The Nutritional
Touch is arguably the most important nourishment that all humans need for optimal growth, health and development. With adequate exercise, and a balanced diet, including the right amount of nutrients, we will follow normal developmental patterns, and thrive. If there is a lack of essential nutrients, our emotional and physical development will be impaired. Touch is equally as important as essential vitamins, minerals and proteins. As with diet and exercise, we all need a daily dose of touch. Human touching provides essential nutriment for all babies.
Touch has been referred to as ‘the mother of the senses’ … perhaps because it is the earliest sensory system to develop. The word ‘touch’ has the longest entry in the Oxford English Dictionary, and can be defined as ‘the action, or an act of touching or feeling something with the hand, finger or other part of the body’. The operative word in the definition is feeling. Even though touch is not an emotion, its sensory elements stimulate the neural, glandular, muscular and mental changes which, in combination, we call an emotion. As such, touch is not only experienced as a simple physical modality, as sensation … but also affectively, as emotion.
Touch is inextricably linked to how babies feel and how babies communicate. Every baby’s first sensory input in life, comes from the sense of touch they experience whilst still in the womb, and continues to be the primary means of learning about the world throughout infancy and well into childhood. Touch is more than critical for a baby’s optimal growth, development and health … it is essential to their survival.
THE CRITICAL IMPORTANCE OF A BABY’S FIRST TOUCH:
“The touch of the mother is the first event to write itself on the body” (philosopher Jacques Derrida). The way in which babies are touched - or not touched - in utero, during birth, and in the early hours, days, weeks, months and years of life, can have both an immediate and a long-lasting and dramatic impact on their physical health and emotional well-being.
Touch – In Utero
Touch is the first of the senses to develop in utero, and is the most developed sense at birth. In the womb, a baby’s needs are constantly met. There is continuity, protection, weightlessness, security, no hunger or thirst, a constant and ideal temperature, constant movement and rocking, and continuous tactile stimulation and feedback from the mother’s heart rate, respiration rate, and other physiological rhythms. A developing fetus receives something akin to a continuous massage during the entire nine months in the womb, from the constant movement of the amniotic fluid, and the constant contact with the mother’s internal organs. In the darkness, warmth and snugness of the womb, life for a fetus is almost perfect. All their needs are provided automatically, and without effort. After birth, this blissful set of circumstances will change at once, and the security of the womb will be left behind. Interactions with the outside world and all its challenges will commence.
Touch - During Birth
A baby’s most powerful experience of touch is birth itself. During birth, the prolonged contractions of the uterus push the baby through the birth canal, providing an especially intense massage. It is this intense massage that activates the baby’s respiratory system, by releasing the lipoprotein substance that acts like a lubricant, and signals the lungs to function, so that the baby can breathe on its own. It also stimulates the peripheral nervous system and major organs, in preparation for the continuation of life outside the womb.
At birth, babies are suddenly propelled into the cool air, amongst loud and frightening sounds, and the glare created by bright lights. This sudden frenzy of exposure to the outside world, assaults the newborn’s nervous system and brain, whilst rubber coated and unfamiliar hands probe, pull and intrude upon the newborn’s as yet, untouched body. Being born also means separation from mother, and babies must immediately adapt.
The conditions experienced inside the womb, remain just as essential for life outside the womb. This is because the gestation (Latin for carrying) period of human babies does not end at birth. Collectively, the uterogestation (carrying in the uterus) and the exterogestation (carrying outside the uterus) lasts up until a child can crawl, which on average, is around 80 weeks or 560 days. Warmth, touch, rocking, being held … are basic and essential needs for every baby during exterogestation. Along with daily care and breastfeeding, newborns need loving attentiveness and gentle touch from their caregivers. For many babies, this stimulation and feedback in the outside world becomes either significantly reduced, or is almost non-existent.
Touch - After Birth
The way a mother and baby experience birth, and the experiences they have in the first few hours, weeks and months after birth, can have lasting effects on their relationship, and on the later development of the child. It is right after birth that the important process of attachment and bonding commences. Oftentimes, those first moments after birth are interrupted by the urge to act. We have lost the knack of waiting … and allowing things to happen. The transition from the womb to the outside world occurs far more smoothly when mother and baby remain in close touch.
After birth, babies are bombarded with a mammoth variety of new sensory stimuli, and their success in adapting to the rapidly changing environment outside the womb, and their ability to cope with the rapidly changing demands of the outside world, will depend on their capacity to detect and interpret sensory stimulation. Maintaining a regular heartbeat and breathing; executing smooth, quiet body movements; controlling and preserving body temperature; and sustaining ease of digestion, are all physiologically demanding for a newborn. When babies are in close contact with their mother, their
