Wind Power in Power Systems

The second edition of the highly acclaimed Wind Power in Power Systems has been thoroughly revised and expanded to reflect the latest challenges associated with increasing wind power penetration levels. Since its first release, practical experiences with high wind power penetration levels have significantly increased. This book presents an overview of the lessons learned in integrating wind power into power systems and provides an outlook of the relevant issues and solutions to allow even higher wind power penetration levels. This includes the development of standard wind turbine simulation models. This extensive update has 23 brand new chapters in cutting-edge areas including offshore wind farms and storage options, performance validation and certification for grid codes, and the provision of reactive power and voltage control from wind power plants. 

Key features:

• Offers an international perspective on integrating a high penetration of wind power into the power system, from basic network interconnection to industry deregulation;
• Outlines the methodology and results of European and North American large-scale grid integration studies;
• Extensive practical experience from wind power and power system experts and transmission systems operators in Germany, Denmark, Spain, UK, Ireland, USA, China and New Zealand;
• Presents various wind turbine designs from the electrical perspective and models for their simulation, and discusses industry standards and world-wide grid codes, along with power quality issues;
• Considers concepts to increase penetration of wind power in power systems, from wind turbine, power plant and power system redesign to smart grid and storage solutions.

Carefully edited for a highly coherent structure, this work remains an essential reference for power system engineers, transmission and distribution network operator and planner, wind turbine designers, wind project developers and wind energy consultants dealing with the integration of wind power into the distribution or transmission network. Up-to-date and comprehensive, it is also useful for graduate students, researchers, regulation authorities, and policy makers who work in the area of wind power and need to understand the relevant power system integration issues.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Wiley
• Release date: Apr 23, 2012
• ISBN: 9781119942085

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Title Page

This edition first published 2012

© 2012, John Wiley & Sons Ltd

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Wind power in power systems / edited by Thomas Ackermann. — 2nd ed.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-470-97416-2 (hardback)

1. Wind power plants. 2. Wind power. I. Ackermann, Thomas.

TK1541.W558 2012

621.31'2136—dc23

2011050039

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Print ISBN: 9780470974162

To Moana, Jonas and Nora

Contributors

Thomas Ackermann ([e-mail]) is the CEO and founding partner of Energynautics, a German-based research and consulting company in the area of sustainable energy supply and power systems. He has worked in the wind energy and power system industry in Germany, Sweden, China, USA, New Zealand, Australia, Denmark and India. He is also lecturer at the Royal University of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm, Sweden as well as at the Technical University in Darmstadt (TUD), Germany. He is also the main organizer of the annual wind and solar integration workshop (http://www.windintegrationworkshop.org/). Furthermore, he is also involved in various lectures for the power system industry as well as for developing countries in the area of integration of renewable into power systems. He has the degree of a Diplom Wirtschaftsingenieur (MSc in mechanical engineering combined with an MBA) from the Technical University Berlin, Germany, an MSc in Physics from Dunedin University, New Zealand, and a PhD from the Royal University of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden.

Stephan Adloff ([e-mail]) finalized his studies in electrical engineering with a degree as a Dipl.-Ing. in electrical engineering at the University of Applied Sciences of Flensburg, Germany. Since 2005 he has been working with ENERCON in the R&D division. He is member of the R&D Group ‘Validation/Functional Testing’ and is responsible for tests regarding power quality and grid behaviour.

Vladislav Akhmatov ([e-mail]) holds MSc (1999) and PhD (2003) degrees from the Technical University of Denmark. He is with Energinet.dk, transmission system operator of Denmark for natural gas and electricity, as a senior engineer. He was also employed by Siemens Wind Power as a Senior Engineer, Chief Specialist, and by the Technical University of Denmark as a professor with special responsibilities in electric power systems. His main interests include wind power plant modelling, power system planning, analysis and stability. He received the Danish Engineers' Society Electro Award (2006) for the wind power grid-integration in Denmark and the Danish Angelo's Award (2002) for the cooperation establishment between the wind turbine and electric power industries in Denmark.

Olivia Alonso García ([e-mail]) (1975) studied industrial engineering at the Polictecnic University of Madrid and the École Supérieure d'Électricité (Supélec), Paris. She worked initially in the engineering department of ISOFOTON, designing several projects for rural electrification and network connection. In 2004, she joined Red Electrica Internacional as a consultant on projects dealing with, in particular, the integration of renewable energies in electrical systems, such as the Study of Wind Integration in the Moroccan system. Since 2007 she has been working in the International Organizations Department of REE, coordinating the company's membership of transmission systems operators (TSOs) associations. In particular, she has actively worked on the EWIS project (European Wind Integration Study), responsible for the ‘diagnosis and future trend vision’.

Björn Andresen ([e-mail]) gained a BSc from Kiel in Germany in 1996, an MSc EE in 1998 from Aalborg University in Denmark, and an EBA from Vitus Bering University College in 2009. From 1998 to 2003 he worked at Vestas Wind Systems, most recently as head of the power control group and as project manager for a new turbine with grid code compliance for the Australian market. From 2003 to 2008 he worked at Gamesa Wind Engineering as Section Manager for the electrical department in Silkeborg; furthermore, he was the manager of the power converter group in the Gamesa R&D department in Spain. Since December 2008 he has been working for Siemens Wind Power as Head of Department–Wind Farm Electrical Interface, which is part of the engineering department at Siemens Wind Power. He is a member of several national and international standard committees for converter design and grid connection of wind turbines. He is, furthermore, the inventor of various patents and author and co-author of several articles in the wind turbine area.

