildlife Federation; Carroll and Sybil Deschaines, in memory of their son Keith Deschaines; Weyerhaeuser; ADCNR, Division of Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries staff; and all Nongame Wildlife Conference participants.

FRESHWATER SNAILS (GASTROPODS) AND MUSSELS (BIVALVES)

INTRODUCTION

The previous assessment depicted Alabama’s freshwater mussel and snail diversity and high degree of endemism, highlighting its overall imperiled status. There has been little improvement with regard to rates of imperilment within these two groups and they remain among the most endangered on Earth. Their relatively sedentary habits, adaptation to clean free-flowing waters, and the linear nature of their habitats make them particularly vulnerable to the environmental abuses to which they have been subjected over the past two centuries. These abuses are well documented and numerous, most notably changes to the physical nature of the habitat itself in the form of river impoundment, dredging, and channelization, which have been exacerbated by pollution, sedimentation, exploitation, and introduction of invasive nonindigenous species.

As stated, imperilment rates remain high within the two subject groups. However, the reader will notice numerous changes in the actual species lists herein. These changes reflect a better understanding of species boundaries and distributions within our state than we had during the previous conference in 2002. Many of the changes are taxonomic in nature and are the products of advances in systematics using modern methods for genetic comparisons, as well as some detailed morphological work. Other changes to the list were derived from more thorough surveys of Alabama’s waters. Updating the mussel list was aided greatly by Williams et al. (2008), a comprehensive treatment that included historical mussel distributions determined from exhaustive surveys of collections in most major U.S. natural history museums and undertook a revision of sorts with regard to recognized species. The snail list was aided by Johnson et al. (2013), a recent conservation evaluation of the North American fauna as a whole. It updated the list provided by Turgeon et al. (1998), on which the previous Alabama snail assessment was based.

This freshwater snail assessment directly follows the taxonomy of Johnson et al. (2013), which includes distributional information, and the list herein was generated directly from it. This list includes 37 names that were not on the 2002 assessment, and 8 were included on the 2002 list but not this one. Some of those are simple cases of recognizing taxonomic priority for another name, but a total of 10 species have been described since Turgeon et al. (1998), none of which were included on the 2002 list. Other species were subsequently discovered to occur in Alabama, were simply overlooked during the previous assessment, or occur primarily in brackish water and so were omitted from the previous evaluation. Given these additions, the number of species recognized as historically occurring in Alabama has increased to 203.

There have been some changes in rates of imperilment within the snail fauna. The number of extirpated species remains unchanged at 4, but several of the 42 species previously considered extinct were subsequently rediscovered and the number now stands at 38. Of the 203 species now recognized from Alabama, 23 percent (46 spp.) are considered to be of high or highest conservation concern, compared to 16 percent (28 spp.) in the 2002 assessment. Those of moderate conservation concern currently account for 40 percent of the total (82 spp.), compared to the 41 percent (71 spp.) in 2002. The majority of those in this category were listed as such due to a dearth of information regarding their status. That leaves 17 percent (34 spp.) of species with low and lowest conservation concern, compared with the 17 percent (30 spp.) in the 2002 assessment.

The mussel list herein follows the taxonomy of Williams et al. (2008), updated slightly with taxonomic advances that have since transpired. As with the snails, the reader will notice quite a few differences between this and the 2002 list. Many of these are from generic reassignments and placement of names into synonymies of others. But, there have also been a few discoveries of species not previously recorded from Alabama and descriptions of three previously undescribed species. The number of currently recognized mussel species ever reported in Alabama stands at 182.

The plight of freshwater mussels remains grim, having changed little for the better since 2002, though direct comparison is difficult due to the number of taxonomic changes during the intervening period. The number of Alabama species now believed extinct has dropped from 27 in the previous assessment to 25 in this one. There have been several taxonomic changes that affected the extinct species list, but populations of three formerly considered extinct have been discovered, and one extinct species was subsequently described from archaeological material. The proportion of extirpated species remains unchanged since the previous assessment at 13 percent, though the actual count is one species higher, at 23. Of the 182 species currently recognized, 42 percent (76 spp.) are considered to be of high or highest conservation concern, up from 39 percent (68 spp.) in the previous assessment. Mussel species of moderate concern number far fewer than freshwater snails in that category because the mussel fauna is much better known, and those included in this category due to a dearth of information are few. As such, only 10 percent (19 spp.) are currently considered species of moderate conservation concern. This leaves only 21 percent (39 spp.) of low and lowest conservation concern, which is similar to the previous assessment.

The dire circumstances of Alabama’s freshwater mollusks are obvious and severe. Numerically there has been little improvement during the decade between this and the previous conservation assessment. However, there are reasons for optimism. The federal Clean Water and Endangered Species acts passed during the 1970s permitted some species that were probably on the brink of extinction to subsist, often in small isolated pockets of suitable habitat. More recent changes in attitude toward the importance of rivers, the organisms that inhabit them, and the ecological services that they provide have resulted in further steps being taken to ameliorate past declines. Active steps are now being taken to rehabilitate formerly abused habitats, restoring them to a state suitable for occupation by even critically imperiled sensitive species. Alabama’s Landowner Incentive Program in cooperation with other agencies and organizations has made considerable progress along these lines over the past decade. Larger entities, such as the Tennessee Valley Authority and Alabama Power Company, have taken actions to improve habitat downstream of some of their dams.

