Discover millions of ebooks, audiobooks, and so much more with a free trial

Only $11.99/month after trial. Cancel anytime.

Encyclopedia of Volcanoes
Encyclopedia of Volcanoes
Encyclopedia of Volcanoes
Ebook4,005 pages37 hours

Encyclopedia of Volcanoes

Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

4/5

()

Read preview

About this ebook

Volcanoes are unquestionably one of the most spectacular and awe-inspiring features of the physical world. Our paradoxical fascination with them stems from their majestic beauty and powerful, if sometimes deadly, destructiveness. Notwithstanding the tremendous advances in volcanology since ancient times, some of the mystery surrounding volcanic eruptions remains today. The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes summarizes our present knowledge of volcanoes. Through its thematic organization around the melting of the earth, it provides a comprehensive source of information on the multidisciplinary influences of volcanic eruptions--both the destructive as well as the beneficial aspects.The majority of the chapters focus on the geoscience-related aspects of volcanism (radioactive heat source, melting rock, ascent of magma, surface phenomena associated with exiting magma, extraterrestrial volcanism, etc.). In addition, complementary chapters discuss the multidisciplinary aspects of volcanism; these include the history of volcanology, geothermal energy resources, interaction with the oceans and atmosphere, health aspects of volcanism, mitigation of volcanic disasters, post-eruption ecology, and the impact of eruptions on organismal biodiversity. In addition to its appeal to educators, students, and professional and amateur scientists, the Encyclopedia of Volcanoes functions as an important information resource for administrators and officials responsible for developing and implementing volcanic hazard mitigation around the world.

* The first and only reference work to cover all aspects of volcanology* More than 80 separate peer-reviewed articles--all original contributions by leading authors from major institutions of science around the world, commissioned for this work* An integrated transition from the volcanic process through hazards, risk, and societal impacts, with an emphasis on how volcanoes have influenced and shaped society* Convenient single-volume format with topics arranged thematically--articles provide coverage of nine different aspects of volcanology* Each entry in the Encyclopedia begins with an outline of the article content and a concise definition of the subject of the article* 3,000 Glossary entries explain key terms* Further Reading lists appear at the end of each entry* Extensive cross-referencing system links related articles* Sixteen pages of color will convey the science and excitement of this often violent phenomena * Large 8 1/2" x 11" page size, easy-to-read double-column format
LanguageEnglish
Release dateOct 23, 1999
ISBN9780080547985
Encyclopedia of Volcanoes
Author

Haraldur Sigurdsson

Haraldur Sigurdsson is emeritus professor at the Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island in the United States of America. He has worked on volcanic processes and the geochemistry of volcanic rocks for over fifty years. His studies have in part been focused on the impact of volcanic activity on human populations, especially his work on Vesuvius in Italy, Tambora in Indonesia, El Chichon in Mexico and studies of deadly gas bursts from Cameroon crater lakes. He has also studied the global environmental effects of meteorite impacts, such as the one that marks the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. His books include Melting the Earth, accounting for the evolution of ideas about formation of magmas and the origin of volcanic eruptions. Haraldur is currently director of the Volcano Museum in Stykkisholmur, Iceland.

Related to Encyclopedia of Volcanoes

Related ebooks

Earth Sciences For You

View More

Related articles

Reviews for Encyclopedia of Volcanoes

Rating: 3.9 out of 5 stars
4/5

10 ratings0 reviews

What did you think?

