A History of the Dukes of Bolton, 1600–1815: Love Loyalty

By Joanne Major and Sarah Murden

A first-ever account of one of the United Kingdom’s foremost ducal families and a history of the times in which they lived.

Discover over two hundred years of fascinating history relating to one of Great Britain’s foremost aristocratic dynasties, the (Orde-) Powletts, for several generations the Dukes of Bolton. The family motto, Love Loyalty, references their devotion to the monarchy, but it applies equally to their hearts. Willing to risk all in the pursuit of love, this is the previously untold story of the Dukes of Bolton and their ancestors—the men and women who shaped the dynasty, their romances, triumphs, foibles, and tragedies.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Open Road Integrated Media
• Release date: Mar 15, 2021
• ISBN: 9781473863514

Book preview

Chapter One

A Sudden Death in Grosvenor Square

Wednesday, 5 July 1765: Grosvenor Square, Mayfair, London

In the heat of the late morning’s summer sun, while servants bustled inside elegant townhouses and tradesmen outside called out their wares for sale, the well-heeled residents of Grosvenor Square were rising from their slumbers to a fashionably late breakfast. The normality of everyday life shattered when a loud pistol shot exploded the scene, its echo reverberating against the houses that lined the square, before fading to a shocked silence. A woman’s piercing, anguished screams filled the void. The 5th Duke of Bolton, dressed simply in breeches, morning gown and a cap, had taken down one of the two pistols that hung above the mantelpiece in the front parlour of his home on the south side of Grosvenor Square. With a calmness that belied his intentions, it was the matter of a moment for the duke to load the pistol, hold it against the right side of his head … and pull the trigger. ¹

Mary Banks Brown, the duke’s long-term mistress and mother of his daughter, had been upstairs in her drawing room. When the shot rang out, Mary ran pell-mell down the stairs. The door to the front parlour was locked, but in the back parlour was an interconnecting door and it was at this door Mary stood, staring and screaming at the awful sight before her. The prone body of the man she loved lay on the floor, a gaping, visceral wound visible on the left side of his head. The pistol still rested in the duke’s right hand. On the floor, among the carnage, was the cap that the duke had been wearing minutes before. When it was picked up, the leaden bullet that had passed clean through the duke’s head was discovered to be resting inside.

Sometime before this fateful day, the entry of the duke and Mary’s clandestine marriage, in a ceremony conducted by the infamous Alexander Keith at the May Fair Chapel in Curzon Street, had been torn from the pages of the register it … had been no marriage at all.

***

The day of the duke’s death had started unremarkably. Charles Powlett, 5th Duke of Bolton, had awoken feeling feverish but there wasn’t anything unusual in that; it was how he had felt on most mornings for more than a month. It was always worse in the morning. He had odd ‘feels’ in his stomach and a trip to the country had done nothing to help. In fact, when the duke returned to his lavish London townhouse in Grosvenor Square, he had been worse than ever. His doctor worried that something troubling was playing on the duke’s mind and making him unwell, but the duke brushed this away. At the same time, Lord Bolton admitted to his doctor that he felt as though his head was confused and – at times – he was afraid that his ‘inward feels’ would get the better of him and he would take leave of his senses.

A perspective view of Grosvenor Square by John Maure, dating to 1741. To the right is the south side of the square where the duke’s house was located. (Yale Center for British Art, Paul Mellon Collection)

Once he was awake, the duke had rung the bell in his bedroom; it was 10 o’clock and George Best, the duke’s valet du chambre scampered upstairs. As usual, the door to the duke’s room was locked. On any other morning the duke would still be reclined in his bed and, when his valet knocked at the door, would stumble out and across to the door to turn the key in the lock. On this day, however, the duke had been up for some time and was dressed in a pair of unbuttoned breeches and a morning gown, a cap on his head. Brushing away his valet’s attentions, Lord Bolton went downstairs to the front parlour on the first floor of the house, his valet following helplessly in his wake. In the parlour, the duke paced around the room looking wild and confused. Best asked his master who he would see that day and got one word growled at him in reply: nobody!

