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    The Systematics of the Frogs of the Hyla Rubra Group in Middle America
    The Systematics of the Frogs of the Hyla Rubra Group in Middle America
    The Systematics of the Frogs of the Hyla Rubra Group in Middle America
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    The Systematics of the Frogs of the Hyla Rubra Group in Middle America

    By Juan R. León

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    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherArchive Classics
    Release dateNov 15, 2013
    The Systematics of the Frogs of the Hyla Rubra Group in Middle America

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      Book preview

      The Systematics of the Frogs of the Hyla Rubra Group in Middle America - Juan R. León

      The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Systematics of the Frogs of the Hyla

      Rubra Group in Middle America, by Juan R. León

      This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with

      almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or

      re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included

      with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net

      Title: The Systematics of the Frogs of the Hyla Rubra Group in Middle America

      Author: Juan R. León

      Release Date: May 24, 2010 [EBook #32505]

      Language: English

      *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FROGS OF HYLA RUBRA GROUP ***

      Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper and the Online

      Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

      University of Kansas Publications

      Museum of Natural History

      Volume 18, No. 6, pp. 505-545, 7 figs., 4 pls.

      December 2, 1969

      The Systematics of the Frogs of the

      Hyla rubra Group in Middle America

      BY

      JUAN R. LEÓN

      University of Kansas

      Lawrence

      1969

      University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History

      Editors: Frank B. Cross, Philip S. Humphrey, Robert M. Mengel.

      Volume 18, No. 6, pp. 505-545, 7 figs., 4 pls.

      Published December 2, 1969

      University of Kansas

      Lawrence, Kansas

      PRINTED BY

      ROBERT R. (BOB) SANDERS, STATE PRINTER

      TOPEKA, KANSAS

      1969

      The Systematics of the Frogs of the

      Hyla rubra Group in Middle America

      BY

      JUAN R. LEÓN

      CONTENTS

      Introduction

      The tree frogs of the Hyla rubra group are abundant and form a conspicuous element of the Neotropical frog fauna. Representatives of the group occur from lowland México to Argentina; the greatest diversity is reached in the lowlands of southeastern Brazil (Cochran, 1955). The group apparently originated in South America; the endemic Central American species evolved from stocks that invaded Middle America after the closure of the Colombian Portal in the late Pliocene.

      Dunn (1933) partially defined the rubra group as it occurs in Central America. Cope (1865, 1876, 1887), Brocchi (1881), Boulenger (1882), Günther (1901), Noble (1918), Kellogg (1932), Dunn and Emlen (1932), Stuart (1935), and Gaige (1936) dealt with the Middle American species now considered to make up the rubra group. More recently, Taylor (1952, 1958), Fouquette (1958), Starrett (1960), and Duellman (1960, 1963, 1966a) studied aspects of the taxonomy and biology of the species of this group. The five species of the rubra group in Central America have received ten different names. One species, Hyla staufferi, has received five names (two subspecies are recognized herein). Hyla boulengeri was named in the genus Scytopis, but the type species of Scytopis is a member of the genus Phrynohyas Fitzinger, 1843 (Duellman, 1956.)

      Little has been published concerning the ecology, life history, osteology, and mating calls of the Middle American species of this group. The purpose of the present report is to describe the species occurring in Middle America and to comment on their distributions, ecology, cranial osteology, and mating calls, and in so doing provide evidence for the evolutionary history of the species inhabiting Middle America.

      Acknowledgments

      For permission to examine specimens in their care, I am grateful to Drs. Richard G. Zweifel, American Museum of Natural History (AMNH); Robert F. Inger, Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH); Ernest E. Williams, Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ); Hobart M. Smith, University of Illinois Museum of Natural History (UIMNH); Charles F. Walker, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ); Jay M. Savage, University of Southern California (USC); James A. Peters, United States National Museum (USNM); Richard J. Baldauf, Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collection (TCWC); and W. Frank Blair, Texas Natural History Collection (TNHC). KU refers to specimens in the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas. For the loan of tape-recordings of mating calls I thank Drs. W. Frank Blair, University of Texas, and Richard G. Zweifel, American Museum of Natural History.

      I am indebted to the Ford Foundation-Universidad de Oriente (Venezuela) Science Project for a scholarship which enabled me to study for two years at The University of Kansas, foster institution of the project. I have benefited by being able to work in the Museum of Natural History at The University of Kansas and I am grateful to Dr. E. Raymond Hall, Director, for providing space and equipment.

      I gratefully acknowledge the assistance and advice of Dr. William E. Duellman, who suggested and directed this work, made available specimens under his care and gave much of his time in reading the manuscript and suggesting improvements. I am grateful to Dr. Frank B. Cross who critically read the manuscript and made many editorial suggestions. I am indebted to Linda Trueb for assistance with the osteological aspects of this study; she helped to clarify many confusing points. I am grateful to Charles W. Myers for making available his field notes on these frogs in Panamá, to Arthur C. Echternacht for reading part of the manuscript, and to John D. Lynch for many suggestions and helpful criticisms. The illustrations were executed by David M. Dennis.

      Materials and Methods

      For the purposes of the present study I examined 1383 preserved specimens, 50 skeletons, and 9 lots of tadpoles. External characteristics used in the analysis of variation are those currently employed in the

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