Electrical Distribution System of a Skyscraper in the United States

By Massoud A. Katebeh

This book is a mathematical model of an Electrical Distribution in a high-rise building with the National Electrical Code – NFPA 70 – requirement. There are many ways to estimate and calculate the electrical loads for designing an electrical distribution system in a super-tall building. The author presents one of these methods in a quick and easy-to-understand format that benefits all experience levels in the electrical engineering field. The book introduces a new calculation method and provides step-by-step instructions for designing electrical distribution. Integration of the Medium Voltage in design assists in satisfying the voltage drop requirement in the electrical distribution system. This book compares the process between the early stage of a project (Schematic Design), where we have only assumption and anticipation, to the last part of the project (Construction Document), where there are actual electrical loads.

• Language: English
• Publisher: BookBaby
• Release date: Aug 12, 2023
• ISBN: 9798350915167

Book preview

Title

Copyright ©2023 by Massoud Alipourkatebeh. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the author.

Printed in the United States of America.

Massoud Alipourkatebeh

[e-mail]

First Edition

Preface

The number of tall buildings and skyscrapers are rapidly developing and reaching farther into the sky; truly, a different world exists, even after the dreadful incident that occurred in September of 2001. The public imagination was that there was no future for tall buildings. Over the years, we’ve seen the opposite, and the newer ones have looser floor plans with more cozy creator comforts.

The future of electrical distribution systems in future buildings will be wireless electrical distribution systems, and the future electrical standards will adapt to these changes. This results in having more control to mitigate the risk for the residents of the buildings.

This book skips the principle of Electrical Engineering and at the same time, it is more focused on the mathematical model of Electrical distribution calculations in a skyscraper by considering NEC (National Electrical Code) recommendation. These mathematical models have been applied in different phases in design, Schematic Design (SD), and Construction Documents (CD) to demonstrate accurately when a building footprint is available versus actual electrical loads at the CD phase.

The idea of writing this book came to my mind while I was teaching younger engineers in the same small electrical group, and I decided to share this experience with more people in a book format. I personally believe there is a gap between university and industry, and this book may help people to understand building engineering better as well as experienced colleagues to have one of the thousand ways to design an electrical distribution for a skyscraper.

I use this opportunity to appreciate my mother and my father watching me from the sky, Gabriel Cipriani-Katebeh for selecting the proper tables, Mina Rasaei for the book cover design and graphic design, and Ali Noormohammadi for his graphic design. I would dedicate this book’s profit to Gabriel’s health.

About This Book

This book is an actual project and is described in very detail in design and calculation.

This book provided has different chapters to explain better the point of start to end of a project and this could be used as a benchmark for in this industry and modify the design and calculation as you need for your projects.

In Chapter 1, the building types as classified in the International Building Code (IBC). In Chapter 2, it is an introduction of the main equipment type that we use in every building. In Chapter 3, the building typology and the usage of each floor are explained. In Chapter 4, there are illustrated tables to estimate the apartment’s electrical load by having the square footage of an apartment and implementing the National Electrical Code (NEC) requirement. In Chapter 5, we develop the one-line diagram by having only the square footage of the MEP spaces and apartment loads from Chapter 4. In Chapter 6, we showed an apartment floor plan with circuitry to demonstrate the actual design, the apartment electrical panel schedule, and check this against the estimation in Chapter 4. In chapter 7, the calculation is made based on the actual mechanical and plumbing equipment and apartment load from Chapter 4. This chapter also made a comparison between Chapter 7 and Chapter 5 where we use other projects as a benchmark to have a better estimation and anticipation of the electrical loads based on square footage. Chapter 8 contains some additional documents such as 1- the report from the Kohler generator model to backcheck of generator size, 2- voltage drop calculation, cable sizing, breaker sizing, and short circuit calculation, and 3- the entire one-line diagram of this project. Chapter 9 is the bibliography that we used to complete this project.

