Soldiers in King Philip's War:: Containing Lists of the Soldiers of Massachusetts Colony, Who Served in the Indian War of 1675-1677

By George Madison Bodge

George M. Bodge chronicles the wars with the Native Americans in the 17th century, with lists of the men who fought and died in conflicts ranging over decades. The American colonists originally arrived in peace, with coastal villages and townships forming the initial foothold of the European settlers and migrants. Although the trading relationships established with certain Native American tribes strengthened the ties and friendship between the white settlers and natives, other tribes were suspicious and untrusting. This animosity soon resulted in open warfare; the Pequot tribe being the most notable aggressors. Over the 17th century, the British colonies in New England grew in significance and size. However their original, essentially civilian venture would gradually become complimented by a military defence. Militias were organized, with many able-bodied men - often simple farmers or laborers - receiving basic combat training with muskets and melee weapons, in case conflicts flared anew.-Print ed.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Patavium Publishing
• Release date: Aug 23, 2023
• ISBN: 9781805232735

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Publisher’s Note

Although in most cases we have retained the Author’s original spelling and grammar to authentically reproduce the work of the Author and the original intent of such material, some additional notes and clarifications have been added for the modern reader’s benefit.

We have also made every effort to include all maps and illustrations of the original edition the limitations of formatting do not allow of including larger maps, we will upload as many of these maps as possible.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1

DEDICATION 8

PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. 9

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 13

INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 14

CONTAINING A CONCISE HISTORY OF THE INDIAN WARS OF NEW ENGLAND FROM 1620 TO 1677. 14

THE WAR WITH PHILIP OF MOUNT HOPE. 32

THE BEGINNING OF HOSTILITIES IN KING PHILIP’S WAR 49

I. — CAPTAIN DANIEL HENCHMAN’S COMPANY. 49

BEGINNING OF HOSTILITIES. 49

CAPT. HENCHMAN MARCHES FROM BOSTON TO MOUNT HOPE. 51

FURTHER SERVICE OF CAPT. HENCHMAN. 55

II — CAPT. SAMUEL MOSELY AND HIS COMPANY 62

III. — CAPT. THOMAS PRENTICE AND HIS TROOP, 79

WITH TROOPS OF LIEUT. OAKES AND CAPT. PAIGE. 79

LIEUT. EDWARD OAKES AND HIS TROOPERS. 84

CAPT. NICHOLAS PAIGE AND HIS TROOP. 84

IV. — MAJOR THOMAS SAVAGE AND THE FORCES UNDER HIM. 86

V. — CAPT. THOMAS WHEELER AND HIS MEN; 100

WITH CAPT. EDWARD HUTCHINSON AT BROOKFIELD. 100

BROOKFIELD AFTER THE ATTACK. 114

VI. — MAJOR SIMON WILLARD AND HIS MEN. 117

VII. — CAPT. RICHARD BEERS, CAPT. THOMAS LATHROP, AND THEIR COMPANIES. 125

CAPT. THOMAS LATHROP AND HIS MEN. 130

VIII. — MAJOR SAMUEL APPLETON AND THE FORCES UNDER HIM. 138

IX. — CAPT. ISAAC JOHNSON AND HIS MEN. 153

X. — CAPT. JOSEPH GARDINER AND HIS MEN. 158

XI. — CAPT. NATHANIEL DAVENPORT AND HIS MEN. 162

XII. — CAPT. JAMES OLIVER AND HIS MEN. 166

XIII. — THE NARRAGANSET CAMPAIGN TO THE CLOSE OF THE SWAMP FORT BATTLE. 172

PREPARATIONS AND MARCH AGAINST THE NARRAGANSETS. 172

XIV. — CLOSE OF THE NARRAGANSET CAMPAIGN; THE HUNGRY MARCH. 194

XV. — CAPT. SAMUEL BROCKLEBANK’S COMPANY AND MARLBOROUGH GARRISON. 200

THE GARRISON AT MARLBOROUGH. 201

XVI. — CAPT. SAMUEL WADSWORTH AND THE SUDBURY FIGHT. 212

THE SUDBURY FIGHT. 215

OTHER CORRESPONDENCE, ETC., ABOUT THE SUDBURY FIGHT. 219

XVII. — CAPT. WILLIAM TURNER AND HIS MEN, AND THE FALLS FIGHT. 224

THE FALLS FIGHT, MAY 19, 1676. 232

CAPT. WILLIAM TURNER’S FAMILY. 245

XVIII. — CAPT. JONATHAN POOLE, CAPT. THOMAS BRATTLE, AND THEIR COMPANIES. 248

CAPT. THOMAS BRATTLE AND HIS MEN. 251

XIX. — CAPT. JOSEPH SILL AND HIS MEN. 255

XX. — VARIOUS OFFICERS AND COMPANIES 264

LIEUT. WILLIAM HASEY AND HIS COMPANY. 264

CAPT. NICHOLAS MANNING, OF IPSWICH, AND HIS MEN. 265

CAPT. JONATHAN REMINGTON AND HIS MEN. 266

LIEUT. NATHANIEL REYNOLDS AND HIS MEN. 267

CAPT. JOHN HOLBROOKE, OF WEYMOUTH, AND HIS MEN. 268

CAPT. JOHN WHIPPLE, OF IPSWICH, AND HIS MEN. 270

CAPT. JOHN JACOB, OF HINGHAM, AND HIS MEN. 271

CAPT. JOHN CUTLER AND HIS MEN. 273

LIEUT. PHINEAS UPHAM AND HIS COMMAND. 274

CAPT. SAMUEL HUNTING. 277

LIEUT. EDWARD CREEKE. 278

CAPT. GEORGE CORWIN, OR CURWEN. 279

XXI. — MAJOR RICHARD WALDERNE AND HIS MEN. 281

THE WINTER EXPEDITION OF MAJOR WALDERNE TO THE EASTWARD. 296

XXII — CAPTAIN WILLIAM HATHORNE 303

XXIII — CAPT. JOSHUA SCOTTOW AND HIS MEN. 309

EXTRACTS FROM A MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL OF CAPT. SCOTTOW. 312