Tap to rate

Review must be at least 10 words

    Book preview

    Encyclopedia of Volcanoes - Haraldur Sigurdsson

    c ^book_preview_excerpt.html}nW$ۀiR.v{ܠuDAwTUY弰T ;ba `I?s,if YyN8q"w}w_}ܮ٢~o}_5_w7޾~˳۫E)|$ثono?ͪxi*W/w[Yq_`O?pm)»#jxE~W.wu\}a}KGi3u /nvMC$5-~mj},~nQkiI]肯;Z(;Oon.ߋ<~'.b)Hv}勪63|(Tb1A}Z\T岘}ݺ9}}Gt}і/f%ڕ[x>4ZZߖU|n,`fY{ԗv&fžeҧ7~[.\G%\*'pŶ}KttHyqxWeWt=)"shde>#VUnuE3^حX-ae X&|P$n;ŃWd쇥ؕ|, [/{}[~9+npUuÜm=}5mߧkUӍ3-EG&uvطq+ܺ&Y섉G ;k meݡm>z|`Z3pW QvG_Ί+ ffhL(.n7ӛZK&ڭf[$[۸-x[)a6M,ˮk3;ЧYЍmH8^_[w_6 ۆԀ&,x8(a$|=*eUaݺaa%ѓKXTc {I*9zcHsdjXϻGdq݆WXl&zXݑc/ aKv$\훡֟.!F0#f;7|Y k|~ u{6p'ҋ Hɖz ]>N*}E9lԧ$^Zϋm5*֓ bU-G)a`-"O+a͐Q=,;WŏD{F9s3MVG`WDgbZ$$U఻Y|-!u53=u Md3Gu/gY1VŢHT;Z1>;KmE}q#̽Bx鴲Z;˵d&ys3s4*g F%HIֳ\(WP \˚dyr7žF ""9KaZˊY?0aIоhUA?~?s䧆]t tSAuݲGǎ@Ò(kU x.4[͎;q!s=#"jEѵ[oλݙ6%1̒UhHp6%t^VF)n_(޼x}[\_\}5?9cf#m ##׻k] 7$9Ab,Dt':O-}, >py&›]U : *Б$]KBsXB(>:7#q6zc{{x5YU0*Gh啿 _ kd]ya$}d+E/k:ph th'Xʬ%[/!~>Fŷ*ސX*7o4|P#>;UPI>཈$ *-68{o[U~(? 2cjhKx=~$1FLn~ŗ۔ SHRHL$h7lRktq5>AV~ك{RpBX^N&C]~>{r |{s=!q9@2V͎n_ D76 $WMÇz$[Lj`vuAb%[lh}Ql=󶜮tc ܠ9jH9lTY[ci?.<!Kxm-)-i1hL}e=fgḌiPߗ$ayrWik'!l(W+ccN2jjT~Hd^Ifc5eSi.{sznɋ請= HCOkk1~J V>njm6oAVtBKob&* ֗\65U~=[YqZ?/B*vҴcEV!e.(q %P5^\ mxYPW%A)+2Gv-b*ҥC4~˂B9.ЉE,y$&&f< >Ŧ(Y+l:oj%0IX bazIwK8|kEF'R5R[=EHYz}XG+^UrYe4!DG?p(ĔJӑw=BןZ\7+Xȼb"ӂ݆Okxyv\#M5`'QU:W ׎B$uFa5y~'J1!JD.^͑j}:Y &[$f7,*og, &TH$ }'\YY%ÖI[8%DC V-%GlUKG'Z-YҺ׌ r';Mb V3RZL_bK3~#K RFV$h~d !j#$3墘 ˳ftpȠB}zU8rr"m4 ˙Grfm\E][ďގ99c|)(&ej<6iKf5^E[nl1'9ziF:up]g NWN,UD d7hh y˱6om.n9;*' 82ܰ@`ͽEY 뷅ݟVMzŤ>wјD(4wmFm03&W2!vM X% 8 Ai>K8H0IDd J,9g TDIKp0}t(D<'S&[J$n%!"IcecZxiۄtpbǦ%`ᓝ0FHǦQY#8}Z&V=!Mu@(c tO&/rsJ+*?Y%β݋?Xa% |3T K>OYucy"淘r,<>QgJj`IMP I! Y % ,Q5d.