THE NOSE KNOWS

Osa, an athletic yet stubborn 62-pound German shepherd with a long fluffy tail and a fondness for red bandanas, seems an unlikely superhero. But the six-yearold pooch has mastered the art of sniffing out cancerous tumours and is key to a research project that has the potential to revolutionise oncology.

Despite the remarkable success of immunotherapy, CRISPR gene editing and other recent breakthrough treatments, oncologists’ inability to detect some cancers in their early stages remains one of the field’s most intractable—and fatal—shortcomings. Case in point: an average of 75 Canadian women are diagnosed each day with breast cancer, a disease that is treatable when found early. Yet each day, some 14 Canadians die from breast cancer.

Osa might soon help improve those odds. She is part of an ambitious effort launched five years ago at the University of Pennsylvania that aims to reverse engineer one of the most powerful scent-detection machines in the world: the canine nose. Osa is able to distinguish between blood samples taken from cancer patients and their healthy peers simply by sniffing them. In fact, she’s one of five cancerdetection dogs trained by Annemarie DeAngelo and her colleagues at the university’s Penn Vet Working Dog