ADDITIONAL FAVOURABLE ΤΕSTIMΟΝY. 317

XXIV. — CAPT. BENJAMIN SWETT AND HIS MEN, AND CAPT. MICHAEL PEIRSE OF PLYMOUTH COLONY. 324

CAPT. SWETT’S COMMISSION. 325

CAPT. MICHAEL ΡEIRSE AND HIS COMPANY, OF PLYMOUTH COLONY. 328

XXV — BRIEF ACCOUNT OF THE DESTRUCTION OF LANCASTER, AND NAMES CREDITED WITH MILITARY SERVICE AT THE VARIOUS OTHER GARRISONS. 332

CREDITED AT LANCASTER GARRISON. 335

AT THE GARRISON AT BILLERICA. 337

AT BLACKPOYNT. 338

AT THE GARRISON AT BROOKFIELD, OR QUABAUG. 338

AT THE GARRISON AT CHELMSFORD. 339

AT DEDHAM. 341

AT THE GARRISON AT DUNSTABLE. 341

AT THE GARRISON AT GROTON. 342

UNDER CAPT. WHEELER AND AT GROTON GARRISON. 343

AT THE GARRISON AT HADLEY. 343

AT HATFIELD. 344

AT THE GARRISON OF MARLBROW. 345

AT THE GARRISON AT MEDFIELD. 346

AT THE GARRISON AT MENDAM (MENDON). 347

AT THE GARRISON AT NORTHAMPTON. 348

AT PUNCKAPAUGE 348

AT THE GARRISON AT SPRINGFIELD. 349

AT THE GARRISON AT WESTFIELD. 350

AT THE GARRISON AT WOODCOCK’S. 351

AT THE GARRISON AT WADING RIVER. 351

AT WAMESICK. 352

GARRISON AT WRENTHAM. 352

ASSIGNMENT OF WAGES. 353

XXVI. — PHILIP, CANONCHET AND THEIR INDIANS. 363

XXVII. — CHRISTIAN INDIANS OF THE NEW ENGLAND. 373

ΧΧVΙII. — THE NARRAGANSET TOWNSHIPS, GRANTEES AND CLAIMANTS. 387

GRANTEES AND CLAIMANTS OF NARRAGANSET TOWNSHIP NO. 1, NOW THE TOWN OF BUXTON, ME. 393

NARRAGANEST NO. 2, NOW WESTMINISTER, MASS. 398

NARRAGANSET TOWNSHIP NO. 3, AMHERST, N.H. 403

NARRAGANSET TOWNSHIP NO. 4, NOW GREENWICH, MASS. 408

NARRAGANSET TOWNSHIP NO. 5, SOUHEGAN EAST, NOW BEDFORD, PART OF MERRIMAC, AND PART OF MANCHESTER, N.H. 416

NARRAGANSET TOWNSHIP NO. 6, NOW TEMPLETON, MASS. 422

NARRAGANSET TOWNSHIP NO. 7, NOW GORHAM, ME. 427

NARRAGANSET TOWNSHIP GRANTED TO CONNECTICUT VOLUNTEERS IN THE NARRAGANSET WAR, NOW VOLUNTOWN, CONNECTICUT. 430

LATER CREDITS FOR MILITARY SERVICE. FROM JOHN HULL’S LEDGER. 437

APPENDIX. 444

PLYMOUTH COLONY. 444

GOVERNORS, 1620-1692. 444

CAPTAINS. 444

LIEUTENANTS. 444

ACTIVE MILITARY SERVICE. 446

THE EXPEDITION AGAINST THE NARRAGANSETS IN 1645. 447

CONNECTICUT COLONY. 453

GOVERNORS AND LIEUTENANT GOVERNORS, 1639-1689. 453

DEPUTY OF LIEUTENANT GOVERNORS. 453

MILITARY AFFAIRS IN CONNECTICUT COLONY. 454

FIRST CONNECTICUT CAVALRY. 455

WINDSOR TROOPERS (1676). 456

MASSACHUSETTS COLONY. 457

GOVERNORS AND DEPUTY GOVERNORS. 457

DEPUTY GOVERNORS. 458

EARLIEST MILITARY AFFAIRS. 458

OFFICIAL ROSTER OF MASSACHUSETTS MILITIA. 461

FIRST REGIMENT. 461

SECOND REGIMENT. 461

THIRD REGIMENT. 461

MAJOR GENERALS OF MASSACHUSETTS. 462

SUFFOLK REGIMENT. 462

BOSTON COMPANIES. 462

BRAINTREE. 463

SUFFOLK TROOP. 463

MIDDLESEX REGIMENT. 463

MIDDLESEX TROOP. 464

ESSEX REGIMENT. 464

HAMPSHIRE REGIMENT. 465

(OLD) NORFOLK REGIMENT. 465

DEVONSHIRE MILITIA. 467

CAPT. MOSELY’S VOLUNTEERS. 467

THE ANCIENT MANUAL OF ARMS. 468

CAPTIVES. 470

APPENDIX B, THIRD EDITION. 472

CONTAINING CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS, WITH A SPECIAL INDEX TO THE SAME. 472

CORRECTIONS AND CHANGES TO BE MADE IN THE PRECEDING PAGES OF THIS VOLUME. 473

SOLDIERS MENTIONED IN THE PROVINCE LAWS OF MASSACHUSETTS BAY AS HAVING RECEIVED BOUNTIES OR PENSIONS FOR SERVICES IN THE WAR OF 1675. 476

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SOLDIERS IN KING PHILIP’S WAR

BEING

A CRITICAL ACCOUNT OF THAT WAR

WITH

A CONCISE HISTORY OF THE INDIAN WARS OF NEW ENGLAND FROM 1620-1677

OFFICIAL LISTS OF THE SOLDIERS OF MASSACHUSETTS COLONY

SERVING IN PHILIP’S WAR, AND SKETCHES OF THE PRINCIPAL

OFFICERS, COPIES OF ANCIENT DOCUMENTS AND

RECORDS RELATING TO THE WAR

ALSO

LISTS OF THE NARRAGANSET GRANTEES OF THE UNITED

COLONIES

MASSACHUSETTS, PLYMOUTH, AND CONNECTICUT

WITH AN APPENDIX

THIRD EDITION

WITH ADDITIONAL APPENDIX CONTAINING CORRECTIONS AND NEW MATERIAL

BY

GEORGE MADISON BODGE, A. B.