(%>8Jғb\b7bɪIWsl1@nU@¸R΁)Ɵ%Q [j*`-c%0D0bi q0B}8Fjp^f FI_wfӏĻ|~4hʄv˙rf{b|1$qIa3-9nyx# B{ 9ۈ-dl)/%uBйE>VdW@HzqūNn^l"rq,$@k^lfr#rX++)LŸ-!2(~#F5 c:]p9ւL`b.xh-.8Lm  1/嘀}dUgP<`bxwrSV%k|eU5M;rĽ̌,HK0Sp{M5 [\.KƵ%xWekgorP/1iRo5û8Ӭڗ(yQ\D dt&S\r6ԋa[6<,B܀bK&;ϾxuNB29uglbI|v1}KeLq`K闉aءfa%F?al'_֋wA \p4/ڬo}xvjuPѰ9]W&˟,^ Nci^ #E?}@No||dB@"=仯a޲s$Oa :D:YCSl{1(%$[f2r ĉvd?,L,꠬s 5R:vk/S<sXVăp}ȈwV+,y"lF)n0<~Dv9SLhc OeQBTwHIRAczWsz ajsQ ό ߱IE_1)@B mB,v\ֻ7T^C4;[ہ/w`5cuŀod| ~L-<\eeN-KiMx𙻅Z8ɸ1F,cJW$l-"]p;='mv-?~55ĐwQ!=@?=xzY̦R>]U/VS/`^6Ji=g39_wU \\!mc9W;~@2&!]?C85adB.A-?kTl<$%B.Jf+ɣ$' E&u=R%F$S4j&"y5 Uc2';x$LRP2C5HuyV)dAdAL =/ḫ#cQ{ vO.zT$-IpfC}KB$1 4//HY|eFr(c.YRB>(Y03krѵ>I=YscL&"R`Z, dl)[9^v,)^L;Hx_3KXu>Cҟ)޹^\-_=4(Pϡ%{Xc%x_hGGǨa!$mȈ#Av-JNͬE0id/@n$ arXZ`y2庣6'&N@V/tClOzhߴwgZyč^U#WԐzj9$+Ds0gG|Dۯ[Z}0gQltщV_s<.`eaweh}N#c6HFX\2L %y!'>q20ؤ0H醤Rc-DAU)+衘Jn,i!FqA+Mt>ũgYOcԒkϜDB`ޔp-BNjj=5b_"Rwu 5Ri$eYdSF skv:cČ)"@- 8 ͨ`h_KrzﶅdLiBFct&"yF^kv"O"ڦSo"M,Csa|#jaAj>$ 6Cمs+drYP^`[lq*uT쏣r.=6ܐcM̢XhˑTh:QYFmUR3 E]̩.\LoRj`ɞ,}MC\$ϱpFVJX:5!#+[%Nr@k<6VGIg5iP7 )!`fe`05Nl;Djs8…cL@ߔ(]GDdQhR=')cʨt2+9RVg$ҞfUb.})Y~S#) uWcR$jȒ<2_~f//^x{,#sk~t/^ aě#5jk#qiqgu$PN8Jh%Uȗd i· Y +bҾcW?,8*w%t[ N$g)ivzXEك6ؖ}}qD@C:%k/jԴ8Du$jMtLHZgO=[/Oﶧt!1Tƺl%3Ǩ;s)U{zaZbP:+,H5P$#i} ܆TIfJ)mxbD,9k@k $v#{Y`!ݤbF i4h$p%р#jIY!P:]< ,rv&?3:o~F"i6AZ c%Faa0{ lEI*^PX-YI3ݐ_3?-3oB_2}C*?Ŕ&I|)* (/+NUbG_VW֝H|춖9UWi_s< zSs ZaB1E= tjr)DcM%ʟ^gK.Ω8*@;G/Yּzx]ԤݑWWU|"ߜv\tOXF/Owo>~RfKL:&a`aR$vu ޷B1l{hM{SND qCTa4wl%w"b#0.