Vaccine development is a tremendous scientific breakthrough. In Part Two of this ASCO Education Podcast episode, Dr. Doug Lowy, Principal Deputy Director of the National Cancer Institute describes overcoming the hesitancy of taking vaccines in the era of Covid (:57), the scientific impacts of other nations like China (3:54), the importance and the standing of the NCI (5:10) and the future of oncology (10:36). If you liked this episode, please subscribe. Learn more at https://education.asco.org, or email us at education@asco.org.   TRANSCRIPT Pat Loehrer: Hi, I'm Pat Loehrer, Director of Global Oncology and Health Equity, at Indiana University. I'm here with Dave Johnson, a colleague and friend, and Medical Oncologist at the University of Texas Southwestern in Dallas, Texas. This is the second half of our Oncology, Etc., conversation with Principal Deputy Director of the NCI, and Chief of the Intramural Laboratory of Cellular Oncology in the Center for Cancer Research, Dr. Doug Lowy. In part one, we chatted with Dr. Lowy about his interest in cancer, which was developed through his personal academic experiences, including that of his parents, as well as his groundbreaking work on the HPV vaccine with Dr. John Schiller. Today, we're going to continue our conversation with Dr. Lowy by asking him about overcoming the hesitancy of taking vaccines in the era of COVID.   Dr. Doug Lowy: Pat, it's very difficult. There was some vaccine hesitancy when the HPV vaccine was introduced initially. My view is that the people you want to speak to and with, are the people whose minds can be changed. So, I don't try to change the minds of people who are opposed to vaccination for one reason or another, but instead, try to talk with people about evidence, but directing it towards those people whose minds potentially can be changed. A big advantage with the HPV vaccine is that this has been going on over a number of years. With COVID, everything happened in a greatly truncated way. So, the vaccine was introduced less than a year after the pandemic. But concomitant with that was a lot of vaccine hesitancy, and I think that that's going to be difficult to overcome. What I have really worried about is whether the vaccine hesitancy associated with COVID might extend to other vaccines and not just to the HPV vaccine, but to childhood vaccines, et cetera. The national data for 2020 and 2021 for HPV vaccination is almost counterintuitive and provisionally reassuring, both. Compared to 2019, the last full year without the pandemic, the number of people being vaccinated with the HPV vaccine went up between '19 and '20, and between '20 and '21, went up again. So, at least by that metric and through that time, it doesn't look as though the vaccine hesitancy associated with Covid is extending to the HPV vaccine, at least in the short term. So, what we've seen between 2019 and 2021 is that HPV vaccine uptake among teenagers actually has gone up each year. So, at least in the short term, the vaccine hesitancy associated with the Covid vaccine does not seem to have extended to the HPV vaccine. Dave Johnson: So, Doug, I'm going to shift gears just a little bit. I read recently, in Science, that China had overtaken the United States in terms of scientific publication and impact; and I'm wondering what you think about that, and what we need to do to retain our longstanding leadership in that role. Or does it really matter? Dr. Doug Lowy: If China's research, if their quality is outstanding-- I mean, there's nothing wrong with another country making important contributions to biomedical research. I don't see this, per se, as a competition. Perhaps, it's because I'm just looking at it through the lens of cancer research, and we think that cancer research is much too big to be done exclusively through support of NCI, exclusively in the United States, et cetera. So, to me, if other countries are doing high-quality research that can help people all over the world with r