World War II in North State California

By Al M. Rocca

On Sunday morning, December 7, 1941 the world changed for the North State—and the nation.

A national call to arms by President Franklin D. Roosevelt after the bombing of Pearl Harbor spurred local residents to action, and the normal rhythm of life immediately and dramatically changed. By Christmas of that year, everyone understood their roles. Those who could enlist served in Army and Navy operations in the Pacific and Europe. The rest gave their all to support the war from the home front. Residents volunteered their time and skills, served as Red Cross workers, airplane spotters and scrap metal collectors. Local factories and canneries ramped up production. And building the Shasta Dam to provide power became a crucial part of the war effort.

Author Al M. Rocca recounts the determination and tribulations of North State citizens during World War II.

• Language: English
• Publisher: The History Press
• Release date: Oct 9, 2023
• ISBN: 9781439679487

Al M. Rocca

Al M. Rocca is Professor Emeritus of education and history at Simpson University in Redding, California. He has written extensively on the history of the North State and contributed to multiple Arcadia Publishing books. More recently, Dr. Rocca has published Mapping Christopher Columbus: A Historical Geography of His Early Life to 1492 with McFarland Publishers, and First Voyage: A Reassessment of Christopher Columbus and His Caribbean Encounter with Indigenous Peoples, 1492-93 is forthcoming.

Book preview

INTRODUCTION

There is no misuse of the often-heard demographic description the Greatest Generation. Their patience, determination and outright courage allowed them to survive and thrive through two of the most consequential periods in American history, the Great Depression and World War II. The giddy wild days of money and plenty of the 1920s disappeared in late October 1929, immediately resulting in massive labor layoffs, business bankruptcies and a creeping rise in crime and general hopelessness. The North State, despite rumors to the contrary in the eastern portion of the United States, did not thrive economically during the ensuing decade. Hardships prevailed as national politics played out, kicking out Herbert Hoover and ushering in Franklin D. Roosevelt and his liberal reconstruction of federal power, known collectively as the New Deal—power to create new agencies designed to get people working, no matter the debt incurred or the traditions broken. Meanwhile, in the small three-room bungalow houses located at the edge of any North State city limits—the home, kept clean, inside and out, with just enough of a backyard for two children to play comfortably—lived families: husband and wife, with kids, a boy and a girl, the children separated in age by three years, the adults tested in body and spirit, having struggled through eleven years of a ghastly economic downturn, looking hopefully yet realistically to the future.

During the Depression years, agencies like the Works Progress Administration (WPA), Office of Price Administration (OPA) and the Public Works Administration (PWA)—the latter providing funding for bridges, dams and airports, among other noteworthy new projects, expansions or renovations—expanded programs for immediate economic relief. Some of the work projects in the North State included Bidwell Park improvements, Bidwell Bowl Amphitheater (Chico), Biggs City Hall (Butte County), a bus garage for Marysville High School, road paving for Route 20 in Marysville, Chico Municipal Airport, Citrus Elementary School (Chico), Silver Dollar Fairgrounds (Chico), Redding Post Office, Redding Fire House, Veterans Memorial Building (Redding), Yuba City Hall and more.

With farming a prime economic force in the North State counties, the Depression resulted in tough times, forcing growers to make desperate financial decisions as the crisis deepened throughout the 1930s. Wages in California for farm-related work dropped from $3.50 to $1.90 per day; later, to fight the flood of incoming state workers, a three-year residency requirement disqualified most farm workers from government relief. Yet the farmers survived, crops were produced and small business owners did their best to carry on. Some made it successfully, while others did not; everyone waited for better times to arrive.

On December 7, 1941, everything changed. The next morning, President Roosevelt asked Congress for a declaration of war against Japan, followed days later by additional declarations against Italy and Germany. This would be a world war, a marshaling of everyone in the country, fundamentally and dramatically changing an individual’s relationship with his or her government, beginning with the city and county entities and quickly moving to state and national responsibilities. Every North State resident, young or old, healthy or otherwise, now became part of a gigantic mobilization of people and resources, with national officials expecting the North State to play a vital role. Men, and later women, needed to enlist in the army, navy or coast guard; the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 already required men between the ages of twenty-one and forty-five to register for the draft. This was America’s first peacetime draft, but everyone knew that war appeared inevitable.