⦒ iD|&[:T2\!He0^୞9*WSQ2lW,@#Bjp]z(>4Ɋ%42N3 i84/n0T'wZٌ|meoH{ci}Kax”{* 뿐U!VXŜS 퐕1t<]oh|ə'JxPO3H_]O{mZՍ B^F@4"P/ؙ9{ qH nQ'D ,t<,M2^+KbfzR%ftݲ5b1L%Ujl}Ъ,I@PGیavP)%$Xg#8܊K݁VIwKm}9$hN#.@S_q30$J;mv#b#O%'qW@DHK· MXj&]̋rb_Q!u"l 9^zj L2÷;)nbCTH(xGro]bKZ,|4iAD@޻BhQXp#n6Dt;xJ}i !-V-FaFiER^t[L@쟋+Ejxz'@x\kS-^I.We_g^5Uio@})}|!g3)'GUHˍo1I0KHs_@j,}.ڐEGn_(԰$DӶ?~USnYD"r$}=b##\P".EfT.F翇2G OGgjK7a6N6#GJL2bƂqE+,ܭYmک Gg3h[zQIPL/M[ K1UR0ŠfwXgt>4HI~S0T!ED0u-3ˑM^myw}{m088^g"DI\CfC\Gf3i1p7?R0rꒉlUn֍sc m~r]Lb14Ȓ1ΰ&GRGj#,=U[p6*e*mFҶmw :g9IKFzM) t^zr%L~|G5\pqj01ci"঳}8fH,Brб]lQ#,at#$on--*vn6 !#, J++&f yY:s uik{6O*\&CWW<UxM[K}}bǀ;'Y1k0ƀfGb-6V,I\?=o)N٢WPQ7R$SG 0gư5p=];ICt ,rYF7,{ReB0IH7RVn@=bm9 L4 &#b:=rt3Y=?/X` e-8Қ59 ޶Q6PgXj-R;.곆iKR6K*p4 DJN4@D~koFs!a ȍ~Y1V!`͸ZZ]|v*&K*C>+Դs1jhӍc3̎fcntszwӻ-7{헴0׷^/~~QntBE:eq^Lpnn1f/yeO^>+\y RTUٻ EÍB1H,1 ʨc* jon=+V*K@B51N?*7dū(3sC-_r[JB &RRzr/XN`]1Pz8T%LUJ]Qx$FͣKmb'43V+ NceDɘ'aŇDw3&-6zޥ:cHY~31L^5&}$h Z7^$7/GOU#UY M(I%6H,C/^=u#DtHe5fd'wrzbGIRwhaW*nie2 fw\m˭S6üOFޘK&?%VàjoUV gcee<^G`'?ľϊwﯟyqDW_ҒU?^Q;Ri6c>2ߦ*M=|矚co'GE⢪d 胡ei;J $oqj9􁈠&m (9_2 v86EK,d̊4"M}USCKu . v>I#L7]quEz 0& ̡6E0\Q`s ~%ERw Gt)`(m񄠍JU]:tt||bN]eS؄Xv/S65BO{@O"i! ɴ-d!uķlz%@b- mEJ:EJ̎W1sA Lm ;SHҺ봵4 BmR/&Sqfc E.?;D;=Fw2ցev "QtxZq3:i~RI8 Rv6;:RIG(u6U8̓LL@LGr8Ve0{3G梱cQY0 Nj8Sa),=qi0ؾZsH #NmѬv-z ƛNྶu)dDsd&dܗ[_3id!%G{<e?m3J~(SFio6}bAՍ:DE\cJ؆e~LAa=G*2_R)Z ڰTK%&2X$r#yG6WOz UfZ " b6@G|l:uh@5q4E[Po8=)Hz٥6ƊqQhK73t1ڳձ9tdyrw N'L'*;ɌH{G?I.eʆLai&9bKG&,Ϗ8) aQ͔^,Ӧ>o&"GX1:0k$uG W'=Zys΄2^.(}1#l"TS{ 1cE#K:e(q~$iFi+Ȥ֥dinQ 3jG5x 댲:'Qeܕ52nÅ;e) -6msq!o6QWդ6̏7\V Og 1p<(H-0=cXk ;鶫B?K'blMڡ3^QڱnI6&(QK7./4S fOrw< C%?>?~~||?>?~&(8(''O'O'Oϋn]??&o)Ҙ2¯vͳLUzZ",g$ďsB2w "J#x OMH%M,ʪ΂0#]0RTZKa P<H(MAa{Cg}6]X3;)]ie+;tnŷ8l~xrut~?