Carbonatites are controversial rocks that are associated with a diverse range of commodities, such as niobium, phosphate, copper, and light rare earth elements (LREE). This week we dive into some of the latest thinking about carbonatite genesis and ore forming processes, and consider the challenges involved in characterizing and producing these complex ore bodies.  First off, Emma Humphreys-Williams from the Natural History Museum, UK, explains how, when and where carbonatites form in the context of global tectonics and geodynamics, and questions what the carbonatite record tells us about the evolution of the mantle throughout earth history.  https://alkcarb.myrocks.info/ Next, we talk about ore forming processes in carbonatites with Wei Chen, a professor at China University of Geosciences. She provides a deep dive into the processes that generate LREE deposits on a journey that spans the magmatic and metasomatic regimes.  Finally, Tony Mariano, a long-time exploration geologist shares some real-world perspectives on the complex nature of carbonatite ore deposits, and on some of the challenges involved in converting carbonatite-hosted deposits into producing assets.  Theme music is Confluence by Eastwinds. Eastwindsmusic.com