Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society Supplementary Volume Series

This study collects and analyses the evidence for the development of direct relations between the Greeks and Egypt in the Archaic Age, and assesses the significance of these relations from both the Greek and the Egyptian points of view.

Alexander Riese's 'Anthologia Latina' (Teubner, 1894) is full of false readings due partly to corruption in the manuscripts and partly to injudicious conjectures by Riese and his predecessors. D. R. Shackleton Bailey's notes, published in 1979 ahead of his Teubner edition (1982), are both emendatory and explanatory. They concern over 160 poems, many of which become intelligible for the first time.

Trade in antiquity - its scale, status, pattern and context - is the subject of lively debate among historians. But no analysis has made a special investigation of trade in essential food stuffs. Famine and food crisis are also neglected subjects. This collection of essays is structured around the two focal points of trade and famine. A theme of the volume is that a combination of natural and artificial shortages made inevitable the bulk movement of staples between regions in all periods of antiquity. Novel contributions are offered in addition in relation to the cost of shipping, the extent of long-distance trade in wine, the relative demand for wheat and barley, the incidence and gravity of food crises, the efficiency of famine relief measures and the part played by food shortages in the collapse of the late Roman frontier system.

In Greco-Roman society the typical labourer was a peasant, not a slave. Yet, while specialized studies of ancient slavery abound, the subject of free labour, its incidence, status and economic significance, has received little attention. This volume of essays provides a summary of the available evidence for non-slave labour in antiquity and a bibliographical guide, but in addition advances novel interpretations concerning, for example, the composition of the 'labouring class', the relation between slave and peasant systems of production, and the importance of free dependent labour in the Western Roman provinces.

Fixed in diction and form, the tradition of ethnographical prose extends from fifth-century Greece through all of Latin literature. Issues such as situation, climate and fertility have a direct effect on the social and ethical status of a land's inhabitants, and it is this uniformity of purpose that motivates the strictly formulaic nature of ethnographical texts. In this volume, Professor Thomas examines the influence of that tradition on the poetry of Virgil, Horace and Lucan. At their hands it emerges as a vehicle for the expression of attitudes not only towards civilized Italian society, but also to landscapes and environments which are largely their own poetic creations, and which are to be viewed in contrast to the world of Rome. The work concludes with an examination of Tacitus' place both in the acknowledged prose tradition, and in the more allusive poetic tradition which this study has detected.

This study deals with three distinct but related problems: the authorship of the Eudemian Ethics; the relationship between the Eudemian and the Nicomachean Ethics; and the problem of the 'common' books. It is centrally concerned with the second of these problems.

This volume presents a Greek translation of Ovid's erotic poetry, perhaps produced by Planudes in the twelfth century and excerpted in the fourteenth. The text is newly edited and printed alongside Ovid's Latin original.

An essential feature of the classical Greek city-state was the presence of a large body of 'metics', more or less permanent immigrants, most of them from other Greek cities, who played a large part in the economic, social and political life of the community but were excluded from citizenship in all but the most exceptional cases. Despite the importance of the subject, there has previously been no extended account in English. Dr Whitehead's monograph, based on an exhaustive register of the ancient sources, centres on the 'ideology' of the metic in Athens. How much ambiguity was there in his position vis-à-vis the exclusive in-group of citizens? Did the metic think of himself as in some respects an outsider? What were his rights and disabilities? After answering such questions in the analytical first part of the monograph, Dr Whitehead examines the history of the institution over two centuries and offers several new hypotheses about crucial stages in its history.

This study maintains that the extent of influence exerted by Aristotle on the Stoics has often been exaggerated by modern scholars. A collection of all references to him by authors other than Peripatetics, whether contemporary or belonging to the following century, shows that his importance as a philosopher was not then recognised and reveals a lack of evidence that his school-works were known. Professor Sandbach argues that it is a mistake to proceed on the assumption that the Stoics must have known his work, or even an outline of it, and been stimulated, whether to agreement or to modification. If the supposed evidence for Aristotelian influence is examined without this presumption, much is found to be flimsy and some can be confidently rejected. A residue remains of varying degrees of probability, which it is hard to estimate owing to our insufficient information, particularly about Zeno, about the Academy of his time, about Aristotle's exoteric works, and about memory of him in oral traditions.

This book presents a recently discovered inscription from Aphrodisias in western Turkey, probably of the third century AD, which throws unusual light on the history of the Jewish diaspora, on the background to early Christianity, and on the society of a Greco-Roman city below the level of its elite, who normally dominate the evidence. The inscription records a charitable donation to a synagogue community by Jews (including a few proselytes) and a category of men described as theosebeis, whom the authors interpret as gentiles with a serious interest in Judaism, like the 'God-fearers' of the Acts of the Apostles. These theosebeis range in status from city-councillors to fullers, and they reveal what kind of men were attracted by monotheism and its moral code; these men might also provide converts to Christianity. The text also reveals something of the professed ideals and activities of the donors: psalm-singing and law are prominent; the former sheds light on the history of Christian liturgy. Aphrodisias was not previously known to have had a Jewish community.