E. Ian Baring-Gould (Ian.Baring–[e-mail]) graduated with an MSME from the University of Massachusetts in 1995 and started working at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory of the United States. Ian's work has focused in three primary areas: applications engineering for RE technologies, assistance in RE uses, and educational outreach for renewable energy technologies, primarily wind. Ian also sits on the IEA research taskforce looking at wind turbine operation in cold climates and is an editor for Wind Engineering. Ian has authored or co-authored over 60 publications on wind energy and wind–diesel power systems. Ian currently leads NREL's wind technology deployment team, focusing on assisting organizations deploy wind technologies and addressing barriers to the implementation of wind energy through programs like the DOE's Wind Powering America Project, the Wind for Schools activity, and Integrated Deployment programs.

Alfred Beekmann ([e-mail]) was born in 1965 in Aurich, Germany. He studied electrical engineering and graduated with a degree as a Dipl.-Ing. (FH) in May 1992 from the University of Applied Sciences in Wilhelmshaven, Germany. Since 1992 he has been working with ENERCON in the R&D division at Aurich, Germany. He is responsible for the development of control systems and power electronics.

Michael Behnke ([e-mail]) received his BS and MS in electrical engineering from Purdue University and Santa Clara University in 1986 and 1993 respectively. He has held numerous engineering, management, sales and customer service positions in North America and Europe with Pacific Gas and Electric, Kenetech Windpower, Trace International and Xantrex Technology. In 2003 he co-founded BEW Engineering, which was acquired by DNV (Det Norske Veritas) in 2010. He is currently Director of Transmission and Distribution at DNV/BEW, providing electrical engineering consulting services to utilities, project developers and equipment manufacturers for wind and solar power generation applications. Mr Behnke is a registered professional engineer in California, and currently chairs the Electrical Exam Committee at the National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying.

Sigrid M. Bolik, besides a basic Diploma in electrical engineering and major power system engineering (equivalent to a Masters in electrical engineering) from the Technical University Ilmenau in Germany, holds a management qualification from Copenhagen Business School and a PhD from Ålborg University in Denmark (equivalent to a doctorate in engineering). Her PhD thesis was based on the study of the impact of grid faults on wind turbines. Through her research and work in the wind industry over the past 10 years at Vestas Wind Systems A/S, Econnect Consulting and in her current position at Repower, Dr Bolik has gained experience in modelling wind turbines/wind farms, grid code compliance and grid integration in different countries, such as the USA, Denmark, the UK, Australia and New Zealand.

Thomas Bopp ([e-mail]) received his Dipl.–Ing. degree in electrical engineering from the University Erlangen–Nürnberg, Germany in 1998. He started his career as protection engineer in SIEMENS power system planning department in Erlangen in 1999. In 2002 he joined the Electrical Energy and Power System Research Group at UMIST as research associate in Manchester, UK and received a PhD degree in 2006. From 2005 on he has worked in Siemens Power Technology International's power system simulation software group in Germany.

Heinrich Brakelmann ([e-mail]), VDE/CIGRE, is full professor at the Institute of Power-Transport and -Storage at the University of Duisburg-Essen. His main research fields are the power cable technologies. He studied electrotechnique at the Technical University of Aachen, where he wrote his doctoral thesis about circuit-breakers in 1973. In the following years, he was with the Felten & Guilleaume Energietechnik AG in Cologne as leader of a R&D unit, engaged in power cable problems. In 1977 he started as chief engineer at the University of Duisburg, got his habilitation in 1985, was elected as an apl. professor in 1992 and as a full professor in 1994. In numerous important cable projects, Dr Brakelmann was involved as a consultant. He is author of numerous technical publications and of three book publications in the field of cable technique as well as high-voltage and high-current problems. He did authoritative investigations for the layout of numerous cable links; e.g. with respect to EMF-measures:

(a) 400 kV cable links in Berlin, one with forced cooling, the other links in deep tunnels with natural cooling and with forced convection cooling; (b) 400 kV XLPE cable links in Vienna with rating problems of cables and joints as well as EMF problems; (c) 220 kV cable link with extreme EMC requirements in Lübeck, as well as multiple grid connection projects of offshore windfarms.

Ray Brown ([e-mail]) is a chartered electrical engineer, having received a BE (Hons) degree from Canterbury University, New Zealand, in 1988. Ray has over 25 years' experience in the power supply industry. He is a development engineer and has held senior roles on many key New Zealand projects, including HVDC, SVC, combined cycle gas turbine, co-generation, hydro and wind farm developments and refurbishments. His career started with New Zealand's transmission owner/operator and for the last 12 years he has been employed by generation owners. He has led the development of power system integration solutions for many of New Zealand's wind farm developments. Ray is well known in the electricity industry for pushing out boundaries to improve power system effectiveness, and for finding innovative solutions in order to integrate challenging developments into the New Zealand power system. Ray is on the Technical Committee of CIGRE and is the chairman of CIGRE in NZ.

Jan Brüggmann (jan.brueggmann@uni–due.de) received his Diploma in electrical engineering at the University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany, in 2007. He is scientific staff member at the Institute of Power-Transmission and Storage at the University of Duisburg-Essen. His scope of work comprises research on cable systems in the fields of submarine applications, land cable routes as well as magnetic shielding measures for cable systems.

Yongning Chi ([e-mail]) received the BSc and MSc degrees in 1995 and 2002 respectively, both from Shandong University, China, and the PhD degree from China Electric Power Research Institute in 2006, all in electrical power system engineering. His primary fields of interest are wind power integration impact on power system and stability analysis. He is currently the chief engineer at the renewable energy department of CEPRI. His most recent researches involve integration of large scale wind power into the Chinese power grid and grid code development.

Lynn Coles is a Senior Member of IEEE and works at NREL's Transmission and Grid Integration Group. He received a BSEE (1970) from the University of North Dakota and an MSEEE (1972) from North Dakota State University.

Miguel de la Torre Rodríguez ([e-mail]) gained a Master's degree in industrial engineering from the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (Spain) in 2004 and a Master's degree in electrical engineering from the Technical University of Darmstadt (Germany) in 2003. He is a senior engineer in Red Eléctrica's Control Center Department, where he has been working for the past 6 years. Since 2007 he has been Head of the Operation Support Area of the National Electrical Control Center (CECOEL). He has been actively involved in the development and commissioning of the Control Center for Renewable Energies (CECRE). Currently, he supervises and executes the day-to-day work of the CECRE.