Confused as the duke was, conventions had to be adhered to and he had to be dressed. As the duke sat down to tie the garters to his breeches, his valet dashed back upstairs to fetch the duke’s knee buckles. He was no more than two minutes at most but when he returned, the door from the hall to the parlour had been locked from the inside. George Best sat himself down on a chair in the hallway to wait for the duke to open the door, making the most of the opportunity to idle for a few stolen minutes on such a pleasant morning.

From his vantage point outside the parlour, the valet heard a knock at the front door and saw a footman open it to Joseph Partridge, who was shown in. Partridge was one of the partners of the well-established apothecary firm of Truesdale, Partridge and Halifax in St James’s Street; he had been treating the duke for his feverish complaint for several weeks, with little success. George Best ran to the door between the two parlours and, in a low voice, informed his master that ‘Mr Partridge the Apothecary is here, My Lord’, but there was no reply. Returning to the hallway, Best told the apothecary that the duke was busy and showed him upstairs to Mrs Brown’s room (as the servants addressed Mary). A short time later, Sir Clifton Wintringham, the duke’s doctor, turned up and he too was escorted upstairs to Mrs Brown. The valet, bored with kicking his heels in the hallway, crept away to the lower floor and the more comfortable surroundings of the housekeeper Eleanor Carter’s room.²

Wintringham was the best doctor in London. He had been employed by William, Duke of Cumberland and had served as one of the two joint military physicians to the armed forces. Since 1762 Wintringham had been elevated to the role of physician-in-ordinary to Cumberland’s older brother, King George III. The Duke of Bolton, a former army officer himself and one of Cumberland’s friends, chose to employ the best and most fashionable medical attendants London had to offer, although little good it did him.³

Mary sent a footman named Joseph Smart downstairs to make sure the duke knew his doctor had arrived; Joseph knocked on the door between the front parlour and the hall two or three times but received no answer. By this time, it was 11 o’clock. Smart turned to go back up to Mrs Brown’s room when the gunshot rang out and a commotion broke out on the floor above. In a blind panic, Mary ran down the stairs, into the back parlour and pulled open the connecting door to the front parlour. There she stood, screaming in horror at the scene before her eyes. Sir Clifton Wintringham and Joseph Partridge ran into the room but there wasn’t anything they could do other than confirm what was already obvious: Charles Powlett, 5th Duke of Bolton, was dead … by his own hand.

The newspapers were circumspect in their manner of reporting the incident, informing their readers of the duke’s sad demise after ‘a short illness’. The gossips knew better though, and the news rippled across London and then further afield. In his Downing Street office, just a few hours after the duke’s suicide, the Prime Minister George Grenville scribbled a postscript onto the end of the letter he had written to Thomas Villiers, Lord Hyde: ‘This afternoon a most melancholy event has happened or at least is confidently reported that the Duke of Bolton shot himself through the head and died immediately at his house in Grosvenor Square.’⁴

The following day Grenville wrote to his elder brother, Richard Grenville-Temple, 2nd Earl Temple. As is the wont, embellishments to the sorry tale had already crept in, clinging tentacle-like as high-society tongues began to wag:

Downing Street, 6 July 1765

My dear Brother,

It is with the greatest concern that I mention to you the melancholy event which was reported yesterday and is confirmed today of the sudden death of the Duke of Bolton. The circumstances attending this misfortune if true render it still more deplorable. Many are talked of and amongst others the following which seems the most probable. He is said to have returned home from riding out and soon after to have complained of a most violent pain in his head and that in order to obtain some relief from it he sent his servant for a surgeon to bleed him, who at his return found the Duke dead upon the floor shot through the head. If this was the case this unhappy accident seems to have been the effect of the gout flying up into his head to a degree to bereave him of his senses. To whatever cause it was owing, his loss will I am afraid effect you very sensibly from the honourable attachment which I understand he has born [sic] towards you and that consideration cannot but extend itself to me whose cordial affection to you will ever make me take the warmest and sincerest part in whatever gives you grief or joy. I will say no more upon this unhappy subject.⁵

