Mythos

By Terran Church

The Book of Mythos reconstructs the prehistory of humanity by comparing the myths and histories of the Sumerians, Egyptians, Indians, Aryans, Greeks, Chinese, and Mayans with recent discoveries in Genetics, Paleoclimatology, and Archaeology. Recent findings in genetic research and discoveries of archaic humans analogically support the ancient Sumerian and Aryan mytho-history of modern humanity being made from archaic humanity by amphibious creatures from the sky. The ancient Aryan Rigveda called the home of these creatures Svarga; a collection of worlds orbiting another star in the direction of Capricorn. The Ultima Ratio's conclusion, that humanity was created as a slave species is disturbing, but not as disturbing as the thought that we may still be a slave species.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Terran Church
• Release date: Jan 7, 2016
• ISBN: 9781310483677

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Ultima Ratio

Mythos

2015 Edition

Copyright 2015 Terran Church

Published by the Terran Church at at Smashwords

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Contents

Mythos 1

Mythos 2

Mythos 3

Mythos 4

Mythos 5

Mythos 6

Mythos 7

Mythos 8

Mythos 9

Mythos 10

Mythos 11

Mythos 12

Mythos 13

Mythos 14

Mythos 15

Mythos 16

Mythos 17

Mythos 18

Mythos 19

Mythos 20

Mythos 21

Mythos 22

Mythos 23

Mythos 24

Mythos 25

Mythos 26

Mythos 27

Mythos 28

Mythos 29

Mythos 30

Mythos 31

Mythos 32

Mythos 33

Mythos 34

Mythos 35

Mythos 36

Mythos 37

Mythos 38

Mythos 39

Mythos 40

Mythos 41

Mythos 42

Mythos 43

Mythos 44

Mythos 45

Mythos 46

Mythos 47

Mythos 48

Mythos 49

Mythos 50

Mythos 51

Mythos 52

Mythos 53

Mythos 54

Mythos 55

Mythos 56

Mythos 57

Mythos 58

Mythos 59

Mythos 60

Mythos 61

Mythos 62

Mythos 63

Mythos 64

Mythos 65

Mythos 66

Mythos 67

Mythos 68

Mythos 69

Mythos 70

Mythos 71

Mythos 72

Mythos 73

Mythos 74

Mythos 75

Mythos 76

Mythos 77

Mythos 78

Mythos 79

Mythos 80

References

Mythos 1

Human civilization is a product of at least 5 million years of Hominid and Human ingenuity. Hominids were using spears since as long ago as 5 million years,(1) and fire at least 1 million years.(2) Modern and Archaic Humans were cooking food at least 250,000 years ago,(3) and have used cosmetics for at least 100,000 years.(4) Our ancestors were building furniture for at least 79,000 years,(5) and making jewelry for at least 75,000 years.(6) We’ve used projectile weapons for at least 64,000 years,(7) been sewing things together for at least 61,000 years,(8) and have been grinding grains for at least 37,000 years.(9) We’ve had domesticated dogs for at least 35,000 years,(10) and domesticated sheep for around 13,000 years.(11) We’ve been making ceramic statues for at least 27,000 years,(12) and pottery for at least 20,000 years.(13)

By any stretch of the imagination, human civilization extends back into the Pleistocene Epoch. Unfortunately, our written record is much shorter, with the earliest translated texts dating back to only around 5,000 years ago. Older written records exist in South Asia, Southwest Asia, and Europe, but so far they have not been successfully translated. If these older records are ever translated, they will still only push back our written history by a few thousand years; hundreds of thousands of years will still be missing. A much more ancient form of symbols is currently being studied which is found on cave walls in Europe from around 30,000 years ago, and cave walls in Southern Africa from around 75,000 years ago.(14) This more ancient proto-script will hopefully shed some light on the earlier human mind, however is unlikely to include any historical records. To reconstruct the history of the earlier eras of civilization we need to use archaeology, paleontology, genetics, and mythology.