Edgar DeMeo ([e-mail]) has been an independent consultant in renewable energy since 1999, providing technical and management support to several federal and state renewable-energy programs. He is a technical and strategic advisor to the wind energy programs of the US Department of Energy (DOE) and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, the Utility Wind Integration Group, the Governors' Wind Energy Coalition, and the National Wind Coordinating Collaborative. From 1976 to 1999 he managed utility-oriented renewable energy programs at the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) in Palo Alto, California. While at EPRI, he received Discover magazine's 1993 Annual Technology Award in the Environment Category. In 2004 he received the DOE Wind Energy Program's Outstanding Program Leadership Award. Recently he served as DOE's project coordinator for the DOE-Industry initiative 20% Wind Energy by 2030. Ed is an electrical engineering graduate of RPI, and holds Masters and PhD degrees in electrical engineering science from Brown University, where he served as an associate professor (research) on the engineering faculty prior to joining EPRI.

Paul Denholm ([e-mail]) is a senior energy analyst at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. His research interests include examining the technical, economic, and environmental benefits and impacts of large-scale deployment of renewable electricity generation, including the role of enabling technologies such as energy storage, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and long-distance transmission. He holds a BS in physics from James Madison University, an MS in instrumentation physics from the University of Utah, and PhD in environmental studies and energy analysis from the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Volker Diedrichs ([e-mail]) was born 1953 in Magdeburg, Germany. Model building and simulation of power systems in different time domains (FEM, EMT, RMS-dynamic, power flow and probabilistic power flow) and model-based design of power system components for different application areas have been the subjects of his interests in academic and industrial research since 1979. His research activities have centered on system integration of embedded generation, especially wind power, for more than a decade. Professor Diedrichs is head of the Power System Laboratory at the University of Applied Sciences, Wilhelmshaven, Germany.

Predrag Djapic is currently a research associate at the Electrical Energy and Power System Research Group at UMIST, UK. His main research interests are power system planning and operation of distribution networks.

Henry Durrwachter ([e-mail]) BSEE, University of Texas at Arlington (1972) is a registered professional engineer in the state of Texas; Senior Member IEEE; has over 35 years of experience in utility planning and operations, specializing in wind generation for over 10 years; is a member of the Board of Directors of the Utility Wind Integration Group (UWIG) since 2003 and President since 2005. Mr Durrwachter has been actively involved in the development of market rules for wind generation in the competitive electricity market in Texas since 2001.

Katherine Elkington ([e-mail]) received a BSc and a BE from the University of Sydney, Australia, in 2004 and 2006 respectively. She received a Tech. Lic. degree in electrical power systems from the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Sweden, in 2009. She is currently working towards a PhD degree at KTH, looking at the dynamic effect of large wind farms on power system stability. At the same time she is working at Svenska Kraftnät, the transmission system operator in Sweden.

Abraham Ellis ([e-mail]) received his MS and PhD in electrical engineering from New Mexico State University in 1995 and 2000 respectively. Until 2008 he worked at the Public Service Company of New Mexico in Transmission Planning and Operations. In 2008 he joined Sandia National Laboratories as a Principal Member of Technical Staff, working on wind and solar integration, analysis of power system operations, and technology development. Currently, Dr Ellis serves as Chairman of the WECC Renewable Energy Modeling Task Force (REMTF). He has also chaired the WECC Modeling and Validation Work Group, and the IEEE Dynamic Performance of Wind Power Generation Working Group. Dr Ellis is a Senior Member of the IEEE Power and Energy Society and a Professional Engineer in New Mexico.

Peter B rre Eriksen ([e-mail]) is head of systems analysis at Energinet.dk, the national Danish transmission system operator (TSO) for electricity and gas. After a career in system planning for the Danish utility ELSAM he joined Eltra, the former Western Danish TSO, where he was leading the Research and Development Department. Today, his department's main responsibility comprises the modelling and analysis of electric power systems. He is author of numerous technical papers on system modelling.

Bernhard Ernst ([e-mail]) is manager of the Grid Integration department at SMA Solar Technology AG, one of the world's largest manufacturers of PV power converters. Prior to 2011 he was manager of the Front Office System Planning at Amprion GmbH (formerly RWE TSO), one of the four German transmission system operators. He holds a degree in electrical engineering from the University of Kassel, Germany. In 2003 he finished his PhD (Dr. Ing.) on the topic of wind power forecasting at the Institut für Solare Energieversorgungstechnik (ISET) in Kassel. In 2004 he started working at RWE TSO, where his main focus was on wind power integration and congestion management. He has published several papers about wind power and forecasting systems at international conferences and workshops.

Ana Estanqueiro ([e-mail]) was born in Coimbra, Portugal, in 1963. She received her power engineer degree from the Technical University of Lisbon (TUL) in 1986, where she also did her MSc and PhD in mechanical engineering–energy, in 1991 and 1997 respectively. Since 1987 she has worked as a wind energy research scientist at the Portuguese National Laboratory for Energy and Geology, LNEG (former INETI), being responsible for the Wind Energy and Grid Integration R&D research area as well as being an invited professor at FCUL–Sciences Faculty of University of Lisbon. Her research interests are broad within wind energy, including planning methodologies for sustainable wind deployment, offshore wind, micro wind turbines with a special focus on dynamic models for large system integration assessment, benefiting from her electrical and mechanical background. She was chair of the International Energy Agency–IEA Wind Agreement from 2007 to 2009 and has been President of the PT IEP-IEC CTE 88 Wind Turbines since 1995. Ana Estanqueiro represents Portugal in several international and European organizations: the IEA Wind Implementing Agreement, the TP-Wind Mirror Group, the SetPlan European Industrial Initiative–Wind and EERA Wind. She is a member of the IEA Experts Group for Science and Energy (ESGE) and several professional organizations as IEEE and OE – Ordem dos Engenheiros.

