The Science of Superhydrophobicity: Enhancing Outdoor Electrical Insulators
By indirajith K
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About this ebook
Title: The Science of Superhydrophobicity: Enhancing Outdoor Electrical Insulators
In an age where electrical infrastructure is foundational to modern existence, the efficiency and reliability of high-voltage equipment are critical. This ebook, "The Science of Superhydrophobicity," provides an in-depth examination of how superhydrophobic coatings can significantly enhance the performance of outdoor electrical insulators, which are vital for the uninterrupted distribution of power. Drawing from comprehensive field studies and advanced research methodologies, this work delves into the operational challenges and degradation mechanisms that afflict high-voltage insulators, proposing superhydrophobic coatings as a groundbreaking solution.
Through detailed experimentation and analysis, the text reveals how these innovative coatings improve insulator durability against environmental contaminants such as moisture, dust, and ice. The application methods, such as the sol-gel process and spray coating techniques, are meticulously described, alongside characterization studies that include goniometry for contact angle measurement, SEM for surface morphology, and FTIR for chemical composition analysis. The superhydrophobic properties are further confirmed through tests measuring sliding angles, UV transmittance, and thermal stability, ensuring comprehensive coverage of the material's capabilities.
Moreover, this ebook explores the real-world implications of these technologies through simulation models and practical testing scenarios, including flashover studies and mechanical durability tests, conducted under standardized conditions. "The Science of Superhydrophobicity" not only charts a path forward for enhancing insulator technology but also serves as a crucial resource for engineers, researchers, and industry professionals looking to foster innovation in power system reliability and safety. This work stands as a testament to the transformative potential of superhydrophobic technology in the field of electrical engineering.
indirajith K
Dr. Indirajith K. is an esteemed Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering at Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan University. He holds a Ph.D. from Anna University, Chennai, a Master of Engineering from Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamanagalam, and a Bachelor of Engineering from MAM School of Engineering, Trichy. Dr. Indirajith has contributed significantly to the field of electrical engineering, authoring 15 articles in scientific journals which have garnered 50 citations collectively. He serves as a reviewer for prestigious publications including IEEE transactions and journals, as well as for the Electrical Power Components and Systems journal published by Taylor & Francis. His academic and professional pursuits underscore a deep commitment to advancing research and knowledge in electrical engineering.
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The Science of Superhydrophobicity - indirajith K
ABSTRACT
In present era, a world without electric current is unimaginable. Transportation of electric current from power source to home appliances entails more equipment like generators, transformers, overhead lines, power cables etc. This equipment generally operates at high-voltage ranging above 22 kV and more. Also, this equipment is predominantly responsible for reliable and uninterrupted power supply. Among all the astonishing equipment found in power transmission and distribution networks, the insulator plays a vital role by providing mechanical support and electrical protection to power system. Despite all these noteworthy facts, the breakdown of insulators owing to surface contaminants appears to be particularly fascinating in today's scientific world. Researchers provide a plethora of methods to eradicate this problem.
In order to alleviate these failure mechanisms, research thorough knowledge about the same is essential. This plethora of texts aims in serving this purpose. A field study has been carried out in the nearby utilitarian
sub-station to explore the operations and practical difficulties of high-voltage outdoor insulators. Field observations of the same has been inscribed into descriptive information. Hereby, this research surveys different types of outdoor insulation materials exploited in different high-voltage equipment. Besides, proposed method details failure mechanisms prevailing in different insulating material. Conclusively, this study illustrates the methods to prevent the insulation breakdown mechanisms with the objective of providing insightful subject matter to the upcoming researchers of this field.