Richard Grenville Temple, engraving of a portrait by William Hoare. (New York Public Library)

Lord Temple’s seat was the magnificent Stowe House in Buckinghamshire, a grand mansion set amid picturesque landscaped grounds laid out by Capability Brown (who had been the estate’s head gardener). It was from this idyllic setting that Lord Temple, reeling from the shocking news, replied to his brother, and the letter contained a thinly veiled reference to the 5th Duke of Bolton’s younger brother and heir, Harry:

Stowe, July 9, 1765

I am much obliged to you, my dear brother, for the trouble you have taken, in sending me an account of the heavy loss I have sustained, in the death of the Duke of Bolton; as bad news travels fast, I learnt it by express a little after six o’clock on the day it happened. I wish I could say he has left many behind him whom I have so abundant reason to love, and honour, to the degree my heart felt for him: but no more on the melancholy subject …⁶

The eighteenth-century gossip Horace Walpole could not resist adding to the rumours. He wrote to his friend Horace Mann from Arlington Street:

12 July 1765

The Duke of Bolton the other morning – nobody knows why or wherefore, except that there is a good deal of madness in the blood, sat himself down upon the floor in his dressing-room, and shot himself through the head. What is more remarkable is, that it is the same house and same chamber in which Lord Scarborough performed the same exploit. I do not believe that shooting one’s self through the head is catching, or that any contagion lies in a wainscot that makes one pull a suicide-trigger, but very possibly the idea might revert and operate on the brain of a splenetic man. I am glad he had not a blue garter but a red one ...⁷

(The Duke of Bolton was created a Knight of the Bath in 1753, hence Walpole’s taunt relating to coloured garters. He had hoped to be made a Knight of the Garter, a much higher honour, but had been rebuffed.)

Richard Lumley, 2nd Earl of Scarborough, the former resident of the duke’s Grosvenor Square townhouse, had committed suicide by shooting himself through the roof of his mouth a quarter of a century earlier, although his death was reported as an apoplectic fit. In private, rumours spoke of a recent carriage accident in which the earl had received a bump on the head leading to a temporary mental disorder but, in fact, the earl had been sensible of his act. It was claimed that his bride-to-be, the 34-year-old dowager Duchess of Manchester, née Lady Isabella Montagu, had betrayed Lumley by repeating a secret entrusted to him by the king, George II. The king, when he heard, told Lumley that he had ‘lost a friend and I a good servant’. The disgrace was too much to bear and the earl’s suicide was the result. A third, much simpler reason for Lord Scarborough’s decision to end his life is given by the politician Thomas Anson of Shugborough Hall in Staffordshire, a man who was held in great esteem by the earl. Shortly before the earl’s suicide he had received the following letter: ‘You are the only friend I value in the world, I determined therefore to acquaint you, that I am tired of the insipidity of life, and intend to morrow to leave it.’⁸

Thomas Anson tried to talk the earl out of his decision and gained a promise from the troubled peer that he would delay the act; Anson had to leave town and wasn’t due back until the end of the week: ‘As you profess a friendship for me, do me this last favour, I entreat you, live till I return.’

Lord Scarborough agreed to do nothing if Anson returned by four o’clock in the afternoon on Friday, but Anson was late and when he arrived at his friend’s house he

perceived by the countenances of the domestics, that the deed was done. He went into his chamber and found the corpse of his friend leaning over the arm of a great chair, with the pistol on the ground by him, the ball of which had been discharged into the roof of his mouth and passed into his brain.

Scarborough had arranged to go out later that evening to play cards, expecting Anson would keep his appointment as promised. Anson carried a life-long guilt, believing he could have saved his friend had he returned on time. It was a curious coincidence that both the Earl of Scarborough and the Duke of Bolton met such similar ends in the same house, albeit twenty-five years apart.⁹

Horace Walpole. (Yale Center for British Art, Paul Mellon Collection)

When Walpole described the Duke of Bolton as splenetic, it may have been an archaic reference to disorders of the spleen rather than insinuating that the duke was a little cantankerous, but it all seems to suggest Lord Bolton had something troubling on his mind in the last few weeks of his life, something that made him irritable and irrational. Was it to do with his spurious marriage to Mary and, perhaps, worries connected to the future prospects of their adored daughter, who bore the stigma of illegitimacy of birth? Or, as Walpole hinted with his reference to coloured garters, was the duke upset at being overlooked? The truth is that it was a culmination of all the duke’s concerns that tipped the balance of his mind.