Habitat improvements are just the first step in recovery of our freshwater mollusks. Most critically imperiled species are now limited to small populations completely isolated from habitats that they could possibly colonize, separated by miles of inhospitable reservoir habitat. Fortunately, advances in mussel and snail propagation technology and techniques have reached a point that production of large numbers of many imperiled species is now commonplace. The Alabama Aquatic Biodiversity Center in Perry County is the largest such culture facility in the world, aimed at producing mussels and snails for conservation activities. Several species have already been reintroduced into formerly occupied habitats. The success of such efforts will be measured over decades, so the final outcome is still unclear. However, initial evaluations have shown great survival in the short term and there is every reason to believe that they will be ultimately successful and result in established reproducing populations, with each one making it a little less likely that the given species will be lost to extinction during this generation.

Jeff Garner

FRESHWATER SNAILS (GASTROPODS)

2012 COMMITTEE MEMBERS – FRESHWATER SNAILS (GASTROPODS)

¹, ² *Mr. Jeffrey T. Garner, Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, 350 County Road 275, Florence, AL 35633, Chairman

¹, ² *Dr. Paul Johnson, Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Alabama Aquatic Biodiversity Center, 2200 Highway 175, Marion, AL 36756, Chairman

¹, ² Dr. Arthur Bogan, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, 4301 Reedy Creek Road, Raleigh, NC 27067

¹ Mr. Robert Butler, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 160 Zillicoa St., Asheville, NC

¹, ² Mr. Paul Freeman, The Nature Conservancy of Alabama, 2100 First Avenue North, Suite 500, Birmingham, AL 35203

¹ Dr. Michael Gangloff, Appalachian State University, Box 32027, Boone, NC 28608

¹, ² Mr. Paul Hartfield, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 6578 Dogwood View Parkway, Jackson, MS 39213

² Dr. Lori Tolley-Jordan, Jacksonville State University, Biology Department, Jacksonville, AL 36265

¹ Mr. Stuart McGregor, Geological Survey of Alabama, 420 Hackberry Lane, Tuscaloosa, AL 35486

¹ Mr. John Moran, U.S. Forest Service, 1001 North Street (Highway 21 North), Talladega, AL 35160

¹ Ms. Sandra Pursifull, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1601 Balboa Avenue, Panama City, FL 32405

¹ Dr. Michael Stewart, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Troy University, Troy, AL 36082

¹ Dr. James Stoeckel, Auburn University, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn, AL 36849

² Dr. Nathan Whelan, University of Alabama, Department of Biological Sciences, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487

¹ Dr. James Williams, Florida Fish and Wildlife Commission, 920 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL 32653

---

*Denotes author

¹ Denotes member of Mussel Committee

² Denotes member of Gastropod Committee

FRESHWATER SNAILS (GASTROPODS) CHECKLIST

GASTROPODS

CLASS GASTROPODA

FRESHWATER SNAILS

SUBCLASS CAENOGASTROPODA

Apple Snails - Family Ampullariidae

Florida Applesnail Pomacea paludosa. Poorly known. Restricted to Gulf Coast drainages east of the Mobile River basin. Usually found in areas with little to moderate current. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

DUSKY PEBBLESNAILS

Dusky Pebblesnails - Family Amnicolidae

Mud Amnicola Amnicola limosa. Common and widespread. Found in tailwaters of Tennessee River dams and possibly in the Mobile Basin. Lowest Conservation Concern.

Squat Duskysnail Lyogyrus granum. Poorly known. The only known population is in Limestone Creek, Limestone County. This population may represent an undescribed species. Occurs in areas of slow to moderate current. May be especially dense in beds of water-willow. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

TRYONIA PEBBLESNAILS

Tryonia Pebblesnails - Family Cochliopidae

Cockscomb Hydrobe Littoridinops monroensis. Poorly known. Confined to Mobile Delta. Occurs primarily in brackish water. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Bantam Hydrobe Littoridinops palustris. Poorly known. Distribution within the state unknown. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Salt Spring Hydrobe Pseudotryonia grahamae. Rare. Endemic to Salt Spring, its run, and a short reach of Salt Creek, Tombigbee River drainage in Clarke County. HIGHEST CONSERVATION CONCERN.

PYRG PEBBLESNAILS

Pyrg Pebblesnails - Family Hydrobiidae

Globe Siltsnail Birgella subglobosa. Poorly known. Widespread, but distribution within state unknown. Found in muddy sand. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Midland Siltsnail Cincinnatia integra. Poorly known. Presumably restricted to Tennessee River drainage. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Watercress Snail Fontigens nickliniana. Rare. Known from only two Mobile Basin springs, Clear Springs in Black Warrior drainage, Blount County, and Tannehill Spring, Cahaba River drainage in Tuscaloosa County. HIGHEST CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Angled Marstonia Marstonia angulobasis. Locally common. Endemic to Paint Rock River, Jackson and Marshall counties. Usually occurs on bedrock and boulder-cobble substrates with at least moderate flow. HIGH CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Ghost Marstonia Marstonia arga. Common. Widespread in Tennessee River and tributaries across northern Alabama. Found primarily in submerged clumps of bryophytes and tree roots, usually adjacent to current; as well as submerged macrophytes in reservoirs. Lowest Conservation Concern.