MEMBER OF THE NEW ENGLAND HISTORIC-GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY, AND EX-CHAPLAIN OF THE MASSACHUSETTS SOCIETY OF COLONIAL WARS

ILLUSTRATED

DEDICATION

TO

MR. JOHN WARD DEAN,

AT WHOSE SUGGESTION THIS WORK WAS AT FIRST UNDERTAKEN, AND TO WHOSE KINDLY ADVICE AND HELPFUL INTEREST

IS LARGELY DUE ITS MEASURE OF SUCCESS,

This Volume

IS AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED

BY THE AUTHOR.

PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.

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THE principal purpose of the author, in preparing this volume, has been the presentation of a concise and accurate account of the events of the Indian wars in New England, with lists of officers, soldiers, military committees, scouts, and others engaged therein, as full and correct as possible. Material has been drawn from all available sources, viz.: The official records of the three colonies, Massachusetts, Plymouth, and Connecticut; Rhode Island, as a non-combatant community, not being counted into the league. In addition to these sources, the Colonial Archives have been diligently searched for unpublished documents, as well as the Registry, Probate, and Court Records, and documents of the several counties. I have consulted all known published histories and accounts of the early times: Bradford, the Mortons, Prince, and Winthrop; with diaries and personal accounts,"—like those published by Capt. John Mason, Capt. John Underhill, Lieut. Lion Gardener, P. Vincent, and others, together with later historians,—Hubbard, the Mathers, father and son, and later yet, and of less authority, those like Benjamin Church. Then again Town and Church Records, family bibles, and local traditions have all been noted, and brought to give evidence.

The basis, however, of the main body of the work, the services of the soldiers in Philip’s War, is drawn from the ancient account-books of Mr. John Hull, Treasurer-at-war of Massachusetts Colony, from 1675-1678.

A word of explanation concerning these precious old books may be in order here. In former times the books and papers kept by public officers were retained by them, at the close of their official terms, as their private property. It is not known just how these books were handed down, but the Journal, the most important, was discovered in the possession of Dr. Daniel Gilbert, Boston, by Mr. Isaac Child, and at his suggestion, kindly transferred to the New England Historic Genealogical Society, about fifty years ago. Two Ledgers, belonging to the same set of accounts, were acquired by the same society later, and have since been preserved in their safe, with many other precious documents. The old Journal was in a dilapidated condition when found by Mr. Child, and the society employed him to repair and index the volume, which he did with great patience and skill. Many parts of the book are now almost illegible, and few except experts can reconstruct the names; while other parte are as plain as on the day of writing. This Journal contains accounts of debt and credit with everybody who had any dealing with the Colony of Massachusetts in relation to the war of 1675-78. The pages of the Journal, after the first and up to the fourteenth, are missing, but the first Ledger, fortunately, covers these pages so that it is possible to restore them entire. The first accounts show the names of those who furnished money, means, and material for the war. Then follow the individual accounts of the officers, soldiers, and others of every class, who served the Colony in this war, under the general account, Military Service. These credits show that every soldier, on presenting himself to the paymaster, must produce a certificate of service, or debenture, signed by his commanding officer. Mr. Hull’s system of bookkeeping was a quaint sort of double-entry, or mixed-method. It was very exhaustive, giving to every species of transaction a separate ledger account, as well as to every individual mentioned in the Journal. Some of these accounts are very curious and suggestive, for instance: Bisket, Liquors, Ammunission, Wast-Coats and Drawers, Tobaco & Pipes, Wounded Men, Contingencies, Woolves, Quakers, Captives, Distressed-Dutchmen, Scalpes, Perquisites, Queries. Many pages are lost from the last part of this book, while the time covered by the part left is much the most important of the war. The Journal accounts extend from June 25, 1675, to September 23, 1676. The first Ledger, beginning with the above Journal, contains now two-hundred and twenty double pages, on which is posted about half the matter in the Journal accounts. Both these books must have been originally much larger than at present. There is a later mixed Journal-Ledger, covering the years 1677 and 1678, in part, and indicating a closing-up of the war accounts. Further explanation is given on page 446 of this volume.

In searching these books for the name of one who served in the Indian war, the present writer discovered the importance of the accounts in the matter of the Indian war of 1675. Every soldier who served in that war is credited with military service, and the name of the officer under whom or the garrison at which he served is given in the credit. The date at which payment is made is given in the Cash account, but the time and place of service is not designated, nor is the residence or any further information about the soldier given. Some of the soldiers served at different times and under different officers. The best method therefore of arranging the men in companies was found to be that of following the names of the officers as they occur in the credits. The names were thus gathered from the Journal, and placed in companies with their officers. Then the fortunes of each company were followed as carefully as possible throughout the several campaigns of the war. But it was found that a great amount of unpublished material is still preserved in our State Archives, County and Town Records, and elsewhere; and this, in the light of the great number of names identified in these credits as soldiers, becomes available and interesting as history. Additional material has been gathered and incorporated here from all sources, whenever it would add to the sum of knowledge concerning the war.

The officers and soldiers, many of them, served in several, some in all, the different campaigns; and thus, in following their fortunes, it was necessary to go over the same events many times, so as to marshal the various companies in order in the military operations.

It will be seen that by this method of arrangement a great amount of important material has been massed together conveniently for the study of history, while the story of the war has not been followed by consecutive events, but according to the experience of individual officers and companies. This inconvenience has been obviated by the preparation of the Introductory Chapter, which presents the course of events in consecutive order.

The first edition of the work was published in 1892, and soon exhausted. By numerous applications for the book, and by the advice of many who knew the value of the work, I decided to issue a second edition, though this involved the expense of reprinting the volume entire. Contemplating at first only the reissue of the former work, I expected that two months would be sufficient time to complete the matter. I soon saw, however, the opportunity to immensely increase the value of the book by including, in the Introductory Chapter, an account of the Indian wars of New England from the beginning. The time and labor involved in this addition are not seen in the result, but my readers will be saved much time and perplexity by the matter here gathered.

In revising and recasting the former work, I corrected all proof by original documents, and was delighted to find that very few corrections were needed. Having in mind the new demand for critical accuracy imposed by the growing interest in American genealogy and biography, and especially in the patriotic societies, like the Society of Colonial Wars, I have spared no pains to make my book absolutely correct. I have tested the lists of names, the dates, and other matter, from Hull’s accounts, and am confident that they are entirely accurate. I have realized the importance of absolute accuracy here, since anyone who can trace descent from one of these who are credited with military service, has an indisputable claim to membership in the above named society.