Markus Fischer ([e-mail]) received his Dipl.-Ing. degree in electrical engineering with specialization in power systems from the University of Stuttgart, Germany, in 2009. From 2007 until 2009 Markus participated in a double-degree program and obtained a Masters degree in electrical engineering specializing in energy and power system science from the École Supérieure d'Électricité (SUPELEC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France, in 2009. Markus has been working since March 2009 for ENERCON in the Sales–Technical Support department, where he is responsible for grid integration of wind farms, amongst others, in Canada.

Jens Fortmann ([e-mail]) received his Dipl.-Ing. Degree in electrical engineering from the Technical University Berlin, Germany, in 1996. From 1995 to 2002 he worked on the simulation of the electrical system and the control design of variable-speed wind turbines at the different wind turbine manufacturers. Since 2002 he has been with REpower Systems AG, Germany, presently as team leader of model and system development. He is the head of the FGW working group that specifies the modelling and model validation guideline TR4.

Mehrdad Ghandhari ([e-mail]) received his MSc and PhD degrees in electrical engineering from the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden, in 1995 and 2000 respectively. He is currently an associate professor and docent in electric power systems at KTH. He is also the director of the Master's Program in Electric Power Engineering at KTH. His research interests include power system dynamics, stability and control, FACTS and HVDC systems, and also linear and nonlinear control strategies.

Anca D. Hansen ([e-mail]) received a PhD in modelling and control engineering from Denmark Technical University in 1997. Currently, she is working as senior scientist at Ris -DTU National Laboratory in the Wind Energy Department. Her expertise lies in the area of dynamic modelling and control of wind turbines, as well as dynamic modelling and control of wind farms and on wind farm grid interaction. She is author or co-author of more than 80 journal/conference papers and several research reports in her research fields.

David Hawkins is a Life Member of the IEEE. He received a BA in physics from Kalamazoo College in 1962 and a BSEE from the University of Michigan in 1963.

Ritva Hirvonen ([e-mail]) has MSc and PhD degrees in electrical engineering and an MBA degree from Helsinki University of Technology. She has broad experience of power systems and electricity markets. Ritva has worked for the power company Imatran Voima Oy and the TSO Fingrid Oyj as senior adviser, at VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland as research manager for the energy systems and for Energy Market Authority (EMV) as head of unit for electricity and gas markets. Her current position is development manager of electricity markets at TSO Fingrid Oyj. She is also a docent at Power Systems Laboratory of Aalto University.

Hannele Holttinen ([e-mail]) is a Senior Research Scientist in the wind energy group at VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (MSc in 1991, PhD in 2004, Helsinki Technical University). She has worked for VTT since 1989 in different fields of wind energy research, including resource assessment and measurements, production and failure statistics, and offshore and arctic wind power feasibility. Since 2000 her main interest has been the impact of wind on power systems and electricity markets. She has acted as Operating Agent of the IEA international collaboration on power system operation with large amounts of wind power (IEA WIND Task 25) since 2006 and has chaired the Working Group on Wind Integration for EU Wind Energy Platform since 2007. She is the Chair of IEA Implementing Agreement on Wind Energy 2010–11.

Nick Jenkins ([e-mail]) was at the University of Manchester (UMIST) from 1992 to 2008. He then moved to Cardiff University where he is now Professor of Renewable Energy. His previous career had included 14 years industrial experience, of which five years were in developing countries. While at Cardiff University he has developed teaching and research activities in electrical power engineering and renewable energy. He is a Fellow of the IET, the IEEE and the Royal Academy of Engineering. He is a Distinguished Member of CIGRE and from 2009 to 2011 was the Shimizu Visiting Professor to the Atmosphere and Energy Program at Stanford University, USA.

Yuriy Kazachkov ([e-mail]) received his MS and PhD in electrical engineering from the Polytechnic Institute, St Petersburg, Russia, in 1961 and 1971 respectively. Until 1992 he worked with the HVDC Transmission Research Institute in St Petersburg. Since 1992, Dr Kazachkov has been working with Siemens Power Technology International in its Consulting Services. He has been involved in numerous system planning projects and studies domestically and worldwide. He has also been responsible for dynamic simulation model development, specifically for HVDC, FACTS, and wind applications. Dr Kazachkov is a senior member of the IEEE Power Engineering Society.

Andrew Keane received BE and PhD degrees in electrical engineering from University College Dublin in 2003 and 2007 respectively. He is currently a lecturer with the School of Electrical, Electronic Mechanical Engineering, University College Dublin, with research interest in power systems planning and operation, distributed energy resources and distribution networks.

Brendan Kirby ([e-mail]) is a private consultant with numerous clients, including the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, AWEA, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, EPRI, Hawaii PUC and others. He served on the NERC Standards Committee. He recently retired from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's Power Systems Research Program. He has 36 years of electric utility experience and has published over 150 papers, articles and reports on ancillary services, wind integration, restructuring, the use of responsive load as a bulk system reliability resource, and power system reliability. He has a patent for responsive loads providing real-power regulation and is the author of an NERC-certified course on Introduction to Bulk Power Systems: Physics/Economics/Regulatory Policy. Brendan is a licensed Professional Engineer with an MS degree in electrical engineering (power option) from Carnegie-Mellon University and a BS in electrical engineering from Lehigh University. Publications are available at www.consultkirby.com.

Wil L. Kling received the MSc degree in electrical engineering from Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands, in 1978. From 1978 to 1983 he worked with Kema, from 1983 to 1998 with Sep, and since then up until the end of 2008 he was with TenneT, the Dutch transmission system operator, as senior engineer for network planning and network strategy. From 1993 to 2010 he was a part-time professor at the Delft University of Technology and since 2000 also at the Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands. From December 2008 he was appointed as a full professor and chair of the Electrical Energy Systems group at the Eindhoven University of Technology. He leads research on distributed generation, integration of wind power, network concepts and reliability issues. He is involved in scientific organizations such as Cigré and IEEE. He is the Dutch representative in Study Committee C6 Distribution Systems and Dispersed Generation and the Administrative Council of Cigré.