Coosa Pyrg Marstonia hershleri. Poorly known. Known only from lower reaches of Coosa River, Elmore and possibly Coosa counties. Often found in submerged mats of tree roots along river margin. HIGH CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Olive Marstonia Marstonia olivacea. Extinct. Known only from Huntsville Spring branch, Madison County.

Armored Marstonia Marstonia pachyta. Rare, but may be locally common. Endemic to Limestone Creek system, Limestone County. Found primarily in submerged clumps of tree roots and bryophytes. Listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. HIGHEST CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Moss Pyrg Marstonia scalariformis. Rare, but locally common. Known to be extant in Flint River, Madison County; Piney and Round Island creeks in Limestone County; Cypress Creek, Lauderdale County; and Spring Creek, Colbert County. Populations in Cypress and Spring creeks show some slight conchological differences from those in the other streams. Found primarily in submerged clumps of tree roots and bryophytes, usually adjacent to current. HIGH CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Alligator Siltsnail Notogillia wetherbyi. Poorly known. Distribution within the state unknown. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Delta Hydrobe Probythinella emarginata. Poorly known. Distribution within the state unknown. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Teardrop Snail Rhapinema dacryon. Poorly known. Endemic to the Chipola River drainage, Houston County. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Sculpin Snail Stiobia nana. Rare. Endemic to Coldwater Spring Run, Calhoun County. HIGHEST CONSERVATION CONCERN.

RIVER PEBBLESNAILS

River Pebblesnails - Family Lithoglyphidae

Manitou Cavesnail Antrorbis breweri. Rare. Known only from its type locality, Manitou Cave, Fort Payne, DeKalb County. HIGHEST CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Cahaba Pebblesnail Clappia cahabensis. Locally common. Endemic to Cahaba River and lower Little Cahaba River. Found in shoal habitats, generally under rocks along margins. HIGH CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Umbilicate Pebblesnail Clappia umbilicata. Extinct. Endemic to Coosa River. Not reported since the river was impounded. Was restricted to shoal habitats.

Flat Pebblesnail Lepyrium showalteri. Rare. Historically widespread in Cahaba and Little Cahaba rivers and possibly occurred in Coosa River. Known to be extant; in relatively short reaches of Cahaba and Little Cahaba rivers, Bibb and Shelby counties. Restricted to shoal habitats. Listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. HIGHEST CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Golden Pebblesnail Somatogyrus aureus. Poorly known. Endemic to Tennessee River. Not reported since the river was impounded. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Angular Pebblesnail Somatogyrus biangulatus. Poorly known. Endemic to Tennessee River. Known only from Muscle Shoals. Not reported since the river was impounded. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Knotty Pebblesnail Somatogyrus constrictus. Poorly known. Endemic to Coosa River. Not reported since the river was impounded. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Coosa Pebblesnail Somatogyrus coosaensis. Poorly known. Endemic to Coosa River. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Stocky Pebblesnail Somatogyrus crassus. Poorly known. Endemic to Coosa River. Not reported since the river was impounded. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Tennessee Pebblesnail Somatogyrus currierianus. Poorly known. Endemic to Tennessee River drainage. Known only from Madison County. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Hidden Pebblesnail Somatogyrus decipiens. Poorly known. Endemic to Coosa River. Not reported since the river was impounded. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Ovate Pebblesnail Somatogyrus excavatus. Poorly known. Endemic to Tennessee River drainage. Known only from Shoal Creek, Lauderdale County. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Cherokee Pebblesnail Somatogyrus georgianus. Poorly known. Known from Alabama, Cahaba, and Tennessee rivers. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Fluted Pebblesnail Somatogyrus hendersoni. Poorly known. Endemic to Coosa River. Not reported since the river was impounded. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Granite Pebblesnail Somatogyrus hinkleyi. Poorly known. Endemic to Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers. Not reported since those rivers were impounded. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Atlas Pebblesnail Somatogyrus humerosus. Poorly known. Endemic to Tennessee River. Known only from Muscle Shoals. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Dwarf Pebblesnail Somatogyrus nanus. Poorly known. Endemic to Coosa River. Not reported since the river was impounded. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Moon Pebblesnail Somatogyrus obtusus. Poorly known. Endemic to Coosa River. Not reported since the river was impounded. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Tallapoosa Pebblesnail Somatogyrus pilsbryanus. Poorly known. Endemic to Tallapoosa River. Remains abundant at some localities. Found primarily in shoal habitats. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Compact Pebblesnail Somatogyrus pumilus. Poorly known. Reported from Black Warrior River and at least one Coosa River tributary. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Pygmy Pebblesnail Somatogyrus pygmaeus. Poorly known. Endemic to Coosa River. Not reported since the river was impounded. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Quadrate Pebblesnail Somatogyrus quadratus. Poorly known. Endemic to Tennessee River drainage. Known only from Muscle Shoals and adjacent Shoal Creek, Lauderdale County. Not reported since the river was impounded. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Mud Pebblesnail Somatogyrus sargenti. Poorly known. Endemic to Tennessee River tributaries. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Rolling Pebblesnail Somatogyrus strengi. Poorly known. Endemic to and formerly widespread in Tennessee River drainage. Not reported since the river was impounded. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Choctaw Pebblesnail Somatogyrus substriatus. Poorly known. Reported from widespread localities throughout Alabama. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Opaque Pebblesnail Somatogyrus tennesseensis. Poorly known. Reported only from Shoal Creek, Lauderdale County. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Gulf Coast Pebblesnail Somatogyrus walkerianus. Poorly known. Endemic to Conecuh River, Escambia County. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