A coroner’s inquest was held upon the duke’s death. Sir Clifton Wintringham, Joseph Partridge, George Best and Joseph Smart were all called as witnesses but Mary, distraught, was spared that ordeal. The official verdict returned by the coroner was that the duke had been suffering from a temporary insanity that clouded his judgement. The newspapers still remained oblique but some, in reporting the funeral of the duke straight after the coroner’s verdict, gave the game away to any reader sufficiently astute to join the dots:

On Saturday last the Jury sat on the Body of a great Person, at the King’s-Arms Tavern, in Bond street, and brought in their Verdict, Lunacy… an eminent Physician who attended the above Person, declared that he had for some Time past been afflicted with a Nervous Disorder, which preyed greatly on his Spirits.

Early Yesterday Morning the Corpse of the late Duke of Bolton was carried out of Town to be interred…¹⁰

The coffin, draped with a crimson velvet cover and containing the mortal remains of the duke, was taken to St Mary’s Church in Old Basing, Hampshire, where he was buried – at night, as befitted a suicide – alongside the former Dukes of Bolton in the family vault within the Bolton Chapel.¹¹

Those ancestors who had gone before the 5th Duke of Bolton had shaped his destiny; they had weathered the storms of political change since the restoration of Charles II a century earlier, treading a careful path in order to keep their fortune, position and also their heads. Before then, in the days of the Civil Wars during the mid-seventeenth century, the family, defiantly both Roman Catholic and Royalist, had gambled and almost lost everything. They had to choose their side once again during the Glorious Revolution of 1688, when the country wavered between the Catholic James II and his Protestant daughter Mary and her husband William, Prince of Orange. Putting matters of state aside, Charles wasn’t the first of his line to risk all for the sake of the woman he loved. Walpole had hinted at madness in the Duke of Bolton’s lineage and while, over the centuries, several of his ancestors had displayed marked eccentricities, they certainly played by their own rules when it came to matters of the heart. The motto of this ducal family, displayed on their coat of arms, was Aimez Loyauté, or Love Loyalty. Over the years, it did not only refer to the consecutive dukes’ loyalty to their monarch or to a cause. It also signified loyalty to their family, to their children and – most of all – to the women they loved and who played an integral role in the story of this dynasty.

Aerial view of Basing Church. (© MickofFleet/Geograph/CC BY SA-2.0)

Chapter Two

The Earl, his Cook and their Castles

During the English Civil Wars, the Royalist stronghold of Bolton Castle in Wensleydale, North Yorkshire came under attack in 1644 and 1645. The castle, built in the late fourteenth century (and in 1568 used to imprison Mary, Queen of Scots) wasn’t easily vanquished. It was held for King Charles I by Colonel John Scrope, a young man despite his grand military title. The colonel was the eldest son of Emanuel Scrope, 1st Earl of Sunderland (and 11th Baron Scrope of Bolton), but had the disadvantage of being born illegitimate: his mother was the earl’s Buckinghamshire-born servant, Martha Janes. As well as John, Martha had given the earl three daughters: Mary, Elizabeth and Annabella. The beleaguered and neglected Countess of Sunderland, Lady Elizabeth née Manners (a daughter of the 4th Earl of Rutland) maintained a dignified silence on the matter and left her husband to his own devices. It was Mary Scrope, the eldest of the earl’s three daughters by Martha, who brought Bolton Castle and the surrounding land into the Powlett dynasty and the battle-scarred fortress proved the inspiration for the title her husband would subsequently bear, Duke of Bolton. ¹

Before Bolton Castle had even