If we are to understand why Plato had a theory of Forms, we must explain, firstly, why he thought it necessary to depart from the ontology of the Socratic dialogues; secondly, why he then posited the existence of entities that have the characteristics that he ascribes to Forms (entities that are 'unmixed', 'unchanging', 'in every way being' and so on); and thirdly, why Plato took this course when other philosophers have not done so (and even he himself and his immediate pupils were later to modify or abandon the theory). In this study, Robert William Jordan discovers an answer to these questions where we might expect to find one - namely in the arguments Plato gives us in favour of the hypothesis that there are Forms. These arguments, on analysis, reveal not just a concern with the nature of knowledge and explanation, but an interest in the analysis of the apparent contradictions that Plato in his middle period thought to be presented to the intellect by the sensible world. These contradictions, he then thought, could not be resolved except by those with knowledge of the Forms.

Nonnus' Dionysiaca, a Greek epic poem on Dionysus in 48 books from the fifth century AD, is the longest extant work of ancient epic poetry. This collection of essays situates the poem in its literary-historical and cultural context.

Having established his reputation as an elegist, Ovid turned to the composition of hexameter narrative. Although the Metamorphoses has often been treated as an appendix to the history of Augustan poetry, the principal lines of stylistic and thematic development continue in Ovid's work. Drawing upon the structure and content of Vergil's Sixth Eclogue, the Metamorphoses is an intricate and allusive poem that combines elements from the entire range of Roman verse composed in the Alexandrian manner. Professor Knox focuses in particular upon the contributions of elegy and epyllion, examining the manner in which Ovid exploits the diction of these genres in order to distinguish his poem from traditional epic verse. The study concludes with an investigation of the aetiological stories of the final book and the sustained evocation of Callimachus' Aetia at its close.

Ancient pastoralism and pastoral economies are currently absorbing much scholarly interest, as part of the wider problem of understanding the social and economic life of rural communities. In antiquity the rural poor formed the vast majority of the population and were the main producers of wealth. Yet what is written about them in our sources is disproportionately small and often has to be quarried from authors who had little interest in the subject and whose information was distorted by romantic myths of the past. In recent years, however, archaeology, comparative anthropology and new techniques of historical criticism have been able to supplement our knowledge and have stimulated a reexamination of previously accepted theories. The papers in this volume are a contribution to that debate. They range from the archaic societies of Greece and Rome to the last days of the Roman Empire, with contibutions from both archaeologists and historians, some of whose views are controversial and throw entirely new light on the subject.

John Caius (1510-75) enjoyed a European reputation as a Galenist physician. This study, based on his marginalia preserved in Eton and Cambridge, describes Caius' immense efforts to see and collate medical manuscripts in Italy and England over almost two decades. His reports are important for a modern editor of Galen, since many of these 'codices' are, apparently, now lost, and some were of high quality. Caius' notes also shed light on the growth of medical humanism, on the accessibility of Greek books and manuscripts in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and on the methods of Renaissance editors of Greek technical prose texts. Caius' evidence also prompts a reassessment of the 1525 Aldine Galen, and of the activities of two of its editors, John Clement and Edward Wotton. This study is of importance to students of both ancient medicine and the transmission of Greek learning in the West.

This collection of essays was published in 1989 in celebration of C. O. Brink, formerly Kennedy Professor of Latin at Cambridge University. Ten leading scholars of contribute papers on Latin literature, Roman history and the manuscript tradition.

A radical reassessment of Ovid's curse poem, Ibis, asserting its central place in his poetry of exile.

Nine essays on Heliodorus' Aithiopika, assessing narrative technique, the construction of culture and the work's reception by more recent cultures.

Eight essays in which Classicists examine the history of their own subject as taught and practised at Cambridge University in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, when the foundations were laid for the modern contours of the subject.

This study, first published in 1994, considers the placement of the copula esse in Classical Latin and the possible relationship of its placement to Wackernagel's Law.

A collection of twelve essays by female scholars published in 1989 in honour of Joyce Reynolds. Topics range across Greek and Roman archaeology, history, literature, philosophy and reception, all bound by a focus on 'authority'.

Eleven essays and a poem by leading Latinists, presented to E. J. Kenney on his seventy-fifth birthday.

A lively study of the life and times of J. E. B. Mayor, one of the towering figures of Classics in Victorian Britain, and author of a still standard commentary on Juvenal's Satires.

Twelve papers offer an unusually broad, varied and fresh examination of an issue which remains fundamental to ancient economic history.

This volume studies Sir Richard Jebb, Regius Professor of Greek at Cambridge until his death in 1905, and the public competition ("praelections") in which five scholars - James Adam, Walter Headlam, Henry Jackson, William Ridgeway and Arthur Verrall - competed to become his successor. Eight essays are followed by Wilamowitz's entertaining review of the five candidates' orations, with a new translation by E. J. Kenney.

A study of Pyrrhonism's sceptical philosophy, with particular reference to Sextus Empiricus.

An important collection of essays on Ovid's Metamorphoses and its reception.

This volume gathers fourteen papers on the Mycenaean palace states of the late Bronze Age. Coverage ranges across Mycene, Pylos, Knossos and the Near East, with topics including administration, agriculture, ceramic production and Linear B.