ۢsE"d<F迃,$xuiZ Fg6N*&MM2Cf;w{6%zNţbi| 7?dUQbN"}gȽ6ZN5J8HPXT}u6v{;,/6N;+]m NJt^^Y4䧬@a<̺/-DPAX|LfUa Ts -1=LÈ 6O\708Ꟈ9!X ztm$+c6@ ױ}\\ZU7ܗZ9. {AO +5zIJ,=$ 8]7셦o92;sݏ%?Uܗ:M'jZęq~07S;Oˊ|vM R Dh1:a93eW DiXTrfBTU['Ik:W.XiS+|}a<cIفCk,R_NS ԊL5\ J$ fcRҦ0@P nTY6:&ծneb DehQZfdjGlM-+G҉8?MD(cQ'vxrV=xv2|n|]d+j#HWOX)h4@?WLyUeʟȨ∯3W+ 8V}o}xv 5gu.r.^̾eŒyZH(k\hqUOml/,%N‰['oLe Eo;z*YD6}M^NppW/0vIR"-83.R𧰘Wk,xwNޑyx(_oA?XޢTc_GSȹ>45F3c,Lv+QinA}ЅXhW1-nmn2DVI_EFlWI RwHp_ދ:Ԣ/ի|AJ=^`,6N->V]NK%(lNĄ1!]KX3wQd.lL:="RDdmymU`Ru;A;ȏVL8%ڡh[Dldc! HYyq+_6Ic389X1ۢ']ődR֮ʭڪ6lФ&ӑChwm>]SoI&]t@sA,sWd)=yeԃ?*@ `t&'AEOF@O?B̤⥡ϴ®6ļ)IX_Jh9sM6_$y$jV{"̝*M AXRِtAܼ.aˑuMc!,0^4ҥ0ln҆3O-4[7$| ̣G֨!YW3cqfuToI) lC[3sz>R]"r3:ȗCK뒬GBѬgNI;G1,]vKozB+i-2^Юh XHpnO% $&djOH[4}cY 2EPr6zPRwnϜmd$έ+\4aEx /* s~A:ecOBGY>FY[+ɑ+c4 !HD54X.=(g#4>39'6#* G T:n?@q /|y|}s%5/_O۫g~|epvbx2<٢ų3D ~@Ch8yahƥo.#gG/utӧW8@Bgg~w۳ZT!苟oC%nj„':OmS\xeM?Sf{̳fQy}].𙄗G BP"FѱbrѥN/c|Ɏ}/5ק]ىԄl}'o w 3~,[1y4,?!F4DHBq wZ \'˖.le{T/A?rI;*5Ímp@1%] PO|Z2Q7>86?'kQ HRWs&@U$.kt 农\:%UjʃO`Gokψ~>M H{3]o`+bÆ%o$d *طѱoݨ;,#c}6[N+Y\f]]u,:EXDƊ&ɄPu*&Z;AS )Dc,F 9 Q[ʻ t8 cNάUm91MɏM4sLr1JZ?L` `7n{AJ6M`2GYH,:*;2aM_ ܊|;\pܡ<_]2P+ރP,iqߙD5pLЇA=04B_ + m̧8{nkZe0lI)QRbH\Z :zBJY*CSm[ck*־60'x;8,FQi<\ehnyokj9ۿX()N!Ax]hq$\ # YAaȤe;rHbγ]Bܼ7vb#Ed@ "-y 98$\1@qI Y5D?9+ØeݎHƥ M:hS tW%4ۈCEz.BYҊSv h$]q˭[\VT.uDhsV}<8Jt`C]ZbbsЏ/~zOGžWu6 WMBRˡ[r$kFkW/-PxC!Hk^ؖ脂iZLfB1{it.$UAҌd ۝E*̈́ 赱ǓzF-YuڵbB#A|XraťIE`~isreMr6RkȦ{ HB/e^7[,*k r~-5-$r &rZgE%bƍ Jϕ"S vsAZ>oDb@f銸dX* ;Hi> ))>=iQ#jL*NWsR+LDWCNV|Cn?3~=𜗡nt_J+&u "{+ &%OhQBQGZTw7P2-M_*
    Enjoying the preview?
    Page 1 of 1