Hans Knudsen ([e-mail]) received an MScEE from the Technical University of Denmark in 1991. In 1994 he received an industrial PhD, which was a joint project between the Technical University of Denmark and the power companies Elkraft, SK Power, and NESA. He then worked in the Transmission Planning department of the Danish transmission and distribution company NESA and focused on network planning, power system stability, and computer modelling, especially on modelling and simulation of HVDC systems and wind turbines. In 2001 he joined the Danish Energy Authority where he worked with the security of supply and power system planning, including grid related issues in connection with the government tender processes for two off-shore wind farms R dsand II and Horns Reef II. In 2006 he joined DONG Energy Distribution, where he has been working with grid planning for HV-subtransmission, MV and LV grids. Since 2010 he has been involved in SmartGrid activities with a special focus on how to enable flexibility on the consumption side, while at the same time both respecting bottlenecks in the distribution grid and minimizing distribution grid reinforcements, with the overall purpose to support integration of the increasing amount of volatile wind power production in the energy system.

Marcel Kruse ([e-mail]) was born in 1968 in Brake, Germany. He studied electrical engineering and business administration. Since 2005 he has been working with ENERCON.

Åke Larsson ([e-mail]) received a PhD from Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, in 2000. His research focused on the power quality of wind turbines. He has broad experience in wind power, power quality, grid design, regulatory requirements, measurements and evaluation. Currently, he works for Vattenfall in the design of electric systems for wind farms. He was Vattenfall's project manager for the electrical system during construction of the Swedish 110 MW offshore wind power plant Lillgrund in Öresund.

Warren Lasher ([e-mail]) BA, Yale University (1987); MEM, Duke University (1991); MSCS, University of Alabama at Birmingham (1999). Over 20 years of regulatory and utility experience in system planning and analysis. Currently he is Manager of Long-Term Planning and Policy for the Electric Reliability Council of Texas, Inc. In 2009 he received an Achievement Award from the Utility Wind Integration Group and was recognized by the Texas House of Representatives for his work developing new transmission for wind generation.

Yan Li ([e-mail]) received the BSc and MSc degrees in 1999 and 2002 respectively, from Shandong University and Fuzhou University, China, and the PhD degree from China Electric Power Research Institute in 2007, all in electrical power system engineering. His primary field of interest is in power system stability analysis. His most recent researches involve wind power development planning and gird integration analysis.

Eva Centeno López ([e-mail]) was born in Madrid, Spain in 1976. She received her M.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering from Universidad Pontificia Comillas in Madrid, Spain in 2001. She gained a master's degree at the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden in 2000. She has worked at Endesa, Madrid, Spain at the department of Electrical Market. From 2003 to 2010 she worked at the Swedish Energy Agency in Eskilstuna, Sweden. Since 2010 she has worked at the Ministry of Enterprise, Energy and Communications at the Energy division of the Swedish Government, responsible for policy issues concerning wind power and renewable energy.

Per Lundsager ([e-mail]) received a PhD in structural mechanics from the Technical University of Denmark. He started working full time with wind energy in 1975, including work on energy systems and concepts for wind energy and other renewables. Between 1984 and 1993 he was head of the wind–diesel development programme at Ris National Laboratory. As senior consultant he has been advisor to the national wind energy centres in the USA, Canada, Finland, Denmark, Russia, Estonia, Poland, Brazil, India and Egypt, regarding projects, programmes and strategies. He has also been manager/participant in projects and studies in the USA, Canada and Europe, including Greenland, eastern Europe, Africa and Asia. He has now retired from Ris but he is still active as a consultant in the application of wind energy, including isolated systems with wind power. His clients include the World Bank and WiDAC, the wind–diesel application centre of the University of Alaska in Fairbanks AK.

Matthias Luther ([e-mail]–erlangen.de) studied electrical engineering at the Technical University of Brunswig, Germany. He received his PhD in the field of electrical switchgear devices. In 1993 he started his profession in the electricity industry at PreussenElektra AG, Hanover, Germany. Until 1998 he was responsible as a manager for various European network projects. From 1998 to 2000 he was in charge of Network Development and Customer Services in the Engineering and Sales Department of PreussenElektra Netz GmbH, Hanover, Germany. During 2001–2004 he was the Head of the Network Planning Department of E.ON Netz GmbH, Bayreuth, Germany. Following the nomination by the Union for the Co-ordination of Transmission of Electricity (UCTE), Brussels, Belgium, he was the Project Director of the Feasibility Study: Synchronous Interconnection of the IPS/UPS with the UCTE from 2004 to 2008. From 2009 until early 2011 he was in charge of European System Development, Research and Development at TenneT TSO GmbH, Bayreuth, Germany. Since April 2011 he is the Head of the Chair for Electrical Energy Systems at the Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.

Julija Matevosyan ([e-mail]) was awarded her BSc degree in electrical engineering from Riga Technical University, Latvia, in 1999. During 1999–2000 she worked as a planning engineer in the Strategy Development Department at a Latvian utility company. She received her MSc and PhD in electrical engineering from the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden, in 2001 and 2006 respectively. Her PhD was on large-scale integration of wind power in areas with limited transmission capacity. She continued at KTH as a post-doctoral researcher until 2009, working predominantly on a coordinated approach for wind farms and hydro power plants. She is currently Senior Electrical Engineer at Sinclair Knight Merz, London, working among other things with connection studies for wind farms.