Mythos 2

The Pleistocene is the geological epoch which lasted from about 2.6 million to 11,700 years ago, spanning the world’s recent period of repeated glaciations. The end of the Pleistocene corresponds with the end of the last glacial period. It also corresponds with the end of the Paleolithic age used in archaeology. It covers most of the latest period of repeated glaciation, up to and including the Younger Dryas cold spell. The end of the Younger Dryas has been dated to about 11,750 years ago (9,640 BC).

The modern continents were essentially at their present positions during the Pleistocene, the plates upon which they sit probably having moved no more than 100 km relative to each other since the beginning of the period. The Pleistocene climate was marked by repeated glacial cycles in which continental glaciers pushed to the 40th parallel in some places. It is estimated that, at maximum glacial extent, 30% of the Earth’s surface was covered by ice. In addition, a zone of permafrost stretched southward from the edge of the glacial sheet, a few hundred kilometers in North America and Eurasia.

Each glacial advance tied up huge volumes of water in continental ice sheets 1.5 to 3 km (0.9 to 1.9 miles) thick, resulting in temporary sea-level drops of 100 meters (300 feet) or more over the entire surface of the world ocean. During interglacial times, such as at present, drown coastlines were common. The effects of glaciation were global. Antarctica was ice-bound throughout the Pleistocene as well as the preceding Pliocene. The Andes were covered in the south by the Patagonian ice cap. There were glaciers in New Zealand and Tasmania. The current decaying glaciers of Mount Kenya, Mount Kilimanjaro, and the Ruwenzori Range in east and central Africa were larger. Glaciers existed in the mountains of Ethiopia and in the Atlas mountains of Northwest Africa.

In the northern hemisphere, many glaciers fused into one. The Cordilleran and Laurentide ice-sheet covered the northern half of North America. The Fenno-Scandian ice-sheet rested on northern Europe, including Great Britain, while the Alpine ice-sheet covered the Alps. The northern seas were ice-covered. South of the ice-sheets large lakes accumulated because outlets were blocked and the cooler air slowed evaporation. When the Laurentide ice sheet retreated, Lake Agassiz covered most of Manitoba, and large sections of Ontario, Saskatchewan, Minnesota, and North Dakota. Over a hundred basins, now dry or nearly dry, were overflowing in the North American west, including Lake Bonneville, which filled the basin that Great Salt Lake now lays in. In Eurasia, large lakes developed as a result of the runoff from the glaciers. African lakes were fuller, apparently from decreased evaporation. Deserts on the other hand were drier and more extensive. Rainfall was lower because of the decrease in oceanic and other evaporation.

Over 11 major glacial events have been identified, as well as many minor glacial events.(1) A major glacial event is a general glacial excursion, termed a glacial. Glacials are separated by inter-glacials. These events are defined differently in different regions of the glacial range, which have their own glacial history depending on latitude, terrain and climate. There is a general correspondence between glacials in different regions. Investigators often interchange the names if the glacial geology of a region is in the process of being defined. Both oceanic and continental animals were essentially modern and many animals, specifically, mammals were much larger in body form than their modern relatives. The severe climatic changes during the ice age had major impacts on the animals and plants. With each advance of the ice, large areas of the continents became totally depopulated. The most severe stress resulted from drastic climatic changes, reduced living space, and curtailed food supply.

A major extinction event of large mammals, which included mammoths, mastodons, saber-toothed cats, glyptodons, ground sloths, Irish elk, cave bears, and short-faced bears, began late in the Pleistocene and continued into the Holocene. Neanderthals and other archaic-humans also became extinct during this period. At the end of the last ice age, cold-blooded animals, smaller mammals like wood mice, migratory birds, and swifter animals like whitetail deer had replaced the large animals and migrated north.