Table of Contents:

1 – Building Classifications

2 – Electrical Equipment

2.1 – Electrical Panel

2.2 – Transformers

2.3 – Circuit Breakers

2.4 – Disconnect Switches

2.5 – Main Distribution Panel (MDP)

2.6 – Conduits

2.7 – Cables

2.8 – Bus-duct

2.9 – Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS)

3 – Building Typology

3.1.1 – Subcellar 02 to Cellar – Amenity

3.1.2 – Floor 01 – Lobby

3.1.3 – Floor 1M and Floor 2 – Mechanical Floor

3.1.4 – Floor 03 to Floor 10 – Commercial

3.1.5 – Floor 11 and Floor 11M – Mechanical Floor

3.1.6 – Floor 12 to Floor 13 – Amenity

3.1.7 – Floor 14 to Floor 33 – Residential Apartments

3.1.8 – Floor 34 and Floor 34M – Mechanical Floors

3.1.9 – Floor 35 to Floor 51 – Residential Apartments

3.1.10 – Floor 52 – Mechanical Floor

3.1.11 – Floor 53 to Floor 76 – Residential Apartments

3.1.12 – Floor 77 to 80 – Mechanical Floors

3.2 – Owners Requirements

3.2.1 – Residential Appliance List

3.2.2 – Landlord Services & Amenity Equipment

3.2.3 – Building Metering Strategy

3.2.4 – Miscellaneous MEP System Considerations

3.3 – Electrical Systems

3.3.1 – Codes and Reference Standard

3.3.2 – New Incoming Electrical Services and Metering Requirements

3.3.3 – Main Building Electrical Distribution

3.3.4 – Residential Electrical Distribution

3.3.5 – Residential Electrical Metering

3.3.5.1 – Condo Apartments – Individual Landlord meters

3.3.6 – Emergency, Legally Required, and Optional Standby Power Systems

4 – Floor Plan Estimating Loads

4.1- Estimate Electrical Loads

4.2– Subcellar 02 to 2nd – Below Grade Amenity and Mechanical Floors

4.3 – Commercial Space 3rd to 10th Floors. 32

4.4 – 12th & 13th – Gymnasium and Amenity Floors. 36

4.5 – Apartment Load Estimation

4.5.1 – Standard Method

4.5.2 – Optional Method – Single Dwelling Units

4.5.3 – Optional Method – Multiple Unit Feeder Size

4.6 – Apartment Space

A – Tier-1

B – Tier-2

C – Tier-2 Lower

D – Tier-2 Upper

E – Tier-2 Transfer

F – Tier-3

5 – Single Line Diagram in SD

5.1– Medium Voltage Distribution Strategy

A – Mechanical Floor on 77th – Roof

B – Mechanical Floor on the 52nd

B.1 – DP-43 Node

B.2 – DP-49 Node

B.3 – DP-56 Node

B.4 – DP-64 Node

B.5 – DP-43 & DP-49 Breaker Size

B.6 – DP-56 & DP-64 Breaker Size

C – Mechanical Floor on the 34M

C.1 – DP-26 Node

C.2 – DP-31 Node

C.3 – DP-37 Node

C.4 – DP-26 & DP-31 Breaker Size

D – Mechanical Floor on the 11th

D.1 – DP-15 Node

D.2 – DP-20 Node

D.3 – DP-15 & DP-20 Breaker Size

E – Mechanical Floor on the 2nd

E.1 – Medium Voltage Connection from Residential Floors to MV02 on the 2nd

E.2 – Commercial Space from 3rd to 10th, and Floor 1

E.3 – Emergency, Legally Required, and Optional Standby Power System for Entire Building

E.4 – Normal MEP and Other Normal Loads for Floors Between Subcellar 2 to 2nd

E.5 – Bus and Main Circuiting Breaker Rating of SS02 on 2nd Floor

E.6 – Fire Pumps Loads on FP02 Panel

E.7 – Emergency, Legally Required, and Optional Standby Power System

E.7.1 – ATS-FA

E.7.2 – ATS-21 – Emergency

E.7.3 – ATS-22 – Legally Required & Optional Standby Loads

E.7.4 – ATS-FP – Fire Pump-1 & Jockey Pump-1

6 – Apartment Actual Loads

7 – Single Line Diagram in CD

A – Mechanical Floor on the 77th – Roof

B – Mechanical Floor on the 52nd

B.1 – DP-43 Node

B.2 – DP-49 Node

B.3 – DP-56 Node

B.4 – DP-64 Node

B.5 – DP-43 & DP-49 Breaker Size

B.6 – DP-56 & DP-64 Breaker Size

C – Mechanical Floor on the 34M

C.1 – DP-26 Node

C.2 – DP-31 Node

C.3 – DP-37 Node

C.4 – DP-26 & DP-31 Breaker Size

D – Mechanical Floor on the 11th

D.1 – DP-15 Node

D.2 – DP-20 Node

D.3 – DP-15 & DP-20 Breaker Size

E – Mechanical Floor on the 2nd

E.1 – Medium Voltage Connection from Residential Floors to MV02 on the 2nd

E.2 – Commercial Space from the 3rd to 10th and Floor 1

E.3 – Emergency, Legally Required, and Optional Standby Power System for Entire Building