Much new material has been added in the body of the work, besides the new chapters at the end. The footnotes from the former edition have been mostly embodied in the text. The lists of the Narraganset Grantees have been collected by me after a diligent research extending over many years. The old Proprietors’ Records are widely scattered, and several are in private hands, but, with one exception, my lists are copied directly from the original, and that list,—Narraganset No. 1, was copied and published by such a careful hand, and is so fully confirmed by Hull’s credits, that I consider it of the highest authority. These lists form an entirely new department, while logically following the previous story of the great war of 1675-7.

There is no doubt that Plymouth and Connecticut Colonies had treasurers’ accounts, like these of Massachusetts, and it is an irreparable loss to history that none are found preserved. In order to remedy this defect in a slight degree I have tried to gather items relating to the wars in those colonies from every available source. The Voluntown lists of Connecticut, and those of Numbers 4 and 7 of Massachusetts, relating to Plymouth Colony, will be found important additions.

Into the Appendix, as well as the list of later credits, I have tried to crowd all items bearing directly upon the Indian wars of New England, in order to make my volume complete in itself. I have given the lists of governors and deputy-governors of the three colonies from 1620 to 1687. The triple alliance for war with the Indians shut out the Rhode Island Colony, on doctrinal grounds, so that she won no glory in the war save that which crowns the Good Samaritan.

The Indexes have been prepared with utmost care for the convenience and help of the readers, but no extended analysis of the relations of names has been attempted. Cross-references have been made in cases where the relation might not be readily noted.

My new volume has grown to nearly one hundred pages beyond the first promise to my subscribers, with an added expense of several hundred dollars and a delay of some six months. I am consoled by the thought that my present loss is to be a permanent gain to my readers.

In the course of my labors I have received encouragement and kindly assistance from many, some of whose names are mentioned in connection with special favors: To Mr. John Ward Dean and Mr. W. P. Greenlaw, of the New England Historic Genealogical Society; Dr. Samuel A. Green, Mr. Charles J. Hoadly, Mr. J. C. J. Brown, Hon. George Sheldon, Mr. H. E. Waite, Mr. Walter K. Watkins, Capt. Philip Reade, Mr. Seymour Morris, Mr. Howland Pell, and many others, I wish here to renew the assurance of my appreciation of their courtesy and kindness. To the members of my own family, too, for their continued patient help, my word of appreciation may properly be spoken here; and especially along these pages I shall always find familiar traces of the faithful vanished hand of my beloved daughter, May Alice Bodge, whose loving earthly service closed just before this volume was completed. And to the advance subscribers, who have responded with such ready interest to my prospectus, I wish to say that my own satisfaction with the volume will be measured largely by the satisfaction and help which they receive from it.

One other element of satisfaction will enter into my enjoyment of the completed work: I have been able, in the course of it, to settle some disputed questions by the discovery of new testimony, to assign to their proper places of honor some of the old-time leaders, and to do some measure of tardy justice to many a brave and true but long-forgotten name, by summoning again, from their two centuries of oblivion, these dusky battalions of the First American Army, and marshalling them, roster, rank, and file, upon the permanent page of American history.

GEORGE M. BODGE.

LEOMINSTER, MASS., August 10, 1896.

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

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PORTRAIT OF REV. GEORGE M. BODGE.

SCENE OF BROOKFIELD AMBUSCADE, AUG. 4, 1675.

INDIAN ASSAULT ON AYRES’ INN.

MAP, INCLUDING LINE OF MARCH OF COLONIAL FORCES,

MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF GREAT SWAMP FIGHT.

MEMORIAL OF GREAT SWAMP FIGHT.

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INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER.

CONTAINING A CONCISE HISTORY OF THE INDIAN WARS OF NEW ENGLAND FROM 1620 TO 1677.

THE first event in the Indian wars of New England, as related to its settlement by our forefathers, occurred on the 8th of December, 1620, while a company of the Pilgrims were coasting along the shores towards Plymouth Bay, in their shallop. The story is briefly, but graphically, told by Nathaniel Morton, for many years clerk of the Colony, and the author of what he called New England’s Memorial.

After relating their experiences in Cape Cod Harbor, during the month of November, he says:

"On the 6th of December they concluded to send out their shallop again on a third discovery. The names of those who went upon this discovery were

"Mr. John Carver, Mr. William Bradford, Mr. Edward Winslow, Capt. Miles Standish, Mr. John Howland, Mr. Richard Warren, Mr. Stephen Hopkins, Mr. Edward Tilly, Mr. John Tilly, Mr. Clark, Mr. Coppin, John Allerton, Thomas English, and Edward Doten, with the master gunner of the ship, and three of the common seamen. These set sail on Wednesday, the sixth day of December, 1620, intending to circulate the deep bay of Cape Cod, the weather being very cold, so as the spray of the sea lighting on the coats they were as if they had been glazed; notwithstanding, that night they got down into the bottom of the bay, and as they drew near the shore, they saw some ten or twelve Indians, and landed about a league off them (but with some difficulty, by reason of the shoals in that place) where they tarried that night. Next morning they divided their company to coast along, some on shore and some in the boat, where they saw the Indians had been the day before, cutting up a fish like a grampus; and so they ranged up and down all that day, but found no people, nor any place they liked, as fit for their settlement; and that night, they on shore met their boat at a certain creek where they made them a barricado of boughs and logs, for their lodging that night, and, being weary, betook themselves to rest.

"The next morning about five o’clock (seeking guidance and protection from God by prayer,) and refreshing themselves in way of preparation, to persist on their intended expedition, some of them carried their arms down to the boat, having laid them up in their coats from the moisture of the weather; but others said they would not carry theirs until they went themselves. But presently, all on a sudden, about the dawning of the day, they heard a great and strangle cry, and one of their company being on board, came hastily in and cried, Indians! Indians! and withal, their arrows came flying amongst them; on which all their men ran with speed to recover their arms; as by God’s good providence they did. In the meantime some of those that were ready, discharged two muskets at them, and two more stood ready at the entrance of their rendezvous, but were commanded not to shoot until they could take full aim at them; and the other two charged again with all speed, for there were only four that had arms there, and defended the barricado which was first assaulted. The cry of the Indians was dreadful, especially when they saw the men run out of their rendezvous towards the shallop, to recover their arms, the Indians wheeling about upon them; but some running out with coats of mail and cuttle-axes in their hands, they soon recovered their arms, and discharged amongst them, and stayed their violence. Notwithstanding there was a lusty man, and no less valiant, stood behind a tree within half a musket shot, and let his arrows fly amongst them; he was seen to shoot three arrows, which were all avoided, and stood three shot of musket, until one taking full aim at him, made the bark or splinters of the tree fly about his ears, after which he gave an extraordinary shriek, and away they went all of them; and so leaving some to keep the shallop, they followed them about a quarter of a mile, that they might conceive that they were not afraid of them, or any way discouraged.

