词汇提示1.pamphlets 手册2.circulated 流通3.dispatch 电讯4.illustration 插图5.pioneer 先驱6.sensational 轰动的7.imitated 模仿8.gossip 八卦9.horoscope 星座原文NewspapersAll the great cities in the world now have newspapers.But newspapers, as we know them today, are not that old.The very first newspapers began long after the invention of printing.They started in Europe in the 1600s, and were usually only a couple of pages long.For a long time, newspapers were not very common.Governments didn't want public discussion of their policies and decisions.Often they closed down papers, or taxed them heavily.The "Stamp Tax" on newspapers and pamphlets was one of the causes of the American Revolution.Newspapers began to grow in size when they discovered advertising as a source of income.Nowadays, advertising is the main revenue source for most newspapers.As newspapers became more widely circulated, they could ask for more money for their advertisements.By the late eighteenth century, newspapers were in common use in Europe.The 1800s and early 1900s was the golden age of newspapers.Improvements in transportation, communication and printing processes made it easier to collect news from near and far and to publish papers more quickly and more cheaply.The Weekly Dispatch and the Times, both of London, England, were leading newspapers through much of the 1800s.The Times was one of the first papers to include illustrations.It was the first newspaper to use a steam engine to turn the presses.When the tax on newspapers was reduced in 1836, the Times was able to increase its size considerably.In 1840, it began to use the telegraph to collect news stories.In 1855 the tax on newspapers was finally lifted.The Times made its greatest reputation during the Crimean War between Britain and Russia.British armies, fighting in Russia's Crimean Peninsula, were not only unsuccessful in the war, but were suffering severely from illnesses.The Times sent out the world's first war correspondent, William Howard Russell, in 1854.His reports from the battle lines had a powerful effect on the British public.A War Fund was organized to help the soldiersRussell forced the government to accept the offer of Florence Nightingale to organize nurses to travel to Crimea.A photographer, Roger Fenton, sent back photos from the war, which were published in the Times.Meanwhile in America, a more popular approach to newspapers had developed.The newspaper had spread west with the pioneers, and nearly every little settlement had its own paper.American newspapers were cheaper and livelier than British ones.They were aimed at the average person, rather than the governing class.Examples of the new style of editing and publishing were Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst.Hearst, especially, employed sensational and emotional writing, which aimed at stirring up the public to action.Hearst is sometimes accused of starting the Spanish-American War of 1898 with his over-heated editorials.Nonetheless, his methods were successful in raising circulation and were widely imitated.The modern newspaper contains more than hard news.In fact, news may be a fairly small part of it.Advertisements, gossip, show business, photos of celebrities, sports, stock market prices,horoscopes, comic strips, weather reports and much more are found in its pages.The modern newspaper is a total entertainment package.A question for the future is whether electronic newspapers will replace paper newspapers.翻译报纸世界上所有的大城市现在都有报纸。但报纸，正如我们今天所知，并没有那么古老。最早的报纸是在印刷术发明很久之后开始的。它们始于17世纪的欧洲，通常只有几页长。在很长一段时间里，报纸并不常见。政府不希望公众讨论他们的政策和决定。他们经常关闭报纸，或对其征收重税。报纸和小册子上的“印花税”是美国革命的原因之一。当报纸发现广告是一种收入来源时，它们的规模开始扩大。如今，广告是大多数报纸的主要收入来源。随着报纸的传播越来越广泛，他们可以为广告索要更多的钱。到了十八世纪末，报纸在欧洲已普遍使用。19世纪和20世纪初是报纸的黄金时代。运输、通信和印刷流程的改进使从远近收集新闻变得更加容易，并以更快、更低廉的价格发表论文。英国伦敦的《周报》和《泰晤士报》在19世纪的大部分时间里都是领先的报纸。《泰晤士报》是最早刊登插图的报纸之一。这是第一家使用蒸汽机转动印刷机的报纸。1836年，当报纸税降低时，《泰晤士报》得以大幅扩大其规模。1840年，它开始使用电报收集新闻报道。1855年，报纸税终于取消了。《泰晤士报》在英国和俄罗斯之间的克里米亚战争中享有盛誉。在俄罗斯克里米亚半岛作战的英国军队不仅在战争中失败，而且还患有严重的疾病。1854年，《泰晤士报》派出了世界第一任战地记者威廉·霍