Atlas of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

By Ali Akbar Velayati and Parissa Farnia

Atlas of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis reveals in-depth information about mycobacterium tuberculosis which has never before been reported. Using atomic force microscopy (AFM), the in-depth phenotypic interaction that occurs in different stages of the tuberculosis lifecycle is illustrated, including resting, exponential, and dormant states.

Coverage also includes the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of mycobacterium, including pigmentation, morphology of colonies, size and shape, and the phenotypic changes from susceptible to resistant, all shown with images from electronic and atomic force microscopes.

This book will open a new window into the results of molecular changes at the cellular level, guiding researchers and scientists to think in new ways about the area of cell wall and the reproductive and drug resistance phenomena surrounding tuberculosis.

• Identifies the different stages and morphological aspects of mycobacterium tuberculosis with the use of new microscopy techniques
• Includes never-before-seen photographs from the personal collection and scientific achievement of the authors
• Outlines the nature of the lifecycle of mycobacterium tuberculosis in relation to adaptation in humans

• Language: English
• Publisher: Academic Press
• Release date: Sep 30, 2016
• ISBN: 9780128038802

Ali Akbar Velayati

Dr. Velayati is the Director of National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD) at the Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. He is a Full Professor of Pediatric Infectious Disease and he has guided more than 300 MD and PhD students. He is the Head of Mycobacteriology Research Center in NRITLD, where he directly monitors the basic and clinical trial on tuberculosis. Dr. Velayati is President of the Asian African Society of Mycobacteriology and Chief Editor of the International Journal of Mycobacteriology. He is also the Chief Editor of the Journal of Preventive, Diagnostic and Treatment Strategies in Medicine and the Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal.

Book preview

Atlas of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Ali Akbar Velayati

Parissa Farnia

Mycobacteriology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

Dedication

Preface

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1. The Species Concept

Classification of Mycobacterium

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex

Chapter 2. Microscopic Anatomy of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Chapter 3. Diversity in Cell Shape of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Chapter 4. Cell Division in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Chapter 5. Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Chapter 6. Latency in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

References

Index

Copyright

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Notices

Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.

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ISBN: 978-0-12-803808-6

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Dedication

This book is dedicated to Our family who encourage and cheer our work with affection and love.

We also dedicate this book with our deepest gratitude and warmest affection to our best scientific collaborator Professor Gennady Konstantinovich Zhavnerko (Belarus) who has been a constant source of knowledge and inspiration.

Preface

Atlas of Mycobacterium tuberculosis reveals the in-depth formation of M. tuberculosis, describes the ultrastructure of M. tuberculosis in the in vitro condition, and underlines how this bacterium structure relates to its function. The book was designed to combine the clarity of an atlas with the perspective of up-to date knowledge of M. tuberculosis. An atlas format is maintained throughout the book, with electronic or atomic micrographs on top of the pages with corresponding text below for all chapters except "Chapter 1, The Species Concept." The electronic and atomic micrographs used in this book represent the extensive works of authors performed during the years 2000–2013. However, to explain each picture, authors have used the current and primary sources of literature. For researchers interested in exploring beyond the information provided in the sections, we have included a list of references at the end of the book. Those researchers who work with M. tuberculosis understand very well how difficult is to work with M. tuberculosis. We hope this book can provide a broad foundation of knowledge in the tubercle bacilli that are considered a serious health problem throughout the world. Lastly, we would appreciate hearing from readers of our book about the ways they find it useful and the ways it could be improved.

Acknowledgments

Our special thanks go to Professor G.K. Zhavnerko (Belarus) and Mr. H. Oi Kuan (Malaysia) who helped us to assemble the original electron and atomic micrographs in 2008, 2009, 2011, and 2012. The initial collection of such micrographs led to development of this book. We are indebted to Professor J.D. Ghanavi (Iran) and Dr. P.O. Farnia (Iran) for designing and evaluating the experimental setup at different stages of cell growth. Understanding of the basic science of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was only possible through scientific collaboration with scientists in this field. Therefore we greatly appreciate the sincere support and suggestions of the following: Professor M. Bose (India), Professor F. Mohammadi (Iran), Professor M.R. Masjedi (Iran), Professor V. Vincent (France), Professor A.Z. Zarifi (Iran), Dr. C. Gutierrez (France), Dr. P. Tabarsi (Iran), Dr. M. Marjani (Iran), Dr. A. Moniri (Iran), Dr. M. Pourabdollah (Iran), Dr. M. Varahram (Iran), Dr. A.M. Farahbod (Iran), Professor M. Bahadori (Iran), Professor S.J. Tabatabaei (Iran), Dr. E. Mortaz (Iran), Dr. H. Jamaati (Iran), Dr. M. Kazempour Dizaji (Iran), Dr. A. Bahrami (Iran), Professor T. Azmi Ibrahim (Malaysia), Mr. R.Z. Haroun (Malaysia), Professor N.N. Poleschuyk (Belarus), Professor L. Ttitov (Belarus), Professor G. Fada (Italy), Professor M. Ridell (Sweden), Professor L. Olof Larsson (Sweden), Professor D.M. Cirillo (Italy), Dr. L. Rubanik (Belarus), Dr. M. Arjomandzadegan (Iran), Dr. A. Astashonok (Belarus), Miss. R. Abdi (Iran), Dr. M. Mirsaeidi (United States), Dr. E.M. Ashlee (United States), Professor G.H. Cassell (United States), and Professor S. Hoffner (Sweden). We also thank the laboratory staff at the Mycobacteriology Research Center (Iran).

Chapter 1

The Species Concept

Abstract

This chapter briefly reviews the taxonomy and nomenclature in Mycobacterium. Ideally, taxonomy is the scientific way or process to group different living things together. There are three distinct aspects of taxonomy: classification, nomenclature, and identification. Classification is the arrangement of organisms into related groups. Nomenclature is the naming of the populations defined and delineated by the rules of the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (ICNB). Identification is the assigning of an unknown strain to a particular taxonomic group. The basic unit in taxonomy is the species. In practice a species is an abstraction that refers to a collection of strains that share many characteristics. In general, a species is an easily recognizable taxon based upon distinctive morphological and physiological characteristics that are described qualitatively rather than quantitatively.

Keywords

Classification; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex; Taxonomy

Mycobacteria represent a very ancient genus of bacteria (Bates and Stead, 1993; Benedek, 2004; Donoghue et al., 2004; Taylor et al., 2005). They have been around for millions of years and have been adapted to nearly every environment on the Earth (ie, water, soil, dust, and air; Falkinham, 1996, 2002, 2009, 2010; Whiley et al., 2012; Collins et al., 1984; Nassal et al., 1974; Papapetropoulou et al., 1997; Hruska and Kaevska, 2012; Ghodbane et al., 2014). Their antiquity and their great age were supported by valuable evidence collected from the study of mummified ibises and cats from Egyptian tombs (Konomi et al., 2002; Daniel, 2006). The genus Mycobacterium encompasses several medically important species that cause chronic pulmonary and nonpulmonary diseases (Barksdale and