This book investigates how the war affected North State residents, beginning with the shocking news of the attack on Pearl Harbor and its immediate aftermath. Resentment toward Japanese Americans or Japanese nationals then residing in the North State resulted in the rounding up of these residents and their relocation to the Marysville Assembly Center; life in the center, though only a few weeks in length, proved disheartening and debilitating. The military, expecting Japanese air attacks and a possible land invasion somewhere along the northern coast of California, set up a system of army and navy airfields and base camps. No sooner had the war begun than the government requested its citizens, all of them, to support the war effort by regularly buying war bonds, and the North State responded well to those efforts, in some cases surpassing quotas and goals.

This book takes a close look at how America’s national policies of rationing food, tires, gas, metal and many other items played out with nervous and curious North State residents, especially at the beginning of the conflict. Additionally, we survey the types of entertainment available to citizens, young and old, including movies, radio programs and newspapers. The largest single project dominating the North State during the war was the continuing construction of the mighty Shasta Dam. Designed to store a huge amount of water that would, in turn, power the four large turbines from which electricity traveled to a variety of locations in the south—most notably, the burgeoning war industries in the Bay Area—Shasta Dam gained national attention. Starting in 1938, construction engineers faced constant physical, environmental and worker challenges throughout the war years 1941–45. Elsewhere around the North State, numerous men and women displayed a high level of patriotism and heroism during World War II; one chapter of this book summarizes some of their courageous stories, military and civilian alike. I hope you enjoy reading about the many North State people and events that contributed to America’s victory in World War II—our greatest generation.

Chapter 1

PEARL HARBOR AND ITS AFTERMATH

THE ATTACK AND THE NORTH STATE’S REACTION

The initial firestorm of reaction to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor spread quickly, consuming each North State citizen in different ways, possibly the result of the air bombardment being a sneak attack, possibly the result of their understanding of what it meant to their future. While Chico city residents huddled around their family radio consoles on December 7 hearing, for the first time, of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Chico Enterprise reporters, typesetters and other staff worked feverishly to gather the flood of news stories pouring in throughout the day. The following day, the newspaper, sporting one of the largest font sizes in its inventory, succinctly proclaimed, U.S. Declares War. The front page covered the international situation, alarming residents about the seriousness of Japanese aggression, noting a rapid, devastating attack on Manila, a major city in the Philippines. Already, rumors were circulating in the Bay Area, Los Angeles and San Diego that the West Coast of America was next—the invasion might occur anywhere along California’s long coastline, the North State included.

Chico’s citizens reacted patriotically. Mrs. James Wright declared, We must all do our part, realizing that all North State residents needed to help the war effort. Carl Fanno knew what this moment meant for all able-bodied men when he simply said, There is only one thing to do, referring to an expected call for military volunteers. Frank Enlow tried to understand why Japan would want a war with America: They [the Japanese] were foolish to mess with the United States. There is no reason for me to form an opinion, Herbert Simpson demurred, understanding that events were unfolding too rapidly to fully comprehend the situation. However, most North State residents believed that all-out war now existed, probably best summarized by Fred Coekler, who said, After this shocking attack there is only one policy to follow. Mrs. Olive Pearl excitedly exclaimed, We are all ready to fight, suggesting her community’s willingness to participate actively in whatever function the federal, state and local governments deemed necessary.

The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor devastated the United States Pacific Fleet. This photo was taken from a Japanese airplane during the attack. Library of Congress.

All day long on Monday afternoon, December 8, citizens met in groups on downtown street corners to hear the latest news and conjecture the next steps. The newspaper reported the city was in turmoil, mad about the attack, confused as to what was actually happening overseas and here on the west coast of California and yearning to do something, anything. Already, young men were reporting downtown anxious to enlist: Chico State College students, high school students of age (eighteen) and young businessmen, among them more than a few overexcited under-eighteen-year-old teenagers. This same scenario played out on the downtown streets of Redding, Marysville and other towns throughout the North State. A navy recruiter, already stationed on the second floor of the Chico Post Office, answered hundreds of questions about the induction process, while Marie Trapp, clerk of the local draft board, made it clear that only young men eighteen or over and absolutely physically fit would be considered for active service. On the other hand, the federal law restricting upper-age enlistment to thirty-eight years old became a hot topic of debate at an emergency meeting of the local draft board, with the board president, Grayson Price, believing a repeal of that law, allowing older candidates to enter military service, was imminent.

