What are some of the major differences between intravenous or IV ketamine and intranasal esketamine? How are you building on these research findings and what associated avenues have been explored? In this episode, we interview the poster winner from last year’s NEI Congress, Dr. Balwinder Singh on his research comparing intravenous ketamine and intranasal esketamine. The study, conducted at Mayo Clinic rendered interesting findings that may be important for clinicians. Dr. Balwinder Singh is a Consultant and Assistant professor in the Department of Psychiatry at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. He is a psychiatrist specializing in mood disorders, and his research is focused on novel treatments for treatment-resistant depression and identifying biomarkers for ketamine response.  He is also involved in the ketamine and esketamine clinic practice at the Mayo Clinic Depression Center.   This is one of the first studies to highlight a faster response to intravenous ketamine as compared to intranasal esketamine in an observational study.