Nicholas W. Miller ([e-mail]) is a director for GE Energy in New York. He is leading efforts to develop new applications, controls and systems for large-scale coordination of wind generation with other system resources. He was a principal contributor to the landmark New York State Wind study and the California Intermittency Analysis Project. He was a principal on the US DOE Western Wind and Solar Integration Study, the New England Wind Integration Study, and multiple wind and solar related projects in Hawaii. He has lectured and provided consultation on wind power integration to governments and institutions in more than two dozen countries. He is an IEEE Fellow and was founding chairman of the IEEE TF on Dynamic Performance of Wind Generation. He received the 2005 Utility Wind Interest Group Achievement Award ‘for Outstanding Contributions to the Advancement of Utility Compatible Wind Turbine Technology’. He received the 2007 American Wind Energy Association Technical Achievement Award. He is a licensed professional engineer in the state of New York. He has authored over 100 technical papers and articles on wind generation, voltage stability, VFT, FACTS, harmonics, analytical techniques for power systems and artificial intelligence applications in power systems. He holds 12 US patents for wind technology and power control devices.

Michael Milligan ([e-mail]) joined the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's wind energy program in 1992 and is now principal researcher in the Transmission and Grid Integration Group. He has worked on numerous operational and planning issues related to the integration of wind and solar energy into the bulk power system. He has published more than 140 technical reports, journal articles, and book chapters. He participates on the leadership team for the North American Electric Reliability Corporation's Variable Generation Task Force, co-chairing the probabilistic methods working group; the Variable Generation Subcommittee for the Western Electric Coordinating Council; and the International Energy Agency Task 25: Design and Operation of Power Systems with Large Amounts of Wind Energy. Michael has served on numerous technical review committees for wind integration studies, provided testimony at public utility commission hearings and workshop presentations, and served on the Wind Task Force for the Western Governors' Association Clean and Diverse Energy project. Among several current projects is an evaluation of the operating reserve impacts of the proposed Energy Imbalance Market in the Western Interconnection.

Andrew Mills ([e-mail]) is a principle research associate in the Electricity Markets and Policy Group at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Andrew conducts research and provides policy analysis on renewable energy in the USA. His primary research area includes the economics of distributed photovoltaic systems, the integration of large-scale renewable energy projects into the electric power system, and valuation methodologies for variable generation such as solar and wind. Andrew is currently pursuing a PhD in the Energy and Resources Group (ERG) at the University of California at Berkeley. Previously, he worked as an engineering consultant with All Cell Technologies, a battery technology start-up company. Andrew has an MS in energy and resources from UC Berkeley and a BS in mechanical engineering from the Illinois Institute of Technology.

Poul Erik Morthorst ([e-mail]) has a MEcon from the University of Århus and is a senior research specialist in the Systems Analysis Department at Ris National Laboratory. He joined this institute in 1978. His work has focused on general energy and environmental planning, development of long-term scenarios for energy, technology and environmental systems, evaluation of policy instruments for regulating energy and environment and the assessment of the economics of renewable energy technologies, especially wind power. He has participated in a large number of projects within these fields and has extensive experience in international collaboration.

Eduard Muljadi ([e-mail]) received his PhD in electrical engineering from the University of Wisconsin, Madison. From 1988 to 1992 he taught at California State University, Fresno, CA. In June 1992 he joined the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden, Colorado. His current research interests are in the fields of electric machines, power electronics, and power systems in general with emphasis on renewable energy applications. He is a member of Eta Kappa Nu, Sigma Xi and a Fellow of the IEEE. He is involved in the activities of the IEEE Industry Application Society (IAS), Power Electronics Society, and Power and Energy Society (PES). He holds two patents in power conversion for renewable energy.

Bradley Nickell is a member of IEEE. He received a BSEE from Iowa State University and MBA from the University of Colorado, and is currently the Director of Transmission Expansion Planning for WECC.

J rgen Nygård Nielsen ([e-mail]) received a BScEE from the Engineering College of S nderborg, Denmark, in 1984. He worked as control and software engineer from 1984 to 1988 and as a lecturer at the College of Chemical Laboratory and Technician Education, Copenhagen, from 1988 to 1994. In 1996 he received an MScEE from the Technical University of Denmark and in 2000 an industrial PhD, which was a joint project between the Technical University of Denmark, the Institute for Research and Development of the Danish Electric Utilities, Lyngby, Denmark, and Electricité de France, Clamart, France. In 2000 he joined the department of Transmission and Distribution Planning of the Danish transmission and distribution company NESA, where he worked with general network planning, power system stability and the development of wind turbine simulation models. In 2006 he joined Siemens Wind Power A/S and since 2010 has been principal engineer and technology owner of Siemens Wind Power's portfolio of wind turbine and wind farm control models.

Mark O'Malley ([e-mail]) is the Professor of Electrical Engineering at University College Dublin (UCD), founder and Director of the Electricity Research Centre (http://ee.ucd.ie/erc), an industry-supported research group. His teaching and research interests are in grid integration of renewable energy. He has spent sabbaticals in the University of Virginia, University of Washington and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Colorado. He has received two Fulbright awards (1994 and 1999). In 2007 he was elected a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) and in 2008 he was elected a Member of the Royal Irish Academy. He is a member of the Engineering Sciences Panel of the European Research Council, the European Academy of Sciences Advisory Council Energy Panel, the North American Electric Reliability Corporation Task Force on Integrating Variable Generation. He is on the Editorial Board of the IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, the chair of the IEEE Power and Energy Society Task Force on Capacity Value of Wind, member of the IEEE Power Engineering Society Wind Power Coordinating Committee and an IEEE distinguished lecturer in the grid integration of renewable energy. He is the Irish representative on the International Energy Agency Research Task 25: Design and Operation of Power Systems with Large Amounts of Wind Power and is the lead author with responsibility for integration issues in the International Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation.