The enlistment age, set at eighteen years of age, prompted all young men to register immediately after their birthday. Jack LaBarre, Shasta County clerk, notified local newspapers of those young men, announcing their names and communities. This practice continued throughout much of the war, with the expectation that no one need induce these young men to do their duty. Loaded as contingents onto buses around the North State, the eighteen-year-old men shipped out at regular intervals to Sacramento, where comprehensive physical examinations occurred. During this process, new recruits learned they would receive a military classification determination that would decide their future with the army or navy. The classification, complex as it was, organized status into four Class sections: Class 1, available for military service; Class 2, deferred because of occupation; Class 3, deferred because of dependency; and Class 4, unacceptable for military service.

On top of the predominant categories—such as I-A, nominally available for military service; II-B, deferred in war production; III-A, deferred for dependency; and IV-B, public official deferred by law—numerous subcategories fleshed out nooks for special circumstances. Some of these situations included: I-A-O, nominally available for noncombat military service (conscientious objector); II-C, deferred for agriculture; III-D (H), deferred by reason of extreme hardship and privation to wife, child or parent, age thirty-eight to forty-four, inclusive (added in April 1943); and IV-C, any registrant, whether a national of the United States or an alien, who, because of his nationality or ancestry, was within a class of persons not acceptable to armed forces or the director of Selective Service for work of national importance.¹

Meanwhile, local citizens, nervous about the possible immediate threat of military invasion, met to discuss organizational and procedural contingencies. The American Legion, Chico Post No. 17, discussed a variety of actions, including blackout security patrols so as not to alert Japanese pilots of possible targets and the creation of a network of aircraft observation posts. Officials finally agreed to maintain over thirty posts in Butte County initially and add more later as needed; these posts would operate on a twenty-four-hour cycle, with observers coming and going based on their available time. This action started immediately on December 8.

Local newspapers such as the Redding Record-Searchlight announced the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, covering the disastrous event with second editions as more details became available. Library of Congress.

On another front, efforts began at once to protect already established defense school property. This included defense classrooms at the [Chico] high school and the flight instruction headquarters on Broadway Street. Nervous more about sabotage than airplane attack, B.W. Shaper, supervisor of defense training in the region, emphasized the need to protect the thousands of dollars of money invested in operational equipment, warning that sabotage protection would become a major defense task. His words rang loud and clear. Soon anyone looking Japanese would come under suspicion.

For some North State residents, worrying about the fate of service members and their families began the day after Pearl Harbor. Mrs. William Stuke, office manager at the local Chico branch of AAA, became concerned when she learned that Hickham Airfield, near Honolulu, had come under a Japanese attack. Stuke believed her brother, Lieutenant James Keefer, remained safe with his ship, a minesweeper vessel. Officials indicated to Stuke that they believed her husband William’s ship to be at sea during the raid, but Keefer’s wife and their newborn child lived in accommodations quite near the airfield. Reports flooded in all day describing the vast destruction of airplanes, hangars and nearby civilian buildings as Japanese planes bombed and strafed aggressively. News did reach Woodland, California, that First Lieutenant Hans Christiansen, a marine aviator stationed at Pearl Harbor, died in action; he was twenty-one.

Corporal Harold Johanson, a North State native, just happened to be on leave visiting his parents. A pilot by training, Johanson spent a few hours with family, then quickly returned to Hamilton Field at Novato, California, a major training and staging area for the First Wing of the Army Air Corps. Tragically, a squadron of B-17 bombers from Hamilton Field flew across the Pacific, approached Hickman Field on December 7 and was mistakenly shot down while attempting to land. It is not known if Johanson served on any of those planes. For much of the remainder of the war, Hamilton Airfield monitored air traffic for the Bay Area and North State.

Yuba County’s first war fatality was Harold (Cotton) McCutcheon, a young naval enlistment; he saw action and became an early victim of the Pearl Harbor attack. When news reached Yuba County weeks later, seven of McCutcheon’s friends living in Gridley and Biggs moved quickly to enlist. McCutcheon’s tenure in the navy proved brief; he had enlisted only months before. Stories such as this instilled a new reality of life in the North State: young men faced the ultimate challenge of human survival once sent into a war zone, Pearl Harbor being first.

One of the first North State residents to learn of their son’s fate was Shasta County resident J.S. Ross. Working as a warehouseman on the Shasta Dam project, Ross and his wife knew their son, Donald, twenty-one years old and a private first