FRESHWATER PERIWINKLES

Freshwater Periwinkles - Family Pleuroceridae

Anthony Riversnail Athearnia anthonyi. Rare. Endemic to Tennessee River drainage. Historically found in Tennessee River from Muscle Shoals to Knoxville and in lower reaches of large tributaries. Now restricted to a short reach of Tennessee River in Jackson County and in lower Limestone Creek, Limestone County. Limited reproduction has been observed in a reintroduced population in Tennessee River downstream of Wilson Dam. Found in lotic habitats. Listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. HIGHEST CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Acute Elimia Elimia acuta. Special concern. Endemic to Tennessee River tributaries in north-central Alabama. Usually found in lotic habitats. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Mud Elimia Elimia alabamensis. Poorly known. Endemic to middle reaches of Coosa River and adjacent tributaries. Usually found in lotic habitats. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Black-crest Elimia Elimia albanyensis. Poorly known. Apparently endemic to Apalachicola Basin. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Ample Elimia Elimia ampla. Uncommon. Endemic to Cahaba River, Bibb and Shelby counties. Usually found in lotic habitats. HIGH CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Rainbow Elimia Elimia annae. Poorly known. Restricted to Patsaliga Creek and some headwater tributaries of Sepulga River, Escambia River drainage. Usually found on sand and gravel substrates in moderate current. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Lilyshoals Elimia Elimia annettae. Uncommon. Endemic to Cahaba River, Bibb County. Usually found adjacent to lotic habitats. HIGH CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Princess Elimia Elimia bellacrenata. Rare. Endemic to Cahaba River tributaries. Currently known only from springs in Ebenezer Swamp, Shelby County. HIGHEST CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Walnut Elimia Elimia bellula. Poorly known. Endemic to middle reaches of Coosa River and Yellowleaf and Choccolocco creeks. Usually found in lotic habitats. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Flaxen Elimia Elimia boykiniana. Uncommon. Endemic to Apalachicola Basin. Found in isolated reaches of Chattahoochee River. HIGH CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Short-spire Elimia Elimia brevis. Extinct. Endemic to middle and lower reaches of Coosa River. Not reported since the river was impounded. Was restricted to shoal habitats.

Brooch Elimia Elimia broccata. Locally common. Endemic to Coldwater Spring and its run, Calhoun County. HIGHEST CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Iris Elimia Elimia buffyae. Poorly known. Reported to occur in Choctawhatchee and Yellow rivers, as well as Big and Cowarts creeks of the Chipola River drainage in Houston County. Found on rock, gravel, and sand substrates in moderate current. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Yellowleaf Elimia Elimia bullula. Poorly known. Historically in Coosa River from Cherokee to Coosa counties and some tributaries of that reach. Most common in areas with at least moderate current, also found in sluggish margins and impounded lower reaches of some tributaries. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Cahaba Elimia Elimia cahawbensis. Common. Endemic to Mobile Basin. Widespread in upper Cahaba and Black Warrior River drainages and a few Coosa River tributaries. Usually found in or adjacent to flowing water. Low Conservation Concern.

Spindle Elimia Elimia capillaris. Extinct. Endemic to Coosa River. Historically found from the headwaters downstream to Coosa County. Not reported since the river was impounded. Was restricted to shoal habitats.

Sharp-crest Elimia Elimia carinifera. Common. Generally restricted to Mobile Basin, but also occurs in a few Tennessee River tributaries adjacent to the upper Coosa River drainage. Widespread in streams above the Fall Line in the Black Warrior, Cahaba, and Coosa river drainages. Found primarily in springs and streams, but occasionally in rivers. Usually in lotic habitats. Lowest Conservation Concern.

Fluted Elimia Elimia carinocostata. Common. Endemic to Mobile Basin. Found in tributaries of Black Warrior and Coosa rivers and in upper Cahaba River drainage. Usually found in lotic habitats. Low Conservation Concern.

Lirate Elimia Elimia catenoides. Poorly known. Found in Chattahoochee River, generally in water with at least moderate current. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Prune Elimia Elimia chiltonensis. Poorly known. Endemic to Coosa River tributaries. Usually found in lotic habitats. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Riffle Elimia Elimia clara. Common. Endemic to Cahaba River drainage above the Fall Line. Usually found in lotic habitats. Low Conservation Concern.

Closed Elimia Elimia clausa. Extinct. Endemic to Coosa River in St. Clair County. Not reported since the river was impounded. Was restricted to shoal habitat.

