Revolutionizing Energy Storage Nanomaterial Solutions for Sustainable Supercapacitors

By Jack Jone

"Revolutionizing Energy Storage: Nanomaterial Solutions for Sustainable Supercapacitors" by Jack Jone is a groundbreaking exploration into the forefront of energy storage technology. In this meticulously researched and thought-provoking book, Jone delves into the revolutionary potential of nanomaterials in the realm of supercapacitors, presenting cutting-edge solutions that promise to transform the landscape of energy storage.

The author, Jack Jone, an esteemed expert in the field of nanotechnology and energy storage, brings his wealth of knowledge and experience to the forefront. Jone guides readers through the intricate world of nanomaterials, elucidating their unique properties and demonstrating how they can be harnessed to create sustainable and efficient supercapacitors. The book addresses the pressing need for energy storage solutions that are not only powerful but also environmentally friendly.

With a blend of scientific rigor and accessible language, Jone makes the complex subject matter accessible to a wide audience, from researchers and engineers to students and environmentally conscious individuals. "Revolutionizing Energy Storage" is not just a book; it is a roadmap to a more sustainable and energy-efficient future, where nanomaterials play a pivotal role in reshaping the way we store and utilize energy.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Jack Jone
• Release date: Mar 22, 2024
• ISBN: 9798223351894

Book preview

ABSTRACT

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Increasing demands and prices on traditional conventional energy resources have created vast attention in all countries to develop and harvest renewable energy sources. Renewable energy resources are refilled continuously by nature. In line with this concern, eco-friendly and sustainable energy sources together with energy conversion and improved storage capacities are to be worked on and concentrated to store energy.

Extensive progress has been made in developing sustainable energy technologies and devices with high power and energy density. Among the various energy storage devices, supercapacitors (SCs), also known as electrochemical capacitors, have attracted considerable attention as feasible power sources resulting in a wide range of applicability. In view of the  working principle of the supercapacitors, it is now high time  to understand  that we need a material that is characterized with smaller dimensions that may offer more active sites, easier access of electrolyte to the active material, and shorter diffusion distances, thereby leading to improved energy storage and performance of supercapacitors. Consolidating the requirement, the nanomaterials with specific dimensions are found to be the  best-suited  solution in the realm of energy storage devices, especially supercapacitors.

In the recent past, several in-depth research activities have been carried out on the transition metal oxides as nanomaterials and various preparation techniques, though certain disadvantages were identified.

Though these materials are highly advantageous, most of these  metal oxides suffer from low capacitance, insufficient cycling stability, and rate performance owing to their inherent characteristics, including low

electrical conductivity and poor mechanical stability, which may hinder relevant electrochemical reactions.

The synthetic routes adopted to synthesize nanomaterials were also found to have disadvantages such as the complex progression, high-cost precursor substance, and demands very rigorous control of different dispensation factors along with low productivity, high power utilization, tedious manufacturing strategies, eco-unfriendly nature, and high production cost. Furthermore, it may be hard to be perceived at a large manufacturing scale.

Another issue with the reported techniques includes the difficulty in altering the morphology, which, if sorted, can pave the way to a lot extent to increase the surface area and consequently leading to a variety of applications.

These factors contribute to the driving force for the present investigation. Therefore, the work focused on the synthesis of size and shape- selective nanostructural materials within a short span, time in a convenient manner is essential for a variety of applications. To achieve this, two different template-assisted simple methods were chosen, and the effects of  templates  on the textural characteristics and surface morphological features of the samples were illustrated. This endeavor comprises synthesis, characterization of ZnO, CuO, NiO, and Co3O4 materials for supercapacitor applications.

Rice-like ZnO nanostructure was prepared using CTAB assisted chemical co-precipitation method with the probable annealing process. Thermal properties, phase studies, internal structure, and morphological features were analyzed using TGA, XRD, SEM techniques, and FTIR. The CTAB serves as a template that influences during the fabrication process and exclusively alters ZnO materials' morphological features. The CV curves rice-

like ZnO nanostructure provides the specific capacitance of 457 Fg-1 at a scan rate of 5 mVs-1.

Sphere-like nanostructure was developed employing the CTAB template-assisted simple co-precipitation method, subsequently succeeded by effective heat treatment. The surface morphological features of the CuO materials were easily tuned using various concentrations of the CTAB template, as explained in ZnO. The thermal behavior, phase, and bonding characteristics were analyzed using TGA, SEM, XRD, and FTIR analyses.  The morphological study declares that the prepared CuO has aggregated definite shaped nanoparticles and sphere-like nanostructure  morphologies.  The sphere-like CuO nanostructure delivers 494 Fg-1 as the specific capacitance at a scan rate of 5 mVs-1.

Synthesis of ultra-small NiO nanomaterial was done using facile cost-effective PVA template assisted hydrothermal route with a significant annealing process. The crystalline property, chemical state, and bonding properties of the NiO materials are evaluated by x-ray diffraction studies Raman, FTIR, and XPS analyses. The PVA template variation controls the morphological features, and the high concentrations of PVA template provide ultra-small NiO nanomaterial. The ultra-small NiO material possesses the specific capacitance of 1069 Fg-1 at a scan rate of 5 mVs-1 and good rate capability.

Preparation of one-dimensional Co3O4 nanorods using facile, cost- effective, and eco-friendly PVA assisted synthetic hydrothermal technique coupled with the proper annealing process. The XRD, XPS, and FTIR studies signify the formation, phase, oxidation state and bonding nature of Co3O4 materials. The high concentration of PVA template provides nanorod and

nanosheet morphologies. The cyclic voltammetric curves deliver the specific capacitance of 1022 Fg-1 at a scan rate of 5mVs-1.