Thus it pleased God to vanquish their enemies, and to give them deliverance, and by his special providence so to dispose, that not any of them was either hurt or hit though their arrows came close by them; and sundry of their coats, which hung up in the barricado, were shot through and through. For which salvation and deliverance they rendered solemn thanksgiving unto the Lord.

This was the first battle with the Indians, and the scene of it was called by them at that time First Encounter. This spot is in the present town of Eastham. They picked up eighteen of the Indian arrows and sent them home to England by Master Jones. Some of the arrows were headed with brass, some with hart’s horn, and some with eagle’s claws. It was late at night, and in a heavy storm, that they with much difficulty made what is now Plymouth Harbor, and lay-to under the lee of the Island, which they named Clark’s Island, because Mr. Clark of their company was the first to step ashore next morning. Here they remained the next day, and here, on the next, kept the memorable Sabbath.

The following Monday they explored Plymouth Bay and resolved on this locality for their settlement, and so returned to their ship at Provincetown Harbor.

The Landing of the Pilgrims was made on Dec. 21, 1620, at the place known to the Indians as Patuxit, now Plymouth.

During the terrible scenes of the following Winter, the Indians, from time to time, showed themselves at a long distance watching their movements, but not troubling. In March, however, the famous Samoset came boldly into their midst and addressed them in broken English. He made them understand that he was from the Eastern part of the coast, and had known certain English fishermen, from whom he had learned the language. He was very friendly and helpful to the Pilgrims ever afterwards, in many ways. He told them of another Indian, Squanto or Tisquanto, of the tribes near this place, who had been in England, and could speak English better than himself. Kindly entertained by the English, he came to them again shortly afterwards, bringing some other Indians with him, and announced a visit to be made in a few days by the great Sachem, Massasoit, who came five days later, with the abovementioned Squanto, and the chief of his friends and attendants. Massasoit was Sachem of what had been a large and powerful people, but now greatly weakened by the fearful devastations of a plague, which had swept away a large part of his tribes along the coast, a few years only before the English landed at Plymouth. His residence, at this time, was at Sowams, or Sowamset (now a part of Barrington, R.I.). His dominion extended over the Massachusetts tribes as far as the Charles River, and it is supposed that the Pawtucket was the boundary between his people, known as the Wampanoags, and the Narragansets. The Cape Indians gave him allegiance, and all that part of Rhode Island east of Narraganset Bay. One residence of his was at Mount Hope, not far from the present city of Fall River, which became afterwards the permanent residence of his son Philip, or Metacom. On the occasion of Massasoit’s visit, a treaty of peace was arranged between him and the English. This treaty was for help against other tribes and outside enemies: a league, indeed, for natural protection. It was the first treaty ever made in New England, and was the most important. The Wampanoags, in their present weakened condition, feared the power of the strong and warlike Narragansets, so that this league of defence was as necessary to them as to the English; and to the small band of Pilgrims it meant nothing less than their salvation, since it threw their frontier fifty miles away instead of one, and united their interests with a great tribe, who were made strong by this league itself. After this treaty, Squanto remained at Plymouth as the interpreter and counsellor of the English. The treaty was faithfully kept by Massasoit while he lived. The dominion properly belonging to the Wampanoags was known as Pokanoket.

The next trouble had with the Indians, after this treaty, was caused by an Indian chief named Corbitant, who lived near Nemasket, now Middleborough. Squanto had been joined at Plymouth by another friendly and influential Indian named Hobomak, and the two were sent out as agents of the English, among the tribes, to manage their trade in fur and other commodities. Corbitant provoked a quarrel, and attempted to stab Hobomak, who escaped to Plymouth and reported the assault, and his fears that Squanto had been slain. Immediately Capt. Miles Standish and fourteen men marched to the Indian town and beset the wigwam of Corbitant, but found him gone. But they found Squanto had not been killed. In the attack upon Corbitant’s wigwam, two or three of the natives were unintentionally wounded, and these were brought to Plymouth, and kindly cared for by the English. After this, several of the surrounding chiefs came in and declared their friendship, and Corbitant himself, through Massasoit, sought to make peace with them In September of this year (1621) a shallop was fitted out with ten men, and Squanto as guide and interpreter, and explored Massachusetts Bay along the shores of Dorchester, Boston, and the peninsula between the Mystic and the Charles Rivers. They were welcomed to this vicinity by Obbatinewat, the Sagamore of Shawmut. He accompanied them across the Charles River, and they tried to find the Squaw-Sachem of the remnants of the Massachusetts tribes, widow of the great Sachem, Nanepashemet, but were unsuccessful.

During November, 1621, a messenger came from the Narragansets, bearing a challenge to war, as Squanto explained it,—a snake-skin filled with arrows. For answer, Gov. Bradford filled the snake-skin with powder and bullets and sent it back to the Sachem, Canonicus, with the word that he was ready for either war or peace. Then the Pilgrims fortified their houses with palisades and set a guard at night, and arranged their fighting force in order for defence. During the Summer of 1622 they built a timber fort, strong and comely, with flat roof and battlements; upon this, ordnance was mounted, and a watch kept. The fort also served as a place of worship. The unruly company, which came in Robert Cushman’s ship, in 1621, and had lived upon the hospitality of the Pilgrims through the Winter and Spring, reducing their Colony to the verge of a famine, went away in August, to form a new plantation at a place since called Weymouth, under the grant to Mr. Thomas Weston, These colonists proved to be an indolent and wayward set abused the confidence of the Indians, and finally caused a threatened outbreak, which rumor having come to the ears of the Governor, by a message from Massasoit, by Hobomak, Capt. Miles Standish, with a company of eight men, with Hobomak as guide,—for he would not excite the suspicions of the Indians with a larger company,—marched to Wessaguscus (Weymouth), whence a certain Phineas Prat had fled, half famished, and disclosed a pitiful story of the destitution of Mr. Weston’s colony. Capt. Standish found these men in great suffering, but not suspecting any plot of the Indians. Hobomak had discovered that the general assault upon the settlers was to be begun here upon the weakened and helpless men of Wessaguscus, and then this should be the signal for a general attack of all the tribes in the league, no less than seven distinct tribes being in the plot.