Mythos 3

Scientific evidence indicates that the modern human form appeared during the Pleistocene.(1) At the beginning of the Pleistocene various archaic-hominins were present, such as Paranthropus-boisei and Paranthropus-robustus. These archaic-hominins are not believed to be human ancestors, but rather other upright walking apes.(2) There is currently no consensus in the scientific community whether the Paranthropus species should be included within the genus Australopithecus or be a distinct genus. The Paranthropus fossils show a creature very much like an ape, with a skeletal structure similar to a gorilla, but approximately the size of a chimpanzee. The average brain size of Paranthropus-robustus measured to between 410 and 530 cubic centimeters, approximately the size of a chimpanzee’s brain.

There were also modern-hominins at the beginning of the Pleistocene, such as Homo-habilis, and Homo-ergaster. There has been scholarly controversy regarding Homo-habilis’ placement in the genus Homo rather than the genus Australopithecus, as described in the Journal of Anatomy (2000):

"A recent reassessment of cladistic and functional evidence concluded that there are few, if any, grounds for retaining H. habilis in Homo, and recommended that the material be transferred (or, for some, returned) to Australopithecus." Barnard Wood and Brian G. Richmond (3)

Homo habilis was officially announced as new species in 1964 but its placement into the human genus Homo was controversial. Additional fossils, including the discovery of a partial skeleton in 1986, have revealed that this species was more ape-like than previously believed. Their brain size is also a matter of debate with some scholars estimating 363 cm³ to 600 cm³ and others estimating 550 cm³ to 687 cm³.(4) For reference chimpanzees and orangutans have a cranial capacity of 275 cm³ to 500 cm³, while gorillas have a cranial capacity of 340 cm³ to 752 cm³. Despite the ape-like morphology of the bodies, Homo habilis remains are often accompanied by primitive stone tools such as in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania and at Lake Turkana, Kenya. Tool use and manufacture has been reported many times in both wild and captive primates, particularly the great apes.

In 1960, Jane Goodall observed a chimpanzee poking pieces of grass into a termite mound and then raising the grass to his mouth. After he left, Goodall approached the mound and repeated the behavior because she was unsure what the chimpanzee was doing. She found that the termites bit onto the grass with their jaws. The chimpanzee had been using the grass as a tool to fish for termites.(5) Tool use has been documented by a wide range of species including orangutans,(6) gorillas,(7) Capuchin monkeys,(8) baboons,(9) mandrills,(10) crab-eating macaques,(11) elephants,(12) canines,(13) bears,(14) Bottle-nose dolphins,(15) sea otters,(16) mongooses,(17) American badgers,(18) woodpecker finches,(19) crows,(20) green jays,(21) warblers,(22) Egyptian vultures,(23) gulls,(24) owls,(25) Mugger crocodiles,(26) Octopuses,(27) several species of wrasses,(28) whitetail major damselfish,(29) South American cichlids,(30) ants,(31) and hunting wasps.(32)

Tool manufacture is much rarer than simple tool use and probably represents higher cognitive functioning. Soon after her initial discovery of tool use, Goodall observed other chimpanzees picking up leafy twigs, stripping off the leaves and using the stems to fish for insects. This change of a leafy twig into a tool was a major discovery. Prior to this, scientists thought that only humans manufactured and used tools, and that this ability was what separated humans from other animals. In 1990, it was claimed the only primate to manufacture tools in the wild was the chimpanzee.(33) However, since then, several primates have been reported as tool makers in the wild.(34) Research in 2007 showed that chimpanzees sharpen sticks to use as weapons when hunting mammals. This is considered the first evidence of systematic use of weapons in a species other than humans. Researchers documented 22 occasions where wild chimpanzees on a savanna of Senegal fashioned sticks into spears to hunt lesser bush babies.(35)

