Texon:: Legacy of an Oil Town

By Jane Spraggins Wilson and James A. Wilson

From 1924 to 1962, Texon was a model company oil town in Reagan County, Texas. Pittsburgh-based Big Lake Oil Company developed the town site next to the Big Lake Oil Field and Santa Rita No. 1, the discovery well on University of Texas lands in the Permian Basin. Pres. Levi Smith ensured that company employees and their families enjoyed comfortable housing and community amenities, including a grade school, hospital, nondenominational church, theater, swimming pool, and baseball park, as well as a café and dry goods, grocery, and drugstores. By the end of World War II, the Big Lake Field's declining production meant a smaller workforce and a declining Texon population. Plymouth Oil assumed ownership in 1956 and six years later sold out to Marathon Oil, which ended company support for the town. At annual reunions, however, former residents--who remember Oiler baseball, scouting, Sunday school, and Labor Day celebrations--have kept the Texon experience alive.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Arcadia Publishing
• Release date: Sep 18, 2012
• ISBN: 9781439639979

Jane Spraggins Wilson

Jane Spraggins Wilson, raised in Texon, has contributed Texon-related entries to the New Handbook of Texas. She has gathered an immense collection of photographs from former residents. Historian James A. Wilson is retired from Texas State University–San Marcos.

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INTRODUCTION

For nearly 40 years, Texon was a company oil town with its existence dependent upon a nonrenewable resource. The Texon Oil and Land Company successfully drilled the Santa Rita No. 1 well in May 1923 in Reagan County. The discovery set off a boom in West Texas and began the flow of royalty wealth from the Permian Basin to the University of Texas. Michael Benedum and Joseph C. Trees (B-T), both of Pittsburgh, bought more than 10,000 acres of the Texon Company’s leases, brought in wells that revealed a profitable pool of oil, and formed the Plymouth Oil Company, whose subsidiary, the Big Lake Oil Company (BLOC), developed the Big Lake Field. Levi Smith, BLOC president and general manager, was determined to provide a stable environment for employees and their families. In 1924–1925, his vision resulted in the building of Texon.

The BLOC—the company—represented opportunity. Of the approximately 1,150 who lived in Texon in 1930, about 60 percent came from Texas. Here, as in the entire country, agriculture was depressed in the 1920s, and the oil patch offered relief from 5¢ and 6¢ cotton. The majority of other workers were Oklahomans and West Virginians, many of them seasoned oil field workers who proved invaluable. However, many were inexperienced. One early gang pusher (foreman) recalled that farm boys were used to manual labor and made better hands than dismounted cowpokes. Continuous drilling of new wells boosted output to more than nine million barrels in 1932, the year of Levi Smith’s death. But Smith’s successor, Charles E. Beyer, faced a steady decline, and production in 1941 barely exceeded two million. During the mid-1930s, Plymouth Oil developed new properties and transferred to them workers from Texon, whose estimated population fell to 800 in 1940 and 470 in 1945. After World War II, the Big Lake Field was essentially a maintenance operation. From 1945 through 1961, the number of wells fell from 192 to 145, and production decreased by more than half. In the late 1940s, Plymouth opened fields in Upton and Tom Green Counties, which drew more residents from Texon; took control of BLOC in 1956; and watched its bottom line deteriorate. In 1962, Plymouth sold out to Marathon Oil, ending company support for Texon.

Levi Smith created Texon, which journalists were soon calling a model oil town. His influence, often applied by his detail-minded assistant Ted Williams, seemed to touch every part of community life. Given Texon’s isolation, it enjoyed amenities—including the company-built church, hospital, elementary school, theater, golf course, and baseball field for the beloved Oilers—that West Texans envied. Smith’s appealing personality and Labor Day celebrations advertised Texon and promoted goodwill throughout the area. His death in 1932 began the town’s second phase, which extended through the 1930s to the end of World War II. Although the Depression gripped the state and country, Texon continued to thrive. Social organizations appealed to every taste. The Texon Union Church, the clubhouse, and the Joe C. Trees swimming pool vibrated with activity. The Texon School, with its harmonica and rhythm bands and dedicated teachers, was a source of pride, and Scout groups for boys and girls received company support and guidance from adults. During the war, Texon typified patriotism. Its men and women in uniform, bond and scrap-iron drives, Home Guard unit, countless volunteer hours, and Charles Beyer’s generosity toward service personnel all placed Texon’s people in the ranks of the Greatest Generation.

Unsuccessful wartime drilling indicated that the period of 1946 to 1962 would be Texon’s last. Beyer retired in 1950, the same year the hospital closed and the theater burned. Houses were moved to new camps, the gas plant closed in 1952, and retirements and transfers made a small town smaller. But those who stayed stood tall. They maintained the church, supported Scout groups and junior baseball, and extended a helping hand to flood victims. They also enjoyed the arrival of dial telephones (1947) and television, golf at the Colina Alta course, and trap shooting. To the end, they were community-minded.

Soon after Plymouth’s sale, Marathon employees who chose to stay received leases from University of Texas Lands and lived on the townsite for several years. Those remaining couples were among the organizers of the Texon reunions, which began in 1964 and continue to the present.

One

THE EARLY YEARS

Texon’s beginnings—1924 to 1932—were the direct result of the oil boom generated by Santa Rita No. 1 and the constructive imagination of Levi Smith. As president and general manager of the Big Lake Oil Company, Smith developed the Big Lake Field at a furious clip, which made a growing work force necessary. His years of experience in rowdy oil camps inspired him to plan and create a company town where employees and their families could live safely and comfortably.

And so, in the mid-1920s, Texon came to life. Its location, on the calcified, mesquite-strewn Edwards Plateau of Reagan County in West Texas, was 14 miles west of Big Lake, a ranching town of some 100 souls that became the county seat in 1925 because of its oil-generated growth. The nearest commercial hub was San Angelo, 84 miles to the east, whose post–Santa Rita population swelled. Because of Texon’s isolation, Smith ensured that his employees’ families had access to medical, educational, and recreational facilities seldom found in a rural setting. Texon, almost from its establishment, has enjoyed most of the conveniences of a larger town, complimented the San Angelo Daily Standard on May 10, 1925. Also remarkable were the community’s peaceful atmosphere and traditional activities that contrasted sharply with the goings-on in Best, the nearby oil field supply center.

Smith’s death in 1932 left residents in shock. They had lost the man who for many was a father figure. That feeling was natural, since virtually every facet of life in Texon reflected his attention to detail and concern for those who depended upon him. For instance, as the Great Depression tightened its grip on Texas, Smith, with the agreement of his men, implemented a policy of reducing hours, and thus wages, to create more work and avoid layoffs. In spite of the worsening economy, Smith’s model company town—the product of his leadership—rested on a solid foundation.

On May 28, 1923, in Reagan County, driller Carl Cromwell brought in Santa Rita No. 1, the discovery well on the University of Texas’s lands in the Permian Basin. The Texon Oil and Land Company had acquired the leases of Rupert Ricker, accepted the site selection of geologist Hugh Tucker, and hired Cromwell to begin drilling in January 1921. The well, which Catholic investors