On Conscience

By Joseph Ratzinger

Prepared and co-published by the National Catholic Bioethics Center in Philadelphia, this book is a combination of two lengthy essays written by Cardinal Ratzinger and delivered in talks when he was head of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. Both talks deal with the importance of conscience and its exercise in particular circumstances.

Ratzinger's reflections show that contemporary debates over the nature of conscience have deep historical and philosophical roots. He says that a person is bound to act in accord with his conscience, but he makes it clear that there must be reliable, proven sources for the judgment of conscience in moral issues, other than the subjective reflections of each individual.

The always unique and profound insights that the new Pope Benedict XVI brings to perennial problems reminds the reader of his strong warning before the recent Papal conclave of the great dangers today of the "dictatorship of relativism."

• Language: English
• Publisher: Ignatius Press
• Release date: Nov 9, 2010
• ISBN: 9781681493602

Joseph Ratzinger

Joseph Ratzinger (Alemania, 1927-2022) se doctoró en Teología por la Universidad de Múnich en 1953, dos años después de haber sido ordenado sacerdote. Tras participar en el Concilio Vaticano II como teólogo consultor del arzobispo de Colonia, prosiguió su carrera académica y se convirtió en vicerrector de la Universidad de Ratisbona. Fue nombrado cardenal y arzobispo de Múnich en 1977 por Pablo VI, y prefecto de la Congregación para la Doctrina de la Fe en 1981 por Juan Pablo II, cargo que desempeñó hasta su elección como Papa —Benedicto XVI— el 19 de abril de 2005. Tras su renuncia en febrero de 2013, ostentó el título de Papa Emérito. Falleció el 31 de diciembre de 2022 y está enterrado en las grutas del vaticano.

Book preview

On Conscience

Bioethics & Culture Series

Edward J. Furton, General Editor

The National Catholic Bioethics Center was founded in 1972 to provide expert moral analysis and philosophical reflection in the fields of medicine, science, and technology. The NCBC seeks to promote and safeguard the dignity of the human person through research, education, consultation, and publishing. This mission, carried out for the sake of all people, is done with openness to the findings of science and with fidelity to the teachings of the Catholic Church. The NCBC includes among its key constituencies bishops and other clergy, healthcare workers and academics, those who shape law and public policy, and numerous individuals who seek clarity on critical health-care issues affecting their families.

The National Catholic Bioethics Center

6399 Drexel Road

Philadelphia, PA 19151

www.ncbcenter.org

On Conscience

Two Essays

by Joseph Ratzinger

The National Catholic Bioethics Center

Philadelphia

IGNATIUS PRESS    SAN FRANCISCO

© 1984 and 1991 by Libreria Editrice Vaticana

All rights reserved.

Published by The National Catholic Bioethics Center

and Ignatius Press

© 2007 by Ignatius Press, San Francisco, California, USA

All rights reserved.

Cover photograph of Joseph Ratzinger

© 2006 Gianni Giansanti /  Corbis

Cover design by Roxanne Mei Lum

The essays in this book were originally published by The Pope John XXIII Medical-Moral Research and Education Center (The Pope John Center), which changed its name in 1998 to The Nationai Catholic Bioethics Center. The essays have been lightly edited for this edition, for punctuation and consistency of style.

Conscience and Truth originally appeared in Catholic Conscience: Foundation and Formation (Proceedings of the Tenth Bishops’ Workshop), edited by Russell E. Smith © 1991 The Pope John Center, Braintree, Massachusetts. It was reprinted as Conscience and Truth, by Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger © 2000 The National Catholic Bioethics Center, Boston, Massachusetts.

Bishops, Theologians, and Morality first appeared in Moral Theology Today: Certitudes and Doubts (Proceedings of the Fourth Bishops’ Workshop), edited by Donald G. McCarthy © 1984 The Pope John Center, St. Louis, Missouri.

National Catholic Bioethics Center

ISBN-10: 0-935372-48-2

ISBN-13: 978-0-93537248-9

Library of Congress control no. 2005014048

Ignatius Press

ISBN-10:1-58617-160-7

ISBN-13:978-1-58617-160-5 (HB)

ISBN 978-1-68149-360-2 (EB)

Library of Congress control no. 2006920164

Contents

Foreword by John M. Haas

I    Conscience and Truth

II    Bishops, Theologians, and Morality

More from Ignatius Press

Notes

Foreword

This small volume contains two essays on conscience by Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger, now Pope Benedict XVI, written while he was Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. They should be put in context. They were both presented at workshops for bishops organized by The National Catholic Bioethics Center, then known as the Pope John XXIII Medical-Moral Research and Education Center. Since 1973, the center has organized workshops on medical-moral and bioethical topics, which have been attended by bishops from Canada, Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, the Philippines, and the United States. These have always been fully and generously funded by the Knights of Columbus.

The NCBC bishops’ workshops have always included topics of a more general theological or philosophical nature as well as topics dealing with quite specific issues such as abortion, sterilization, euthanasia, in vitro fertilization, and so forth. On two occasions, Cardinal Ratzinger presented the keynote address at these gatherings, first in 1984 and again in 1991.

In 1984, the workshop examined the relationship between the magisterium of the Church and theologians. In 1991, the workshop focused specifically on conscience and its exercise in particular circumstances. It is interesting that Benedict XVI’s reflection on the working relationship between bishops and theologians was as concerned with the issue of conscience as was his address at the 1991 workshop, which dealt specifically with conscience. Although these addresses were separated by seven years and two different workshop themes, they both show that Cardinal Ratzinger’s thought was profoundly occupied with the phenomenon of conscience. Consequently, the two essays together form a remarkably consistent theme for this little book.

The reflections of Benedict XVI show that contemporary debates over the nature of conscience have deep historical and philosophical roots, which can be traced back to the Enlightenment and beyond. The presentation of conscience as a subjective and, at the same time, infallible capacity for moral judgment manifests itself in the false opposition often posed between the magisterium as an external authority, imposing its decrees on hapless members of the Church, and the individual’s personal, subjective conviction as to what is right. While Cardinal Ratzinger certainly accepts that one is bound to act in accord with a sure conscience, even if it is mistaken, he makes it clear that there must be sources for the judgment of conscience other than the subjective reflections of each individual. His wry humor is apparent as he remarks,

It is strange that some theologians have difficulty accepting the precise and limited doctrine of papal infallibility, but see no problem in granting de facto infallibility to everyone who has a conscience. (66)

In these addresses, the Pope points out that there would be no moral norms at all if each person were able, with absolute certitude, to declare for himself what is morally right in every circumstance. What saves one from complete moral relativism are a number of factors necessary for morality: conscience, the shared experience of the community of which one is a part, reality itself, and finally what God has revealed of his will for us. Without these counterbalances to subjectivism, one faces the threat of a totalitarianism of the powerful arising from their own arbitrary decisions. This is precisely the theme Cardinal Ratzinger took up when he preached to the Cardinals before they went into the conclave that elected him Pope Benedict XVI.