Soon after the arrival of the Captain and his men, an Indian came into the settlement as if for trade, and soon went away without molestation; but the Captain suspected that he knew the purpose of their coming. Soon after, Peksuot, a chief of bold spirit, came in and told Hobomak that he understood that Capt. Standish had come to kill him and the rest of the Indians there, and dared him to begin. Then Wittuwamet and other Indians, in increasing numbers, began to come amongst them, growing more and more insulting, flourishing their knives and boasting of their strength. Finally, after bearing with their insults a long time, the Captain and his men managed to get Peksuot and Wittuwamet into a room together, with a few others, and then made a sudden attack upon them, disarmed and killed them, Peksuot being slain with his own knife, in the hands of the Captain, and Wittuwamet by the others. They then gave orders to Weston’s men to kill the Indians with them, of whom they killed two. Then the Captain and his men began a general hunt for all Indians about, intending to make a sweep of all; but the Indians, getting news of the intention, fled. Winslow and Standish have been blamed for this sanguinary performance, but it was probably a question of killing or being killed, with them.

The English believed that for their own safety they must try to strike terror to the tribes, so they set the head of Wittuwamet upon the battlements of their blockhouse. The terror inspired by the English guns was so great, that many of the Indians fled into the swamps and woods, and many perished from cold and hunger, in their wanderings.

However harsh these measures may appear to us now, we have to remember the precarious situation in which the Pilgrims were placed,—a small hamlet on the shore of a vast unknown wilderness, with countless hosts of savages swarming about, and only restrained by a wholesome fear of the English firearms and the sturdy courage of Standish and his men-at-arms. The Pilgrims themselves had hitherto treated all Indians who came in a friendly manner, with kindness and justice. The roystering sailors, who had spent a Winter in the Colony, and the unruly elements of Weston’s men, had cajoled, cheated, quarrelled with, and abused the Indians who came to trade, and those Indians, who were jealous of Hobomak and Squanto and Massasoit, took these occasions to organize a revolt, by which there was good evidence to show that they meant the total destruction of the English settlements. Wary and prompt action was a necessity at that time. The event proved the strategic wisdom of the action, however unchristian it seems; for such dread of the English, and respect for their prowess, was inspired, that for many years there were no notable revolts of the neighboring Indians.

The Pequod Indians caused the next trouble for the Colonies, and at one time seemed so formidable as to threaten their destruction. The Massachusetts Colony had been founded in 1630, and other flourishing plantations had been established at Salem and in the vicinity of Boston. The Dutch had settled at Manhattan, and made some attempts on the lower Connecticut River. In a few years Massachusetts had grown to be recognized as the leading Colony. In 1634 the Pequod Indians first began to be troublesome. They were a strong and warlike tribe, who had come down the Connecticut River, years before, and seized upon the best lands at its lower parts. They had, with great cruelty, driven out the original tribes, and planted their principal town on the river, twelve miles to the Eastward of the Connecticut River which from them took the name of the Pequod River. They had committed depredations upon the Dutch, and were at war with the great Narraganset nation. The Sachems of the Pequods were Tatobam, and afterwards Sassacus; and of the Narragansets, Canonicus and Miantonomo. The first overt act against the English was the killing of Capt. John Stone, whose vessel was coasting near the mouth of the Connecticut River, in 1634. Capt. Stone was formerly of the West Indies, but was known, rather unfavorably, both at Plymouth and Boston. He had committed some outrage against the Dutch, and was accused of piracy He started on a trading voyage from Boston to the Eastward as far as York, where he took on Capt. John Norton as an associate in trade, or as passenger, and sailed towards Virginia; but went into the Connecticut, and there, upon some trouble with the Pequods, was overcome and slain with all his crew.

The Pequods, soon afterwards, sent messengers to the Massachusetts Colony to engage in a treaty of peace and friendship. When the above crime was laid to their charge, they claimed that it was done in self-defence. The magistrates demanded that those who had part in the murder should be surrendered, but were not very strenuous in pressing the claim, as the Indians told them that only two of those who had part in the act were left. The Indians made presents of much wampum and beaver. The treaty was concluded, and it was promised that the English would send a ship to trade with them, and would negotiate a treaty for them with the Narragansets, which they much desired, but were too proud to propose, but were willing the English should offer their foes a part of the wampum an beaver which they brought. The Pequods had, at first, and up to about 1633-4, held the Narragansets in subjection, but the latter were now at war and asserting their independence. The Pequods had, some time before, cut off a party of Indians who were on their way to trade with the Dutch, at their trading-house upon the Connecticut River, and in retaliation the Dutch had captured their old Sachem, Tatobam, and a small party of Indians with him, whom they killed. Tatobam was killed after Capt. Stone’s death, and was succeeded by Saesacus. The promised vessel was sent out to the Pequods to trade. There is reason to think that this vessel was in charge of Mr. John Oldham, a man who had formerly caused trouble at Plymouth, being concerned in the revolt of Rev. John Lyford, and afterwards exiled from that Colony, and located at Watertown. He was of turbulent temper, but good ability. From some cause he did not succeed in making any advantageous trade with the Pequods, but secured a load of corn from the Indians nearer home, and excited the jealousy of certain of the Narragansets, so that when, next year, he was cruising about with but two Indians and two English lads in his crew, and ran in at Block Island to trade, a large body of the Island Indians came on board and killed him. They overpowered his crew and took his vessel, which they were robbing, when discovered by John Gallop, of Boston Harbor, a skipper and pilot, who with his vessel, coasting along, discovered Oldham’s vessel near the shore, and hailed, but received no answer, and then observed that the craft was in possession of the Indians, who were trying to get her under sail. Gallop, perceiving that they had stolen Oldham’s vessel, immediately sailed up towards them, though having only his two boys and a servant for a crew, and but two guns and two pistols, with buckshot for bullets. Sailing close alongside, he opened fire and drove the Indians below deck; and making fast, went on board and discovered the body of Oldham, wrapped in fishing-nets. There are two different stories of this affair by contemporary writers; one is that told by Gov. John Winthrop, and the other by Rev. Thomas Cobbet, of Ipswich, who had it directly from John Gallop, Jr., who was with his father in the affair; and afterwards, as Captain of a Connecticut company, on Dec. 19, 1675, was killed at the great Swamp Fight with the Narragansets. Capt. Gallop killed, or drove overboard, most of the Indians, captured four, one of whom he killed, and carried one away. By stress of weather he was obliged to cut adrift the craft, which he stripped of her rigging, leaving the other two Indians in the hold alive. He sailed to Saybrook Fort, just built, at the mouth of the Connecticut, and there delivered his prisoner. The two Narragansets, who had been with Oldham, had already escaped and reported to Canonicus, who was Sachem of the Block Island Indians, and he dispatched these two with the prisoner, and a letter of explanation, written by Roger Williams, of Providence, his friend, to Gov. Winthrop, of Massachusetts, saying that he had already sent Miantonomo, with a strong force, to punish the Block Islanders, and bring the murderers to justice. The Massachusetts magistrates demanded of Canonicus the restoration of the goods taken from Oldham, the return of the two lads taken with him, and vengeance upon the murderers. They suspected one of the messengers, who had been with Oldham, but respecting the rights of a messenger, sent him back safely. It was found, by those who came with the boys from Miantonomo, that seven of the Indians who had been killed by Capt. Gallop were chiefs, and that the others, except the prisoner sent to them, had escaped to the Pequods, who now sheltered them.