These studies and shreds of evidence prove that the template- assisted preparative method, which modifies the morphology of ZnO, CuO NiO, and Co3O4, provides the most eminent candidates for the supercapacitor applications.

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

The parameters comparison between conventional capacitors, supercapacitors, and  21

batteries

Details  of  supercapacitors  and  their  features

22

fabricated by various Industries

Three types of hybrid supercapacitor devices 28

2.1 XRD diffraction peaks and the

crystallographic planes of ZnO

3.1 XRD diffraction peaks and the crystallographic planes of CuO

4.1 XRD diffraction peaks and the crystallographic planes of NiO

5.1 XRD diffraction peaks and the crystallographic planes of Co3O4

61

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78

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95

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115

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

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Zero-dimensional nanostructures (a) quantum

dots and (b) atomic clusters 4

One-dimensional nanostructure (nanorods) 4

Two-dimensional nanostructures (films) 4

Three-dimensional structure 5

Schematic representation of the sol-gel synthetic process       11

Ragone plot 21

Types of supercapacitors 24

The proposed model of electrochemical double-

layer capacitors 25

TGA analysis of ZnO-3 material 60

X-ray diffraction analysis of ZnO materials;

(a) ZnO-1, (b) ZnO -2 and (c) ZnO-3 material. 62

FTIR spectral analysis of ZnO materials; (a)

ZnO-1, (b) ZnO -2 and (c) ZnO-3 material. 63

Lower and higher magnification SEM images of ZnO materials; (a) & (b) ZnO-1, (c) & (d) ZnO

-2 and (e) & (f) ZnO-3 material. 64

CV analysis of (a) ZnO-1, (b) ZnO -2 and (c) ZnO-3 materials in 1 M KOH electrolyte; (d)

Specific capacitance Vs Scan rate. 66

Galvanostatic charge discharge analysis of (a) ZnO-1, (b) ZnO -2 and (c) ZnO-3 materials in 1 M KOH electrolyte; (d) Specific capacitance Vs

Scan rate. 69

Cyclic stability analyses of ZnO-1, ZnO -2 and ZnO-3 materials in 1 M KOH electrolyte at 100

mV s-1 71

TGA analysis of CuO-3 material 77

X-ray diffraction analysis of CuO materials; (a)

CuO-1, (b) CuO -2 and (c) CuO -3 material. 78

FTIR spectral analysis of CuO materials; (a)

CuO -1, (b) CuO -2 and (c) CuO -3 material. 80

Lower and higher magnification SEM images of CuO materials; (a) & (b) CuO -1, (c) & (d) CuO

-2 and (e) & (f) CuO -3 material. 81

CV analysis of (a) CuO-1, (b) CuO -2 and (c) CuO -3 materials in 1 M KOH electrolyte; (d)

Specific capacitance Vs. Scan rate. 83

Galvanostatic charge discharge analysis of (a) CuO-1, (b) CuO -2 and (c) CuO -3 materials in  1 M KOH electrolyte; (d) Specific capacitance

Vs. current density. 86

Cyclic stability analyses of CuO-1, CuO-2 and CuO -3 materials in 1 M KOH electrolyte at

100 mV s-1 87

Nyquist plot of CuO-3 material in  1  M  KOH electrolyte 89

X-ray diffraction analysis of NiO materials; (a)

NiO-1, (b) NiO-2 and (c) NiO-3 materials 95

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis of NiO-3 materials; (a) Survey spectrum, (b)C 1s

(c) O 1s and (d) Ni 2p spectrum. 96

Raman spectroscopic analysis of NiO materials;

(a)  NiO-1, (b) NiO-2 and (c) NiO-3 materials 98

FTIR spectroscopic analysis of NiO materials;

(a)  NiO-1, (b) NiO-2 and (c) NiO-3 materials 99

SEM images of NiO materials; (a) & (b) NiO-1,

(c) & (d) NiO-2 and (e) & (f) NiO-3 materials 101

HR-Tem images of NiO-3 materials; (a) & (b) Lower and higher magnification images, (c)

Fringes and (d) SAED pattern 102

(a), (b) and (c) Cyclic voltammetric curves of NiO-1, NiO-2 and NiO-3 materials respectively

and (d) Specific capacitance Vs. scan rate graph 104

(a), (b) and (c) Discharge curves of NiO-1,

NiO-2 and NiO-3 materials respectively and (d)

Specific capacitance Vs. current density graph 107

Cyclic stability analyses of NiO-1, NiO-2 and

NiO-3 materials at a scan rate of 100 mVs-1 108

Nyquist plot of NiO-3 material in 1 M KOH

electrolyte 109

X-ray diffraction analysis of Co3O4 materials; (a)Co3O4-1, (b) Co3O4-2 and (c) Co3O4-3

materials 115

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis of Co3O4-3 materials;(a) Survey spectrum, (b) C

1s (c) O 1s and (d) Co 2p spectrum. 116

FTIR spectroscopic analysis of Co3O4 samples;

(a) Co3O4-1, (b) Co3O4-2 and (c) Co3O4-3 materials(a) & (b) HR-TEM images of Co3O4-1 material; (c) & (d) Lower and higher magnification images of Co3O4-2 material;

Inset: SAED pattern of Co3O4-2 material 118

(a) & (b) HR-TEM images of Co3O4-1 material;

(c) & (d) Lower and higher magnification images of Co3O4-2 material; Inset: SAED

pattern of Co3O4-2 material 119