Slackwater Elimia Elimia clenchi. Special concern. Endemic to Gulf Coast area. Found in tributaries of Choctawhatchee, Chipola, and Conecuh rivers. Usually found in habitats with at least some current. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Cockle Elimia Elimia cochliaris. Rare. Endemic to tributaries of Little Cahaba River. Known to be extant in only two springs. Apparently restricted to springs and spring branches. HIGHEST CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Hispid Elimia Elimia comma. Special concern. Endemic to Black Warrior River drainage in Blount and Jefferson counties. Found in springs and small streams. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Lacy Elimia Elimia crenatella. Rare but locally common. Endemic to Coosa River drainage. Historically found in Coosa River and tributaries from St. Clair to Talladega counties. Known to be extant only in Cheaha Creek, Talladega County. Usually found in lotic habitats. Listed as threatened by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. HIGHEST CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Graphite Elimia Elimia curvicostata. Locally common. Restricted to Choctawhatchee River drainage and Apalachicola Basin. Usually found in slow to moderate current on gravel and sand substrates. Low Conservation Concern.

Cylinder Elimia Elimia cylindracea. Special concern. Endemic to western reaches of Mobile Basin. Widespread in Tombigbee River drainage. Usually found in areas with at least some current. Often locally common on rock ledges. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Stately Elimia Elimia dickinsoni. Poorly known. Restricted to Choctawhatchee and Chipola river drainages. Locally common in Big and Cowarts creeks, Houston County. Choctawhatchee drainage populations currently unknown. Generally found in water with slow to moderate current on gravel and sand substrates. HIGH CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Fire Elimia Elimia exusta. Uncommon. Known only from Burnt Corn Creek, Conecuh and Escambia counties. Found primarily on soft sediments in shallow backwater areas. HIGH CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Banded Elimia Elimia fascians. Poorly known. Endemic to Coosa River tributaries from Calhoun to Coosa counties. Usually found in lotic habitats. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Yellow Elimia Elimia flava. Common. Endemic to Tallapoosa River drainage. Found in both lotic and lentic habitats. Low Conservation Concern.

Fusiform Elimia Elimia fusiformis. Extinct. Endemic to Coosa River from Shelby to Elmore counties. Not reported since the river was impounded. Was restricted to shoal habitats.

Shouldered Elimia Elimia gibbera. Extinct. Endemic to Coosa River in St. Clair County. Not reported since the river was impounded. Was restricted to shoal habitats.

Gravel Elimia Elimia glarea. Poorly known. Found in springs and small streams tributary to Choctawhatchee and Pea rivers. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Rusty Elimia Elimia godwini. Poorly known. Known only from the Coosa River drainage in Calhoun and Talladega counties. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

High-spired Elimia Elimia hartmaniana. Extinct. Endemic to Coosa River from St. Clair to Elmore counties. Not reported since the river was impounded. Was restricted to shoal habitats.

Silt Elimia Elimia haysiana. Common. Endemic to lower Coosa River. Usually found in lotic habitats. Low Conservation Concern.

Gladiator Elimia Elimia hydei. Special concern. Endemic to Black Warrior River drainage. Occurs in medium streams to large rivers, usually in areas with at least some current. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Constricted Elimia Elimia impressa. Extinct. Endemic to Coosa River from St. Clair to Coosa counties. Not reported since the river was impounded. Was restricted to shoal habitat.

Slowwater Elimia Elimia interveniens. Special concern. Endemic to Tennessee River drainage. Found in lower reaches of tributaries in northern Alabama, primarily in lotic habitats. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Hearty Elimia Elimia jonesi. Extinct. Endemic to Coosa River from St. Clair to Chilton counties. Not reported since the river was impounded. Was restricted to shoal habitats.

Teardrop Elimia Elimia lachryma. Rare. Endemic to Coosa River from Etowah to Talladega counties. Formerly believed extinct but rediscovered in Logan Martin Dam tailwaters. Restricted to riverine habitats. HIGHEST CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Ribbed Elimia Elimia laeta. Extinct. Endemic to Coosa River from Cherokee to Elmore counties. Not reported since the river was impounded. Was restricted to shoal habitats.

Panel Elimia Elimia laqueata. Special concern. Endemic to Tennessee River drainage. Apparently restricted to Elk River system and adjacent Tennessee River. Found primarily in lotic habitats. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Rippled Elimia Elimia lecontiana. Poorly known. Endemic to upper and middle reaches of Coosa River drainage. Species boundaries uncertain. Occurs on rocky substrates in areas with at least moderate current. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Wrinkled Elimia Elimia macglameriana. Extinct. Endemic to Coosa River from its headwaters to St. Clair County. Not reported since the river was impounded. Was restricted to shoal habitat.

Black Mudalia Elimia melanoides. Locally common. Endemic to upper Black Warrior River drainage. Restricted to lotic habitats. HIGH CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Latticed Elimia Elimia mihalcikae. Locally common. Endemic to Coldwater Spring Run, Calhoun County. Occurs on gravel and cobble in flowing water. HIGHEST CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Coldwater Elimia Elimia modesta. Locally common. Widely distributed in Coosa River tributaries. Generally found on hard substrates in areas with at least moderate current. Low Conservation Concern.