An embassy, consisting of Lieut. Edward Gibbons and John Higginson, of Boston, with the Sachem of Massachusetts, Cutshamakin, was sent to treat directly with Canonicus, about John Oldham’s murder. They reported favorably of the honesty and kindness of the old Sachem, on their return, but the magistrates determined to send out an expedition, and themselves wreak vengeance upon the people of Block Island. This expedition was raised from Massachusetts, by order of the new governor, Henry Vane. The Colonial records do not contain the account of its raising and outfit. But Gov. Winthrop tells the story. The force to be raised was ninety men, to be divided into four companies, under command of Capt. John Underhill, Nathaniel Turner, Ensign William Jennison, and Ensign Richard Davenport, and over all John Endecott, Esq., was appointed general, to command the expedition. This force sailed in three pinnaces and two shallops. They took two to spare the women and children and bring them away captive, and take possession of the Island, and Indians as guides. They had commission to land at Block Island, and put all the men they could find to death, but thence go to the Pequods and require satisfaction of them, and demand the surrender of the murderers of Capt. Stone and other English victims, and a thousand fathom of wampum, for damages, with some of their children as hostages, and if they should refuse, to take these things by force. All who went in this expedition were volunteers. They executed their commission in part. Setting sail on Aug. 24, 1636, they arrived at Block Island on the 31st, where they landed with much difficulty, finding about forty Indians on the shore waiting to receive them, with their bows and arrows, which were harmless, our men having corselets. Two only were wounded, one in the neck and another in the foot. As soon as the English made a landing, the Indians all fled. The Island is described as about ten miles long, four broad, full of small hills and all overgrown with brushwood of oak. They could only march single file, and it was impossible to get at the savages. They found two large plantations, some three miles apart, and about sixty wigwams, some well-built and large. There were about two hundred acres of corn, some gathered in heaps, some left standing. They spent two days in a vain search for the inhabitants, and then burnt their wigwams and all their matts, destroyed what corn they could, spoiled seven canoes, and killed one Indian, as was afterwards reported. Then they sailed to the Connecticut, and being reinforced at Saybrook Fort with Lieut. Gardener, with twenty men and two shallops, they sailed to Pequod Harbor, where an Indian came, in a canoe, to ask who they were, and what they wanted. The General told him that they came from the Governor of Massachusetts ‘to speak with their Sachems. He said that their Sachem, Sassacus, had gone to Long Island, and was told to go and summon the other Sachems. Then the English landed upon a rough and rocky shore, and soon the messenger returned, and great numbers of the savages began to gather about them until there seemed to be some three hundred, and still the Sachems did not appear. At last, after several hours, the General saw that they were but dallying, and announced his demands, and said if they were not complied with at once, he would fight them, and bade them begone and take care of themselves, for he had come now to fight. But he would not allow any shot to be fired until they had time to withdraw from the parley. Then our forces followed them, but they did not make any stand; only they would turn and shoot their arrows from behind rocks and trees, but did no harm, while some of the English killed two of theirs. So the English marched up to their town, and burnt all their wigwams and matte; but the corn was still standing in the field, and could not be readily destroyed. Returning at night to their vessels, on the next day they went ashore on the west side of the river, and having destroyed some wigwams and canoes, but finding no Indians, sailed away homeward. They arrived at Boston in September, without the loss of a single man in the whole expedition. Cutshamakin, a chief of the Massachusetts tribe, early residing in that part of Dorchester which became Milton, went in this expedition as an interpreter; and while scouting with the English, waylaid, killed, and scalped a Pequod. He carried the scalp to Canonicus, who sent it about to his chiefs, thus signifying his approval of the deed and his loyalty to the English. To the Pequods this meant a declaration of war, and threw them at once into active hostilities against the English and their allies. Not more than a dozen of their men had been killed in the raid into their country, which they understood to be a search for Block Island fugitives; but this exploit of Cutshamakin’s meant war. This whole expedition cost Massachusetts only two hundred pounds, as the officers and soldiers served without pay.