Jonathan O'Sullivan ([e-mail]) has over 16 years experience in the planning and operation of power systems including the design and implementation of market mechanisms. His current responsibilities in EirGrid, the TSO of Ireland and Northern Ireland, are to develop operational policies and practices, and identify necessary regulatory, market and legislative changes required to enable the Ireland and Northern Ireland power system to be efficiently and securely managed with up to 40% variable renewable generation. Jonathan is also extensively involved in European Network of Transmission System Operators where he convenes the working groups and cross committee councils on Renewable integration. Jonathan has a B.E. in electronic engineering from University College Dublin and a Ph.D in power systems modelling with economic applications from the National University of Ireland in Dublin.

Antje Orths ([e-mail]) joined the Development Department (Systems Analysis) of the Danish TSO Energinet.dk in 2005. Her present scope of work is European international cooperation, e.g. on a concept for a ‘North Sea grid’. Before she joined Energinet.dk, she graduated in electrical engineering from the Technical University of Berlin, Germany, received her PhD from the University of Magdeburg, Germany, and was head of a research group at the Fraunhofer Institute (IFF) in Magdeburg. Besides her job at Energinet.dk, she is adjunct professor at the University of Magdeburg in Germany. She is a member of the IEEE-PES, VDE-ETG and CRIS.

Dale Osborn is a member of the IEEE and Vice Chair of the IEEE PES Wind Power Coordinating Committee. He received his BSEE (1969) and MSEE (1972) from the University of Nebraska.

Brian Parsons is a Member of the IEEE. He received his BS from the University of Colorado, Boulder in 1980, and his MS from the University of Wisconsin, Madison in 1983. Brian is currently the group manager of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL) Transmission and Grid Integration Group.

Jonas Persson ([e-mail]) was born in Brämhult, Sweden in 1969. He received his M.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering from Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden in 1997 and his Ph.D. degree in Electric Power Systems from the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden in 2006. He joined ABB Power Systems, Västerâs, Sweden in 1995 where he worked with the development of the power system simulation software Simpow. From 2004 to 2006 he worked at STRI, Ludvika, Sweden with the development and teaching of Simpow. From 2006 to 2007 he worked at the Swedish TSO Svenska Kraftnät with the SCADA system of the Swedish transmission network. Since 2007 he has worked at Vattenfall Research and Development department of Power Technology with power system analysis concerning nuclear power, hydropower, thermal power, and transmission.

Richard Piwko ([e-mail]) is a Managing Director of Power Systems Engineering with GE Energy Consulting. He received the MSEE degree in electric power systems from Worcester Polytechnic Institute. He is a Fellow of IEEE where he has served as chair of the Transmission and Distribution Committee and the Wind and Solar Power Coordinating Committee. He has been with GE since 1976 where his consulting practice has focused on large scale system operations and stability, HVDC transmission, turbine-generator torsional interactions, SSR mitigation, renewable energy integration, and power plant performance. He has authored over 100 publications in these technical subject areas.

Kevin Porter ([e-mail]) is a vice president and principal with Exeter Associates, a consulting firm based in Columbia, Maryland. Mr. Porter has been active in renewable energy analysis and research since 1984. His scope of work and expertise includes the technical and economic status of renewable energy technologies; design and implementation of state and federal renewable energy policies; grid integration of renewable energy technologies; transmission access and pricing for renewable energy technologies; and electric power issues in general. He holds a BS in environmental studies from Lewis and Clark College in Portland, Oregon, and an MA in economics from The American University in Washington, DC.

Pouyan Pourbeik ([e-mail]) received the degree of BE and PhD in electrical engineering from the University of Adelaide, Australia, in 1993 and 1997 respectively. He was with GE Power Systems from 1997 to 2000 and with ABB from 2000 to 2006. He is presently a Technical Executive at EPRI. Throughout his career he has been involved in and led studies related to many aspects of power systems modeling, dynamics, and control. He has performed numerous studies for the interconnection of wind farms. He is presently chairman of the IEEE Dynamic Performance of Wind Power Generation Working Group, and secretary of both the IEEE PES Power System Dynamic Performance Committee and CIGRE Study Committee C4 – System Technical Performance. He is a Fellow of the IEEE and is a registered professional engineer in North Carolina.

Juan Ma. Rodríguez García ([e-mail]) gained a degree in electrical engineering from the Universidad Pontificia Comillas (Madrid) in 1988. He joined Red Electrica de España (REE) S.A. in 1990, where he is currently Head of the International Organizations Department. His experience lies in the area of planning and operation of power systems, reactive power and voltage control, stability and power quality-related analyses and studies. In the stability field, he participated in studies on the Spain–Morocco electrical interconnection and the integration of wind generation in the power system. He also participates in several projects dealing with the extension of the synchronism in the Mediterranean basin and the feasibility of the UCTE and IPS/UPS (Russia, east European and Baltic countries) interconnection. He is currently REE's representative in the System Operations Committee of ENTSO-E.

Krzysztof Rudion ([e-mail]) studied electrical engineering at the Wroclaw University of Technology Poland and the Rostock University of Technology, Germany. He graduated in 2003 from the Wroclaw University of Technology with a M.Sc. Degree. He then joined the Chair of Electric Power Networks and Renewable Energy Sources at the Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany as a research engineer and got his PhD degree. His primary field of interest is integration of renewable energy sources into power system with focus on wind energy.

Juan Sanchez-Gasca ([e-mail]) received his MSc and PhD in electrical engineering from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He is a principal engineer at GE Energy–Energy Consulting Department, where he has worked in the areas of dynamic simulation and control of power systems. He has been involved in the development of generic wind turbine generator models suitable for transmission planning studies. He is an IEEE Fellow and currently chairs the IEEE Modal Identification Task Force and the IEEE Power System Dynamic Performance Committee.