Mythos 4

The other modern-hominin at the beginning of the Pleistocene was the Homo-ergaster, also called African Homo-erectus.(1) Homo-ergaster lived in eastern and southern Africa during the early Pleistocene, between 1.8 million and 1.3 million years ago. There is still disagreement on the subject of the classification, ancestry, and descendants of Homo-ergaster. The current consensus among palaeo-anthropologists is to consider Homo-ergaster to be simply the African variety of Homo-erectus.(2) Until the fossil discoveries of the past few decades, Homo-erectus were believed to have appeared on the planet early in the Pleistocene, and the have existed until they became extinct around 143,000 years ago. The discoveries in Dmanisi, Georgia, since 1991 have made palaeo-anthropologists reconsider previous concepts. The older hypothesis was that Homo-erectus migrated from Africa during the Early Pleistocene, and dispersed throughout much of Eurasia. The second hypothesis is that Homo-erectus evolved in Eurasia and then migrated to Africa. The species occupied a site in Dmanisi, Georgia, from 1.85 million to 1.77 million years ago, slightly before the earliest evidence in Africa. Excavations found 73 stone tools for cutting and chopping and 34 bone fragments from unidentified creatures.(3) Other fossilized remains from 1.8 to 1 million years old have been found in Kenya,(4) Tanzania, Indonesia, Vietnam, China, and India.(5)

A new debate appeared in 2013 in the paleontological community, with the publication of the Dmanisi skull 5 also called D4500.(6) Considering the large morphological variation between all Dmanisi skulls, researchers suggests that many species of early human ancestor such as Homo-ergaster or Homo-heidelbergensis and even Homo-habilis were actually all Homo-erectus.(7) The variation in morphology of all the Dmanisi skulls are so large that had they been discovered on different archaeological sites, they most likely would have been classified as different species. However, all Dmanisi skulls have the same age and have been found at exactly the same place. Faced with the wide variation between Skull 5 and the others Dmanisi skulls, Georgian and Swiss researchers were prompted to examine normal variations in modern human skulls and chimpanzees skulls. They found that while they looked different from one another, the great variations between all Dmanisi skulls were no greater than those seen among modern humans, or among chimpanzees. Consequently, it was entirely possible that such variations could be found in Homo-erectus. The unification of these species is an ongoing debate among the scientific community.(8)

Prior to the expansion of the Homo-erectus family, the cranial capacity was believed to be 850 cm³ to 1,100 cm³. With the various additions made in the past few years the expanded Homo-erectus estimate would need to be 510 cm³ to 1,400 cm³. This implies that some of these tool making, fire using people had cranial capacities smaller than some apes. One possible explanation is that archaic-humans and neanderthals showed greater sexual dimorphism; the females had much smaller skulls, as they do in the great ape species.(9) If the expanded Homo-erectus theory holds up, then the species would have existed from 2.2 million to 125,000 years ago.

Since only one of the skulls at Dmanisi (Skull 5) was significantly smaller than the rest, it is equally possible that the larger Homo-erectus people were keeping a smaller Homo Habilis as a pet, or even a food source. If so then the Homo habilis line could continue to be treated as an independent species, or moved into the Australopithecus as suggested in the Journal of Anatomy in 2000.(10) This would mean that Homo-erectus (Homo-ergaster, Homo-heidelbergensis, Homo-rhodesiensis, Homo-rudolfensis) would be left with an estimated cranial capacity of 700 cm³ to 1,400 cm³, far closer to the established variance pattern found within Humans (950 cm³ to 1,800 cm³) and Neanderthals (1,200 cm³ to 1,900 cm³). Regardless of how big the Homo-erectus family was, human evolution theoretically continues with modern-Humans evolving out of Homo-erectus (Homo-rhodesiensis) in Africa,(11) while Neanderthals and Desovians evolved from Homo-erectus (Homo-heidelbergensis) in Eurasia.(12)

Mythos 5

The concept that humans evolved from animals has been around for thousands of years, along with the chief competing theory that humans were creations of gods or other creatures from the sky. Evolution, once called Development, was known in ancient times within the materialism philosophy. Materialism was known in Ancient India from around 2,600 years ago in the works of Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the Cārvāka school of philosophy. Around 2,300 years ago materialism was known in China in the works of Xunzi a Confucian philosopher. In Greece several early philosophers developed materialist thought including Thales, Anaxagoras, Epicurus, and Democritus since at least 2,500 years ago.