Round-ribbed Elimia Elimia nassula. Rare. Endemic to Tennessee River drainage in northern Alabama. Found only in spring and spring-run habitats. HIGHEST CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Caper Elimia Elimia olivula. Special concern. Endemic to Mobile Basin. Found in Alabama and Cahaba rivers downstream of the Fall Line. Primarily found in areas with at least some current. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Sooty Elimia Elimia paupercula. Special concern. Endemic to Tennessee River tributaries. Found across northern Alabama. Usually in springs and headwaters. May be a species complex and represent headwater forms of several species. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Engraved Elimia Elimia perstriata. Rare. Endemic to a small area of the Tennessee River drainage in north-central Alabama. Extant only in a few streams in Madison and Lawrence counties. Found in lotic habitats of small to medium streams. HIGHEST CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Rough-lined Elimia Elimia pilsbryi. Extinct. Endemic to Coosa River, Talladega to Chilton counties. Not reported since the river was impounded. Was restricted to shoal habitats.

Pupa Elimia Elimia pupaeformis. Extinct. Endemic to Coosa River from St. Clair to Elmore counties. Not reported since the river was impounded. Was restricted to shoal habitats.

Bot Elimia Elimia pupoidea. Extinct. Endemic to Mobile Basin. Known from Cahaba and Black Warrior river drainages and Alabama River near the mouth of the Cahaba River. Was found primarily in lotic habitats.

Spring Elimia Elimia pybasi. Poorly known. Endemic to Tennessee River drainage of northern Alabama. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Pygmy Elimia Elimia pygmaea. Extinct. Endemic to Coosa River, Talladega County. Not reported since the river was impounded. Was restricted to shoal habitats.

Compact Elimia Elimia showalteri. Poorly known. Endemic to Cahaba River. Found primarily in lotic habitats. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Dented Elimia Elimia taitiana. Poorly known. Endemic to south-central Alabama. Occurs in Mobile Basin streams in Sumter, Marengo, Monroe, and Wilcox counties. A disjunct population exists in Sepulga River, Escambia River drainage. Usually found in water with at least some current. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Auger Elimia Elimia teretria. Locally common. Endemic to Coldwater Spring Run, Calhoun County. Found on gravel substrates. HIGHEST CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Creek Elimia Elimia ucheensis. Poorly known. Apparently confined to Uchee Creek system, Chattahoochee River drainage, Lee and Russell counties. It occurs on a variety of substrates ranging from silt to rocks and logs. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Cobble Elimia Elimia vanuxemiana. Rare. Endemic to middle and lower reaches of Coosa River and a few tributaries. Previously believed extinct but recently rediscovered in Logan Martin Dam tailwaters, Talladega County. Occurs on rocky substrates in riverine habitat. HIGHEST CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Puzzle Elimia Elimia varians. Uncommon. Endemic to Cahaba River drainage. Found primarily in lotic habitats. HIGH CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Squat Elimia Elimia variata. Uncommon. Endemic to Cahaba River drainage. Found primarily in lotic habitats. HIGH CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Slough Elimia Elimia viennaensis. Poorly known. Endemic to Apalachicola Basin. Restricted to Uchee Creek, Russell County. Usually found in lotic habitats. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Excised Slitshell Gyrotoma excisa. Extinct. Endemic to Coosa River. Historically found in shoals from St. Clair to Elmore counties. Not reported since the river was impounded. Was restricted to shoal habitats.

Striate Slitshell Gyrotoma lewisii. Extinct. Endemic to Coosa River. Historically found in shoals of Talladega and Shelby counties. Not reported since the river was impounded. Was restricted to shoal habitats.

Pagoda Slitshell Gyrotoma pagoda. Extinct. Endemic to Coosa River. Historically found in shoals from Chilton to Elmore counties. Not reported since the river was impounded. Was restricted to shoal habitats.

Ribbed Slitshell Gyrotoma pumila. Extinct. Endemic to Coosa River. Historically found in shoals from Shelby to Elmore counties. Not reported since the river was impounded. Was restricted to shoal habitats.

Pyramid Slitshell Gyrotoma pyramidata. Extinct. Endemic to Coosa River. Historically found in shoals of St. Clair and Shelby counties. Not reported since the river was impounded. Was restricted to shoal habitats.

Round Slitshell Gyrotoma walkeri. Extinct. Endemic to Coosa River. Historically found in shoals from Shelby to Coosa counties. Not reported since the river was impounded. Was restricted to shoal habitats.

Spiny Riversnail Io fluvialis. Extirpated. Endemic to Tennessee River drainage. Historically occurred downstream to Muscle Shoals. Not reported since the river was impounded. Found only in lotic habitats.

Round Rocksnail Leptoxis ampla. Uncommon. Endemic to Mobile Basin. Historically found in Cahaba River drainage and tributaries above the Fall Line. Found in lotic habitats. Listed as threatened by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. HIGH CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Agate Rocksnail Leptoxis clipeata. Extinct. Endemic to the middle reaches of Coosa River. Not reported since the river was impounded. Was restricted to shoal habitats.

Oblong Rocksnail Leptoxis compacta. Rare. Endemic to Cahaba River. Known to be extant only in the vicinity of the Shades Creek confluence. Occurs in shoal habitat. HIGHEST CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Interrupted Rocksnail Leptoxis foremani. Extirpated. Endemic to Coosa River drainage, including headwater tributaries. Apparently extant only in Oostanaula River, Georgia. Restricted to shoal habitats. Has potential for reintroduction. CONSERVATION ACTION UNDERWAY.