E.4 – Normal MEP and Other Loads for Floors Between Subcellar 2 to 2nd

E.5 – Bus and Main Circuiting Breaker Rating of SS02 on 2nd Floor

E.6 – Fire Pumps Loads on FP02 Panel

E.7 – Emergency, Legally Required, and Optional Standby Power System. 269

E.7.1 – ATS-FA

E.7.2 – ATS-21 – Emergency

E.7.3 – ATS-22 – Legally Required & Optional Standby Loads

E.7.4- ATS-FP – Fire Pump-1 & Jockey Pump-1

8 – Appendix

8.1 – Appendix A – Generator Sizing Software Output

8.2 – Appendix B – Voltage Drop Calculation

8.3 – Appendix C – Single Line Diagram

9 – Bibliography

List of Tables:

Table 1.1– IBC Buildings Occupancy Group.

Table 2.1 – Three Phases Dry Type Transformer Data.

Table 2.2 – Single Phase Dry Type Transformer Data.

Table 3.1 – Building Program Summary.

Table 4.1 – Electrical Load Estimation for Subcellar 02 to Floor 01.

Table 4.2 – Electrical Load Estimation for Commercial Space.

Table 4.3 – Electrical Load Calculation for 12th & 13th – Amenities.

Table 4.4 – Standard Method.

Table 4.5 – Optional Method.

Table 4.A.1 – Electrical Load Calculation for Tier-1 Apartments on the 14th to 33rd Floors.

Table 4.B.1 – Electrical Load Calculation for Tier-2 Apartments on the 35th to 51st & 53rd to 63rd Floors.

Table 4.C.1 – Electrical Load Calculation for Tier-2-Lower Apartments 64th, 66th, 68th, & 70th Floors.

Table 4.D.1 – Electrical Load Calculation for Tier-2-Upper Apartments on 65th, 67th, & 69th Floors.

Table 4.F.1 – Electrical Load Calculation for Tier-3 Apartments on 72nd to 76th Floors.

Table 5.A.1 – MEP Load Estimate Based on Square Foot of SD Phase for 77th, 78th, and 79th Roof.

Table 5.A.2 – Transformer TX-771 Sizing on 77th

Table 5.B.1 – MEP Load Estimated based on Square Foot in SD Phase for 52nd.

Table 5.B.2 – DP-43 Electrical Sub-Distribution Panel Load Calculation.

Table 5.B.3 – DP-49 Electrical Sub-Distribution Panel Load Calculation.

Table 5.B.4 – DP-56 Electrical Sub-Distribution Panel Load Calculation.

Table 5.B.5 – DP-64 Electrical Sub-Distribution Panel Load Calculation.

Table 5.B.6 – DP-43 & DP-49 Breaker Size Calculation on SS52.

Table 5.B.7 – DP-56 & DP-64 Breaker Size Calculation on SS52.

Table 5.B.8 – Total Apartment Demanded Loads from 39th to 76th Floor on SS52.

Table 5.B.9 – Transformer TX-521 Sizing on 52nd

Table 5.C.1 – MEP Load Estimated Based on Square Foot in SD Phase for 34th & 34M

Table 5.C.2 – DP-26 Electrical Sub-Distribution Panel Load Calculation.

Table 5.C.3 – DP-31 Electrical Sub-Distribution Panel Load Calculation.

Table 5.C.4 – DP-37 Electrical Sub-Distribution Panel Load Calculation.

Table 5.C.5 – DP-26 & DP-31 Breaker Size Calculation on SS34M.

Table 5.C.6 – Total Apartment Demanded Loads from 23rd to 38th

Table 5.C.7 – Transformer TX-34M1 Sizing on the 34Mth

Table 5.D.1 – MEP Load Estimated Based on Square Foot in SD Phase for 11th.

Table 5.D.2 – DP-15 Electrical Sub-Distribution Panel Load Calculation.

Table 5.D.3 – DP-20 Electrical Sub-Distribution Panel Load Calculation.