The alternative theory has been more prevalent throughout human history as it was integrated into almost all religions and mythologies. The Greek myth of creation was centered on the Titan Prometheus, who created the first humans.(1) The idea was also found in the Akkadian Epic of Atra-Hasis, in which the first humans were made by the Anunnaki, after the previous workers on the Earth refused to continue working for them.(2) The oldest known copy of the Epic of Atra-Hasis can be dated by scribal identification to the reign of Hammurabi’s great-grandson, Ammi-Saduqa circa 3,600 years ago. The concept was built on by the Babylonians in their creation epic Enuma Elish, in which the creator of the gods Nammu, created humanity to labor for the Anunnaki after their former slaves the Igigi, refused to continue working. Ultimately the concept of a creator God was integrated into the Jewish,(3) and subsequently Christian,(4) Islamic,(5) and Baha’i religions, to which 54.1% of the world currently adheres.(6)

Evolution has made a come back since 1859 AD with the publication of Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species, in which he argued for the idea of the evolution of new species from earlier ones. Darwin’s book did not address the question of human evolution, saying only that:

"Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history." Charles Darwin (7)

The first major modern debates about the nature of human evolution arose between Thomas Huxley and Richard Owen. Huxley argued for human evolution from apes by illustrating many of the similarities and differences between humans and apes, particularly in his 1863 book Evidence as to Man’s Place in Nature. Darwin applied the theory of evolution and sexual selection to humans when he published The Descent of Man in 1871.(8)

A major problem at that time was the lack of fossils. Neanderthal remains had been discovered in a limestone quarry in 1856, three years before the publication of the Origin of the Species, and Neanderthal fossils had been discovered in Gibraltar even earlier, but they were originally believed to be diseased human remains. Despite the 1891 discovery by Eugène Dubois of what is now called Homo-erectus at Trinil, Java, Indonesia, it was only after the 1920s when similar fossils were discovered in Africa, that intermediate species began to be documented.

During the 1960s and 1970s, hundreds of fossils were found, particularly in East Africa in the regions of the Olduvai gorge and Lake Turkana. The driving force in the East African research was the Leakey family, with Louis Leakey and his wife Mary Leakey, and later their son Richard Leakey and daughter in-law Meave Leakey being among the most successful fossil hunters and palaeo-anthropologists. From the fossil beds of Olduvai and Lake Turkana they amassed fossils of australopithecines, and Homo-erectus. In the 1980s, Ethiopia emerged as the new hot spot of palaeoanthropology as 'Lucy,' the most complete fossil member of the species Australopithecus-afarensis, was found by Donald Johanson in Hadar in the desert Middle Awash region of northern Ethiopia. This area would be the location of many new hominin fossils, particularly those uncovered by the teams of Tim White in the 1990s, such as Ardipithecus-ramidus.

During most of the Pleistocene Epoch, a process of encephalization was believed to be taking place, within the successive species: Homo-habilis, Homo-ergaster, Homo-erectus, and Homo-heidelbergensis, however with these species now appearing to be one expanded Homo-erectus linage, the encephalization does not seem possible. Encephalization is defined as the amount of brain mass related to an animal’s total body mass. Quantifying an animal’s encephalization has been argued to be directly related to that animal’s level of intelligence. Around 2,350 years ago (335 BC) the Greek philosopher Aristotle wrote:

"Of all the animals, man has the brain largest in proportion to his size." Aristotle (9)

Around 150 years ago (1871 AD) Charles Darwin followed up with:

"No one, I presume, doubts that the large proportion which the size of man’s brain bears to his body, compared to the same proportion in the gorilla or orang, is closely connected with