Amidst the methods, superhydrophobic coating for insulators which is one of the widely used method, provide better solution as it offers resistance to moisture, wetness, dust and ice. This unique property of superhydrophobic coated insulators require further investigation. Hence to achieve this purpose, by preparing a superhydrophobic solution with PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane) chemical and preparation of superhydrophobic solution of PDMS (Poly di methyl siloxane) with MTMS (Methyl tri methoxy silane) composites was made and comparative analyze was performed. In this study superhydrophobic coatings were prepared by using sol-gel method and spray coating technique. Characterization studies were performed by using goniometer to measure the Contact Angle (CA) for superhydrophobic coating on insulator surface and it was found to be from 165° to 170° and sliding angle was from 5° to 10° confirming superhydrophobic property. Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis validates the chemical composite of the coatings. Surface roughness and surface energy for this coating are also analyzed. UV spectroscopy analysis was conducted to determine transmittance values of PDMS and PDMS/MTMS coatings. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis was used to observe the surface morphology of coating with estimated thickness L=2μm. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was conducted to study about thermal withstanding limit of the coating above 600°C. Simulation model for studying flashover occurrence, adhesion property of water was built using COMSOL Multiphysics Software. Megger insulation test is conducted in an intentional contaminated conditions based on solid layer method of IEC60507 standards and IEC 60587 standards insulation resistances were tested using a megger instrument and self-cleaning ability of coating was also determined in this research. Mechanical durability and stability of superhydrophobic coatings test (adhesive tape peeling, sand paper abrasion, sand impact and pencil hard test) have been conducted in this research to determine superhydrophobic property. Even though there are countable contributions in this theme, this work stands out of the ordinary owing to the real-time field study that has not been performed so far in the existing literatures for this theme.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thankfulness is the beginning of gratitude. Gratitude is the completion of thankfulness
- Henri Frederic Amiel.
God will make a way when there seems to be no way
- Thank you God
First and foremost, I humbly bow down before God Almighty for giving me the opportunities to cultivate patience, tolerance, hope in my life and in completing the research work successfully. If all the world could have your dedication, there would be more progress and more interest in education. Thank you for showing resilience in it all
. This research work and ebook would have not been possible without the support and scrupulous guidance of Dr. N. Jaya, Associate Professor, Department of Petrochemical Technology, University college of Engineering, BIT Campus, Anna university, Trichy. I feel extremely privileged and blessed to work under her supervision. The way she taught, the love she showered, the knowledge she imparted, the care she took, made her the best mentor and I must acknowledge all the efforts she put to lift me up in life and research. Her inspirations, deep rooted positivity, freedom to practicalize the ideas were central features in successful completion of this research work.
I wholeheartedly thank Dr.S.Venkatesan, Professor and Head, Department of Petrochemical Technology, University college of Engineering, BIT Campus, Anna university, Trichy for his sustained encouragement towards research development.
I wish my sincere thanks to my DC members Dr.R. Kanimozhi, Associate Professor, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, University college of Engineering, BIT Campus, Anna University, Trichy and Dr.C. Naveen Kumar, Principal scientist, Department of Electroplating and Metal finishing, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, for their comments and suggestions during periodic doctoral committee meetings.
No love is greater than mom’s love and no care is greater than dad’s care
. I am very much grateful to my mother Mrs.T. Josephine Clara Marry and my father Mr.K. Kanagaraj and my sister Mrs.K. Abirami for their belief, generous blessings and support throughout my life. Without their inspiration, drive, I might not be the person I am today, I am very much thankful for their immense support in doing the research work. I personally thank all my friends and relatives for being pillars of support at my hard times and celebrating me for every small thing. Gratitude unlocks the fullness of life. I am grateful to everyone for all who have been my amiable support.