Maiden Rocksnail Leptoxis formosa. Extinct. Endemic to upper and middle reaches of Coosa River; also occurred in some tributaries. Not reported since the river was impounded. Was restricted to shoal habitats.

Rotund Rocksnail Leptoxis ligata. Extinct. Endemic to middle and lower reaches of Coosa River. Not reported since the river was impounded. Was restricted to shoal habitats.

Lirate Rocksnail Leptoxis lirata. Extinct. Endemic to middle reaches of Coosa River. Not reported since the river was impounded. Was restricted to shoal habitats.

Knob Mudalia Leptoxis minor. Extinct. Endemic to Tennessee River at Muscle Shoals. Not reported since the river was impounded. Occurred in shoal habitats.

Bigmouth Rocksnail Leptoxis occultata. Extinct. Endemic to middle reaches of Coosa River. Not reported since the river was impounded. Was restricted to shoal habitats.

Spotted Rocksnail Leptoxis picta. Uncommon. Endemic to Alabama River. Extant in riverine reaches downstream of Claiborne, Millers Ferry, and Jones Bluff dams. Restricted to lotic habitats. HIGH CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Plicate Rocksnail Leptoxis plicata. Rare. Endemic to Black Warrior River drainage and adjacent Tombigbee River. Known to be extant in middle reaches of Locust Fork, Jefferson and Blount counties. Restricted to lotic habitats. Listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. HIGHEST CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Onyx Rocksnail Leptoxis praerosa. Common. Widespread in Tennessee River drainage of northern Alabama, upstream to Flint River system. Restricted to shoal habitats. Lowest Conservation Concern.

Coosa Rocksnail Leptoxis showalteri. Extinct. Endemic to middle reaches of Coosa River. Not reported since the river was impounded. Was restricted to shoal habitats.

Painted Rocksnail Leptoxis taeniata. Uncommon. Endemic to Coosa River drainage. Extant in lower reaches of Choccolocco, Buxahatchee, and Ohatchee creeks, Shelby, Calhoun, and Talladega counties. A small population also exists in Coosa River proper downstream of Logan Martin Dam. Found primarily in lotic habitats. Listed as threatened by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. HIGH CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Squat Rocksnail Leptoxis torrefacta. Extinct. Endemic to Coosa River. Not reported since the river was impounded. Was restricted to shoal habitats.

Smooth Mudalia Leptoxis virgata. Extirpated. Endemic to Tennessee River drainage. Occurred from the Paint Rock River system upstream. Restricted to shoal habitats. Low Conservation Concern.

Striped Rocksnail Leptoxis vittata. Extinct. Endemic to middle and lower reaches of Coosa River. Not reported since the river was impounded. Was restricted to shoal habitats.

Armored Rocksnail Lithasia armigera. Special concern. Restricted to Tennessee. Extant in Wilson Dam tailwaters. HIGH CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Knobby Rocksnail Lithasia curta. Extirpated. Endemic to Tennessee River. Limited to lotic habitats.

Ornate Rocksnail Lithasia geniculata. Poorly known. Possibly restricted to Tennessee River proper in Colbert and Lauderdale counties. Species boundaries unclear, may not occur in Alabama. Occurs on rocky substrates in reaches with at least moderate current. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Warty Rocksnail Lithasia lima. Special concern. Some taxonomic questions regarding this form. Endemic to Tennessee River drainage. Extant in Bear Creek in Colbert and Franklin counties, and Sugar Creek and Elk River in Limestone County. Found only in lotic habitats. HIGH CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Muddy Rocksnail Lithasia salebrosa. Special concern. Endemic to Tennessee River drainage. Restricted to Wilson Dam tailwaters, Colbert and Lauderdale counties. Found only in lotic habitats. HIGH CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Varicose Rocksnail Lithasia verrucosa. Common. Found in Tennessee River across northern Alabama. Extant in tailwaters of Wilson, Wheeler, Guntersville, and Nickajack dams. Restricted to lotic habitats. Low Conservation Concern.

Rugged Hornsnail Pleurocera alveare. Uncommon. Found in Tennessee River in tailwaters of Wilson, Wheeler, and possibly Guntersville dams. Also found in the Elk and Paint Rock rivers in Limestone and Jackson counties. Found primarily in lotic habitats. HIGH CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Ringed Hornsnail Pleurocera annulifera. Common. Endemic to and widespread in Black Warrior River drainage. Found in both lotic and lentic habitats. Low Conservation Concern.

Spiral Hornsnail Pleurocera brumbyi. Special concern. Endemic to tributaries of Tennessee River in northern Alabama. Found in both lentic and lotic habitats. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Silty Hornsnail Pleurocera canaliculata. Abundant. Restricted to Tennessee River drainage. Found throughout. High variability with regard to shell morphology may indicate a species complex. Found in a variety of habitats. Lowest Conservation Concern.