The Pequods now tried to make peace with the Narragansets, but in vain. They sought to break up the new English settlements, now being established on the Connecticut by settlers from Plymouth and Massachusetts, at Windsor, Wethersfield, and Hartford, and had shown their hostility to the garrison at Say brook; and now, when the Massachusetts troops retired, these new towns and the garrison were left in a very critical situation; and Lieut. Gardener complained of the affair to the Colonies. When the English had re-embarked at Pequod Harbor, two of his soldiers had, somehow, been left behind, and were severely wounded. The Saybrook garrison were in a state of siege for many months; and whenever they ventured from the fort, were followed by the savages, with intent to lure them into ambush. The only safety of the English, here, lay in their possession of firearms, which struck terror to their enemies, and even with these the Saybrook men came near being cut off on several occasions. The authorities at Plymouth did not approve of the action of Massachusetts, and wrote them, stating that they had not accomplished any advantage by this expedition, but rather stirred up strife to no good end; which letter was answered by Massachusetts justifying their course. Lieut. Gardener wrote a full and straightforward account of this expedition, which was published. One young man, of Saybrook, Samuel Butterfield, was captured at a short distance above the fort, and the place was long known as Butterfield’s Meadow. Another small party, a few days later, was beset by a great company, and two were cut off. John Tilly, master of a ship, a very strong man, was captured and tortured to death by the savages. In April, 1637, the Indians waylaid some of the people of Wethersfield, near the fort, as they were going to the fields, and killed six men and three women, and at the same time made captive two girls. Some of their victims were killed with tortures, which roused the Colonies to plans of retaliation, as well as measures for their safety. The two girls were redeemed and returned by the Dutch, through Lieut. Gardener.

April 10, 1637, Capt. Underhill with a company of twenty men was sent to strengthen the garrison at Saybrook Fort, then in command of Lieut. Lion Gardener. This was done at the charge of the gentlemen of Saybrook, and for the protection of their plantations, by a vote of the Massachusetts Colony. Negotiations were begun between Massachusetts and Plymouth about joining in war against the Pequods, while plantations upon the Connecticut were constantly increasing, by additions from Boston and surrounding towns. Capt. John Mason, who in 1632, as a lieutenant, had been sent to the Eastward in search of the noted pirate, Dixy Bull, was made captain of the militia, in November, of the same year; removed to Windsor, Conn., with Mr. Warham, in 1635, and there became the captain of their military company, and the hero of the Pequod War.

The three Colonies, having agreed to unite in a war against the Pequods, and having engaged the Narragansets and other minor tribes to serve with them, took measures to carry out their plans. Massachusetts agreed to raise one hundred and sixty men, under the command Capt. Daniel Patrick, of Watertown, and Capt. William Trask, of Salem; while Capt. Israel Stoughton, of Dorchester, was chosen commander-in-chief of the expedition, and Rev. John Wilson, pastor of the church in Boston, went as chaplain. Plymouth agreed to send fifty men, under Lieut. William Holmes, as commander, and Rev. Thomas Prince, as chaplain and counsellor. Thirty of these men were to be sent for land service, and as many others as should be required to manage the barques. The list of names, and further particulars about the preparations, will be found in the Appendix. It may be said here that before these were ready, the war was nearly finished, so they were not sent.

The towns on the Connecticut River, Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield, being most concerned in this war, were most forward in its prosecution. May 1, 1637, the General Court at Hartford voted an offensive war against the Pequods. On May 10, 1637, ninety men had been raised in these three towns,—forty-two from Hartford, thirty from Windsor, and eighteen from Wethersfield,—equipped for war, and under the command of Capt. John Mason, of Windsor, and Lieut. Robert Seely (Sealy), of Wethersfield, embarked on board one Pink, one Pinnace, and one Shallop, with the Sachem Uncas and seventy of his Mohegan Indians along as allies. The water of the river being low, the vessels often ran aground, which made the progress so slow that the Indians grew impatient and asked to be set ashore to go on foot to Saybrook Fort, which was done. When the Indians reported at the fort, Lieut. Gardener distrusted their honesty, and demanded some proof of their good faith. So Uncas sent out a war-party, who found six of the Pequods, four of whom they killed, one escaped, and another they brought captive to the fort, where he was put to death. This victim’s name was Kiswas. On Wednesday Capt. Mason with the Connecticut force arrived at the fort, and on Friday set sail for Narraganset. At Saybrook Fort Lieut. Gardener had reinforced their company with Lieut. Underhill and twenty of his best men, with such supplies as they needed, and sent Mr. Thomas Pell with them as surgeon. Twenty of the least serviceable of Capt. Mason’s men were sent back to the plantations to strengthen them. The Mohegans sailed with them. They arrived at Narraganset on Saturday evening and there kept the Sabbath. They lay wind-bound off shore until Tuesday evening, when they landed and marched about five miles inland to the residence of the Narraganset Sachem, Canonicus, to whom Capt. Mason apologized for marching into his country with an armed force without giving him previous notice. He requested permission of the Sachem to pass with his troops through his dominions, and declared his purpose of making war on the Pequods, on account of the outrages against the English. Canonicus received them kindly, but warned them that the Pequods were strong and crafty warriors, many hundred in number, and now securely entrenched in two great forts. Having gained the permission desired, they marched, on Wednesday morning, to a place called Niantick, on the Pequod frontier, where the Narragansets had a fort. The Indians here appearing somewhat inhospitable, Capt. Mason placed guards about their fort, so that they might not be able to carry news of his design to the enemy. Here they passed the night. In the meantime a messenger had come from Capt. Patrick, who was at Providence, with a company of forty men from Massachusetts, a part of the force to be sent from that Colony upon the present expedition. He requested Capt. Mason to wait for him to join his force, but did not tell when he would come.

Capt. Mason and his officers in council decided that secrecy and haste were more valuable than the additional numbers, and so determined to push forward with their present force. In the morning there came a party of the Narragansets from Miantonomo, nephew and associate Sachem of Canonicus, who offered to join and assist in their design. Then the Indians in the fort came out and engaged with them for the same end. About eight o’clock on Tuesday morning, with seventy-seven English and a company of near five hundred Indians, they marched twelve miles to a ford of the Pawcatuck River, where they halted for a rest. Here many of the Narragansets turned back. The heat being extreme, another halt was made about three miles farther on, and a council was called to decide the method of attack. Uncas, and the renegade Pequod Wequash, their guide, were consulted; who told them of two strong forts of the Pequods, several miles apart, and they decided, at first, to attack both at the same time; but finding the farthest so distant, and the troops so weary with the heat and the long march, that they could hardly reach it before midnight, they were forced to choose the nearest. This was a disappointment, as they heard that Sassacus, the chief Sachem of the Pequods, was at the distant fort. Marching silently towards the nearest fort, they halted, about one hour after dark, in a small valley and there made their camp. Posting their guards around the camp, and at some distance in front, they rested upon their arms until dawn. Their outposts reported