Table 5.D.4 – DP-15 & DP-20 Breaker Size Calculation on SS11.

Table 5.D.5 – Transformer TX-111 Sizing on the 11th.

Table 5.E.1 – Medium voltage Step-Up Transformer TX-021 Calculation on MV02

Table 5.E.2 – Commercial Loads from the 3rd to 10th and 1st Floor.

Table 5.E.3 – Emergency, Legally Required, and Optional Standby Load Estimation for Entire Building.

Table 5.E.4 – Elevator Loads for the Entire Building.

Table 5.E.5 – TransformerTX-023 Sizing & EDP021 Rating – Emergency, Legally Required, Optional Standby, and Elevator Loads for Entire Building.

Table 5.E.6 – MEP and Normal Loads Estimation from Subcellar 02 to 2nd.

Table 5.E.7 – DP021 rating – Subcellar 02 through 2nd.

Table 5.E.8 – Bus and Main Circuiting Breaker Rating of SS02.

Table 5.E.9 – Fire Pumps and Jockey Pumps Loads.

Table 5.E.10 – FP02 Bus Rating with 100% Connected Loads.

Table 5.E.11 – Fire Pumps and Fire Alarm System Fuse Sizing on FP02 for Normal Power Connection.

Table 5.E.12 – Elevator Loads on Emergency Power System.

Table 5.E.13 – Estimation of Generator Size.

Table 5.E.14 – Load on ATS-FA for Fire Alarm System.

Table 5.E.15 – Load on ATS-FP for Fire Pump-1 and Jockey Pump-1 Loads.

Table 7.A.1 – MEP Load Calculation on the 77th, 78th, and 79th Roof.

Table 7.A.2 – Transformer TX-771 Sizing on 77th

Table 7.B.1 – MEP Load Calculation on 52nd.

Table 7.B.2 – DP-43 Electrical Sub-Distribution Panel Load Calculation.

Table 7.B.3 – DP-49 Electrical Sub-Distribution Panel Load Calculation.

Table 7.B.4 – DP-56 Electrical Sub-Distribution Panel Load Calculation.

Table 7.B.5 – DP-64 Electrical Sub-Distribution Panel Load Calculation.

Table 7.B.6 – DP-43 & DP-49 Breaker Size Calculation on SS52.

Table 7.B.7 – DP-56 & DP-64 Breaker Size Calculation on SS52.

Table 7.B.8 – Total Apartment Demanded Loads from 39th to 76th on SS52.

Table 7.B.9 – Transformer TX-521 Sizing on 52nd.

Table 7.C.1 – MEP Load Calculation for 34th & 34M.

Table 7.C.2 – DP-26 Electrical Sub-Distribution Panel Load Calculation.

Table 7.C.3 – DP-31 Electrical Sub-Distribution Panel Load Calculation.

Table 7.C.4 – DP-37 Electrical Sub-Distribution Panel Load Calculation.

Table 7.C.5 – DP-26 & DP-31 Breaker Size Calculation on SS34M.

Table 7.C.6 – Total Apartment Demanded Loads from 23rd to 38th.

Table 7.C.7 – 34Mth Transformer TX-34M1 Sizing.

Table 7.D.1 – MEP Load Calculation on 11th.

Table 7.D.2 – DP-15 Electrical Sub-Distribution Panel Load Calculation.

Table 7.D.3 – DP-20 Electrical Sub-Distribution Panel Load Calculation.

Table 7.D.4 – DP-15 & DP-20 Breaker Size Calculation on SS11.

Table 7.D.5 – Transformer TX-111 Sizing on the 11th.

Table 7.E.1 – Medium Voltage Step-Up Transformer TX-021 Calculation on MV02.

Table 7.E.2 – Commercial Loads from the 3rd to 10th and 1st.

Table 7.E.3 – Emergency, Legally Required, and Optional Standby Loads List.

Table 7.E.4 – Elevator Loads for the Entire Building for – Normal Operation.

Table 7.E.5 – Transformer TX-023 Sizing & EDP201 Rating – Emergency, Legally Required, Optional Standby, and Elevator loads for Entire Building.

Table 7.E.6 – MEP and Normal Loads Calculation from Subcellar 02 to 2nd.

Table 7.E.7 – DP021 Rating – Subcellar 02 through 2nd.

Table 7.E.8 – Bus and Main Circuiting Breaker Rating of SS02.