Fritz Santjer ([e-mail]) received an MSc (Diplom) in electrical engineering from the University of Siegen, Germany, in 1989. In 1990 he joined the German Wind Energy Institute (DEWI) where he works on grid connection and the power quality of wind turbines and wind farms and on standalone systems. In 2000 he became head of the Electrical Systems Group in DEWI. He has performed commercial power quality and grid protection measurements in many different countries in Europe, South America and Asia. He is an assessor for the MEASNET power quality procedure and is involved in national and international working groups regarding guidelines on power quality and the grid connection of wind turbines. He lectures at national and international courses. He has been involved in various European research projects concerning grid connection and power quality of wind turbines, standalone systems and simulations of wind turbines and networks.

Martin Schellschmidt ([e-mail]) finalized his studies in electrical engineering with a degree as a Dipl.-Ing. in electrical engineering at the University of Applied Sciences of Friedberg/Hessen, Germany. Since 2001 he has been working with ENERCON where he manages the R&D Group of validation and functional testing at the ENERCON head office in Aurich, Germany. The focus of these workings is the validation of wind turbine components and especially their power plant capabilities. He is active in German national working groups on certification schemes for proofing the conformity of single wind energy converters and entire wind farms with respect to the new German grid codes.

Matt Schuerger ([e-mail]) is a consultant to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. He has 25 years of experience in the utility industry, including extensive work with the integration of large amounts of variable renewable energy into power systems. He is a licensed professional engineer with an MS degree in electrical engineering (power systems) from the University of Minnesota, a BS degree in mechanical engineering from Purdue University, and an MBA from the University of St. Thomas.

Slavomir Seman ([e-mail]) was born in 1973, in Slovakia. He received an MSc degree in electrical engineering from the University of Zilina, Slovakia, in 1997 and a Dr. Tech. degree from Helsinki University of Technology, Finland, in 2006. He was with ABB Drives, WindAC, located in Finland from June 2006 until July 2011 where he worked as a grid code specialist and simulation team line manager responsible for WT drives simulations and grid connection studies. In August 2011 he joined Siemens AG, Sector Energy, Renewable Energy Division in Nürnberg, Germany. He is currently working as Program Manager with responsibility for Inverters and grid access of solar PV and hydro generators. His special fields of interest include power electronics, variable-speed drives and control, power quality, power system transient studies, site testing, simulations, wind and solar PV power grid integration.

J.G. Slootweg ([e-mail]) received an MSc degree in electrical power engineering in 1998 (cum laude) and a PhD degree in 2003, both from Delft University of Technology. He also holds an MSc degree in business administration. Han is currently manager of the Innovation Department of Enexis B.V., one of the largest distribution network operators in the Netherlands. Its spearheads are energy transition (including distributed generation and smart grids), asset condition assessment and increasing workforce productivity through new technologies. Han also holds a professorship in smart grids at the Electrical Power Systems group at the Eindhoven University of Technology. He has (co-)authored more than 75 papers, covering a broad range of aspects of the electricity supply.

J. Charles Smith ([e-mail]) is a Senior Member of the IEEE. He received the BS and MS degrees from MIT in 1970 and is currently the Executive Director of the Utility Wind Integration Group.

Lennart Söder ([e-mail]) is professor and the head of the division in Electric Power Systems at KTH Royal Institute of Technology. He is the author and coauthor of more than 200 scientific publications. He has worked with issues related to integration of wind power in power systems since 1982. His integrations studies have included mainly the balancing challenge such as capacity credit, impact from wind power forecasts, use of hydro power as a balancing resource, market aspects etc. He has participated in several books and is an active teacher in the area of power systems, power markets and wind power integration. Other related research includes harmonics, power system reliability, power system restoration, electricity market design and transmission limits and congestion management. He is member of Cigre and an IEEE senior member.

Poul S rensen ([e-mail]) was born in 1958. He received an M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from the Technical University of Denmark in 1987. He is a professor in the Wind Energy Department of the Technical University of Denmark. His main research interest is in the integration of wind power into power systems, involving a variety of disciplines including dynamic modeling and control of wind turbines and wind farms, wind power fluctuation statistics and power system control and stability. He is a convener of the IEC working group preparing a new standard IEC 61400–27 on Electrical Simulation Models of Wind Power Generation. He is an Editor on the Wiley Journal Wind Energy.

Robert Steinberger-Wilckens ([e-mail]) received his physics PhD degree in 1993 from the University of Oldenburg, Germany, working on a system analysis of coupling geographically dispersed renewable electricity generation to electricity grids. Back in 1986 he founded the engineering consultancy PLANET (Planungsgruppe Energie und Technik) in Oldenburg, of which he became a full-time senior manager after 1993. His work has focused on complex system design and planning in energy and water supply, energy saving, hydrogen applications, building quality certificates and in wind, solar and biomass projects. He was involved in the development of the hydrogen filling station EUHYFIS and in the development of battery electric and fuel-cell hybrid vehicles. From 2002 he was coordinator of the solid-oxide fuel-cell development at Forschungszentrum Jülich until taking over the chair of hydrogen and fuel cells at the University of Birmingham in 2012.

Goran Strbac ([e-mail]) is a professor of electrical energy systems at the Imperial College London, UK. His research interests are in the area of power system analysis, planning and economics and in particular in the technical and commercial integration of distributed generation in the operation and development of power systems.

John Olav Tande ([e-mail]) is a senior scientist at SINTEF Energy Research and director of NOWITECH (www.nowitech.no). John Tande has 22 years' experience working within wind power R&D, including 7 years at Ris in Denmark and since 1997 at SINTEF Energy Research. In his research his main interest has been and is on electric design and grid integration of wind turbines, both on land and offshore. He is convener of IEC TC88 WG21, responsible for preparing international standard IEC 61400-21: ‘Measurement and assessment of power quality characteristics of grid connected wind turbines’, and has been Operating Agent (2002–2006) for IEA Wind R&D Annex XXI ‘Dynamic models of wind farms for power system studies’.

Eckehard Tröster ([e-mail]) holds a Diploma Degree in electrical engineering from the Darmstadt University of Technology, Germany. In 2009 he also received his PhD from the Darmstadt University of Technology for his