INDIRAJITH K
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
ABSTRACT iii
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF FIGURES xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xvii
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 OVERVIEW OF AN INSULATOR IN
POWER SYSTEM 1
1.1.1 Problem Statement and Background 1
1.1.2 Surfaces: Hydrophilic, Hydrophobic
& Superhydrophobic Surface 2
1.1.2.1 Hydrophilic surfaces 5
1.1.2.2 Hydrophobic surface 6
1.1.2.3 Super-hydrophobic surface 8
1.1.3 Van der Waals Force 9
1.1.4 Electrostatic Forces 10
1.1.5 Wettability Properties and its Theory 10
1.1.6 Coating Technology 11
1.1.7 Thin Film Technique 11
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH WORK 13
1.3 ORGANIZATION OF EBOOK 14
2 LITERATURE REVIEW- INSULATOR
PROTECTIVE COATINGS AND APPLICATIONS 17
CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
3 MATERIALS AND METHODS USED TO
FABRICATE SUPERHYDROPHOBIC COATINGS 51
3.1 INTRODUCTION 51
3.2 MATERIALS SELECTION 51
3.2.1 Clay 52
3.2.2 Feldspar 53
3.2.3 Silica 53
3.3 PORCELAIN MANUFACTURING
PROCESS 53
3.3.1 Moulding of Raw Material 54
3.3.2 Cleaning and Mixing 54
3.3.3 Making of Porcelain Material Body 54
3.3.4 Glazing 55
3.3.5 Firing 56
3.4 MATERIALS USED FOR SYNEBOOK
OF SUPERHYDROPHOBIC COATING 56
3.4.1 Poly Di Methyl Siloxane (PDMS) 59
3.4.2 Silanes 62
3.4.2.1 Tetra Ethyl Ortho
Silicate (TEOS) 63
3.4.2.2 Methyl Tri Methoxy
Silane (MTMS) 64
3.4.2.3 (3-Aminopropyl) Tri Ethoxy
Silane (APTES) 66
3.5 DEPOSITION TECHNIQUES 67
3.5.1 Techniques Employed in this Study 68
3.5.1.1 Sol-gel method 68
3.5.1.2 Spray coating technique 70
CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
3.6 PREPARATION OF SUPERHYDROPHOBIC
COATING BASED ON SOL-GEL AND
SPRAY COATING TECHNIQUE 71
3.6.1 Sample 1 (PDMS) 71
3.6.2 Sample 2 (PDMS/MTMS) 71
3.7 THIN FILM PREPARATION 72
3.8 CHARACTERIZATION 73
4 CHARACTERIZATION OF PDMS AND
PDMS/MTMS SUPERHYDROPHOBIC
COATINGS 74
4.1 INTRODUCTION 74
4.2 CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUE 74
4.2.1 Thickness 75
4.2.2 Contact Angle (CA) 75
4.2.3 Surface Roughness and Surface Energy 76
4.2.4 UV-Visible Spectroscopy 77
4.2.5 Fourier Transform Infra-Red
Spectroscopy (FTIR) 78
4.2.6 Scanning Electron Microscopic
Analysis (SEM) 79
4.2.7 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 80
4.3 OUTDOOR INSULATOR TEST 80
4.3.1 Megger Insulation Test 80
4.4 MECHANICAL DURABILITY AND
STABILITY OF SUPERHYDROPHOBIC
COATINGS 81
CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
4.4.1 Stability against Adhesive
Tape Peeling Test 81
4.4.2 Durability against Abrasion
(Sandpaper, Sand Impact, and
Pencil Hardness Test) 82
4.5 COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS
SIMULATION SOFTWARE 83
4.5.1 Navier-Stokes equations 84
5 CHARACTERIZATION AND ANALYSIS
OF COATINGS FOR PORCELAIN
INSULATOR 89
5.1 THICKNESS
5.2 CONTACT ANGLE- SAMPLE 1
(PDMS) 89
5.3 SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND
SURFACE ENERGY 90
5.4 UV-VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY 92
5.5 FOURIER TRANSFORMS
INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (FTIR) 93
5.6 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC
ANALYSIS - SAMPLE 1 (PDMS) 94
5.7 CONTACT ANGLE- SAMPLE 2
(PDMS/MTMS) 95
5.8 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC
ANALYSIS - SAMPLE 2 (PDMS/MTMS) 97
5.9 THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS
(TGA) RESULTS 98
CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
5.10 OUTDOOR INSULATION TEST 99
5.10.1 Megger Insulation Test 99
5.10.1.1 Line to earth test
(Artificial salt contamination
test) 99
5.10.1.2 Line to line test
(Artificial dust pollution test) 102
5.11 SELF-CLEANING ABILITY 103
5.12 DEEP UNDERWATER STABILITY 104
5.13 MECHANICAL DURABILITY AND
STABILITY OF SUPERHYDROPHOBIC
COATINGS 105
5.13.1 Sandpaper Abrasion Test 105
5.13.2 Adhesive Tape Test 107
5.13.3 Pencil Hardness Test 108
5.14 SIMULATION ANALYSIS 108
5.14.1 COMSOL Simulation Analysis 108
6 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PDMS
AND PDMS/MTMS SUPERHYDROPHOBIC
COATINGS 117
7 CONCLUSION 120
7.1 SUMMARY 120
7.2 FUTURE WORK 123
REFERENCES 124
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 147
LIST OF TABLES
.
LIST OF FIGURES