Corpulent Hornsnail Pleurocera corpulenta. Rare. Endemic to Tennessee River. Historically found across northern Alabama. Known to be extant only in upper Guntersville Reservoir, Jackson County. Found only in lotic habitats. HIGHEST CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Shortspire Hornsnail Pleurocera curta. Poorly known. Endemic to Tennessee River drainage. Historically reported from across northern Alabama. Not reported in several years. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Rough Hornsnail Pleurocera foremani. Rare. Endemic to middle and lower reaches of Coosa River. Extant in lower Yellowleaf Creek, Shelby County, and Coosa River at Wetumpka, Elmore County. Found primarily in areas with little current on soft sediments or gravel and is silt tolerant. Listed as threatened by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. HIGHEST CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Noble Hornsnail Pleurocera nobilis. Poorly known. Endemic to Tennessee River drainage. Known from Jackson County downstream to Madison County. Found in a variety of habitats. Appears to intergrade with P. canaliculatum. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Broken Hornsnail Pleurocera postelli. Poorly known. Endemic to Tennessee River drainage in northwestern Alabama. Taxonomic status uncertain. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Smooth Hornsnail Pleurocera prasinata. Common. Endemic to Mobile Basin. Found in Alabama River, and in lower Coosa and Cahaba rivers. Found in a variety of habitats. Low Conservation Concern.

Skirted Hornsnail Pleurocera pyrenella. Special concern. Endemic to a small area of Tennessee River drainage in north-central Alabama. Found in both lentic and lotic habitats. HIGH CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Upland Hornsnail Pleurocera showalteri. Special concern. Endemic to upper Coosa River. Usually found in areas with at least some current. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Striate Hornsnail Pleurocera striata. Locally common. Endemic to tributaries in the middle reach of Tennessee River, Colbert and Lawrence counties. Usually found in areas with at least moderate current on rocky substrates, but also occurs in marginal silty and sandy areas. HIGH CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Sulcate Hornsnail Pleurocera trochiformis. Poorly known. Endemic to Tennessee River drainage and reported from across northern Alabama. Found in a variety of habitats. Taxonomic status uncertain. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Brook Hornsnail Pleurocera vestita. Special concern. Endemic to Mobile Basin. Known from tributaries of Coosa and Alabama rivers. Usually found in lotic habitats. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Telescope Hornsnail Pleurocera walkeri. Special concern. Endemic to Tennessee River drainage. Extant in several tributaries in northwestern Alabama. Usually found in lotic habitats. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

AMPHIBIOUS WALKERS

Amphibious Walkers - Family Pomatiopsidae

Tennessee River Walker Pomatiopsis hinkleyi. Extinct. Historically in a spring at Muscle Shoals. Not collected since impoundment of the Tennessee River. Taxonomic status uncertain.

Slender Walker Pomatiopsis lapidaria. Common. Widespread in springs of Tennessee River drainage. Often found on wet rocks adjacent to springs. Lowest Conservation Concern.

MYSTERY SNAILS

Mystery Snails - Family Viviparidae

Slender Campeloma Campeloma decampi. Rare. Endemic to small region of Tennessee River drainage in north Alabama. Extant in Limestone, Piney, Beaverdam, and Round Island creeks, Limestone County, and Cypress Creek in Lauderdale County. Occurs both in gravel and soft sediments in slow to moderate current. Listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. HIGHEST CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Pointed Campeloma Campeloma decisum. Fairly common. Widespread in Tennessee River drainage. Found primarily in soft sediments in slow to moderate current. Lowest Conservation Concern.

Ovate Campeloma Campeloma geniculum. Poorly known. Endemic to Gulf Coast drainages. Found primarily in soft sediments in slow to moderate current. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Maiden Campeloma Campeloma parthenum. Poorly known. Occurs in Gulf Coast drainages. Taxonomic validity questionable. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Cylinder Campeloma Campeloma regulare. Common. Endemic to Mobile Basin. Found primarily in soft sediments in slow to moderate current. Low Conservation Concern.

Cylindrical Lioplax Lioplax cyclostomaformis. Rare. Endemic to Mobile Basin. Historically found throughout the basin in Alabama. Known to be extant in a short reach of Cahaba River. Generally found in soft sediments under boulders in shoal habitats. Listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. HIGHEST CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Choctaw Lioplax Lioplax pilsbryi. Poorly known. Restricted to some Gulf Coast drainages. Found primarily in soft sediments in slow to moderate current. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Furrowed Lioplax Lioplax sulculosa. Poorly known. Restricted to Tennessee River. Found primarily in soft sediments in slow to moderate current. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Tulotoma Tulotoma magnifica. Rare, locally common. Endemic to Mobile Basin. Historically occurred from Coosa River in St. Clair County to Alabama River in Monroe County. Known to be extant in Jordan and Logan Martin Dam tailwaters in Coosa River, six small and isolated populations in Alabama River, and seven Coosa River tributaries. Generally occurs under cobble and boulders in shoal habitats. Listed as threatened by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. HIGH CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Banded Mystery Snail Viviparus georgianus. Common. Presumably found in streams throughout Alabama. Apparently more common in Tennessee River drainage. Found primarily in soft sediments and detritus in slow current. Lowest Conservation Concern.

Rotund Mystery Snail Viviparus intertextus. Poorly known. Found primarily in Mobile Delta. Occurs in soft sediments. MODERATE CONSERVATION CONCERN.

Olive Mystery Snail Viviparus subpurpureus. Common. Occurs in large-river habitats