Table 7.E.9 – Fire Pumps and Jockey Pumps Loads.

Table 7.E.10 – FP02 Bus Rating with 100% Connected Loads.

Table 7.E.11 – Fire Pumps and Fire Alarm System Fuse Sizing on FP02 for Normal Power Connection.

Table 7.E.12 – Elevator Loads on Emergency Power System.

Table 7.E.13 – Generator Sizing Calculation.

Table 7.E.14 – Load on ATS-FA for Fire Alarm System.

Table 7.E.15 – Load on ATS-FP for Fire Pump-1 and Jockey Pump-1 Loads.

List of Figures:

Figure 2.1 – Typical Electrical Panel.

Figure 2.2 – Typical Electrical Panel Schedule.

Figure 2.3 – Typical Transformer.

Figure 2.4 – Typical Transformer Symbol.

Figure 2.5 – Single Phase Circuit Breaker.

Figure 2.6 – Three-Phase Withdrawal Circuit Breaker Symbol.

Figure 2.7 – Three-Phase Withdrawal Circuit Breaker.

Figure 2.8 – Disconnect Switch.

Figure 2.9 – Disconnect Switch Symbols.

Figure 4.1 – Vertical Apartment Tiers.

Figure 4.2 – Subcellar 02 Floor.

Figure 4.3 – Subcellar 01 Floor.

Figure 4.4 – Cellar 1 Floor.

Figure 4.5 – Floor 01.

Figure 4.6 – Power Distribution for Below Grade Amenity Floors.

Figure 4.7 – Typical Commercial Layouts from the 3rd to 8th.

Figure 4.8 – Typical Commercial Layouts for the 9th & 10th.

Figure 4.9 – Typical Electrical Power Distribution for the 3rd to 10th.

Figure 4.10 – 12th – Gymnasium.

Figure 4.11 – 13th – Amenity.

Figure 4.12 – Power Distribution for 12th & 13th for Amenity.

Figure 4.A.1 – Typical Apartment Layouts Between the 14th to 33rd – Tier-1.

Figure 4.A.2 – Electrical Power Distribution on the 20th.

Figure 4.B.1 – Typical Apartment Layouts for the 35th to 51st & 53rd to 63rd – Tier-2.

Figure 4.B.2 – Electrical Power Distribution on the 36th.

Figure 4.C.1 – Typical Apartment Layouts for 64th, 66th, 68th, and 70th – Tier-2-Lower.

Figure 4.C.2 – Electrical Power Distribution on the 66th.

Figure 4.D.1 – Typical Apartment Layouts for 65th, 67th, and 69th – Tier-2-Upper.

Figure 4.D.2 – Electrical Power Distribution on the 69th.

Figure 4.F.1 – Typical Apartment Layouts for 72nd to 76th – Tier-3.

Figure 4.F.2 – Electrical Power Distribution on the 72nd to 76th.

Figure 5.1 – Schematic Medium Voltage Distribution Strategy Between Floors and Substation Locations.

Figure 5.A.1 – MEP Loads Covered Area by SS77.

Figure 5.A.2 – SS77 Substation on the 77th.

Figure 5.B.1 – Apartment and MEP Loads Covered Area by SS52.

Figure 5.B.2 – DP-43 Apartment Electrical Panels Connection.

Figure 5.B.3 – DP-49 Apartment Electrical Panels Connection.

Figure 5.B.4 – DP-56 Apartment Electrical Panels Connection

Figure 5.B.5 – DP-64 Apartment Electrical Panels Connection.

Figure 5.B.6 – SS52 Substation on the 52nd.

Figure 5.C.1 – Apartment and MEP Loads Covered Area by SS34M.

Figure 5.C.2 – DP-26 Apartment Electrical Panels Connection.

Figure 5.C.3 – DP-31 Apartment Electrical Panels Connection.

Figure 5.C.4 – DP-37 Apartment Electrical Panels Connection.

Figure 5.C.5 – SS34M Substation on 34Mth.

Figure 5.D.1 – Apartment and MEP Loads Covered Area by SS11.

Figure 5.D.2 – DP-15 Apartment Electrical Panels Connection.

Figure 5.D.3 – DP-20 Apartment Electrical Panels Connection.

Figure 5.D.4 – SS11 Substation on the 11th Floor.

Figure 5.E.1 – Commercial floors, Mechanical floor, and Amenity Area Covered by SS02.

Figure 5.E.2 –