The Science of Crime Scenes

By Max M. Houck, Frank Crispino and Terry McAdam

The Science of Crime Scenes addresses the science of crime scene investigation and processing, including the latest methods and technologies. This book covers the philosophy of crime scenes as historical events, the personnel involved at a scene (including the media), the detection of criminal traces and their reconstruction, and special crime scenes, such as mass disasters and terrorist events. Written by an international trio of authors with decades of crime scene experience, it is the next generation of crime scene textbooks.

The book provides in-depth coverage of disasters and mass murder, terror crime scenes, and CBRN (chemical, biological, radioactive and nuclear) – topics not covered in any other text. It includes an instructor website with lecture slides, test bank, outlines, definitions, and activities, along with a student companion site with an image collection.

This text will be of interest to advanced undergraduate and graduate students in forensic science programs, as well as to forensic practitioners and crime scene technicians.

• Offers a science-based approach to crime scene investigation
• Includes in-depth coverage of disasters and mass murder, terror crime scenes, and CBRN (chemical, biological, radioactive and nuclear) – not covered in any other text
• Written by an international trio of authors with decades of crime scene experience
• Instructor website with lecture slides, test bank, outlines, definitions, and activities, and a student companion site with an image collection

• Language: English
• Publisher: Academic Press
• Release date: Dec 17, 2012
• ISBN: 9780123864659

Max M. Houck

Dr. Max M. Houck is an internationally-recognized forensic expert with research interests in forensic science, education, and the forensic enterprise and its industries. He has worked in all aspects of forensic science, including at the FBI Laboratory. Dr. Houck has published widely in books and peer-reviewed journals. His anthropology and trace evidence casework includes the Branch Davidian Investigation, the September 11 attacks on the Pentagon, the D.B. Cooper case, the US Embassy bombings in Africa, and the West Memphis Three case, among hundreds of others. He served for six years as the Chair of the Forensic Science Educational Program Accreditation Commission (FEPAC). Dr. Houck is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry and a founding Co-Editor of the journal Forensic Science Policy and Management.

Book preview

Section 1

The Science of Crime Scene Investigation

Chapter 1.0 The Forensic Mindset

Chapter 1.1 From Scene to Laboratory to Court

Chapter 2.0 What Is a Crime Scene?

Chapter 2.1 Crime Scene Intelligence

Chapter 1.0

The Forensic Mindset

Key Terms

Knowledge workers

Cuvier’s principle of correlation of parts

Proxy data

Forensic Professionals Are Knowledge Workers

Knowledge worker is a term coined by Peter Drucker in 1959 to describe the then-rising group of workers whose jobs required extensive education, the application of theoretical and analytical knowledge, and continuous learning (Drucker, 1995). Knowledge work, as defined by Drucker, is not experience-based as all manual work has always been. It is learning-based (page 227). Knowledge work has high entry costs:

Knowledge work and most of services work, in their work characteristics, are nontraditional. Displaced industrial workers thus cannot simply move into knowledge work or services work the way displaced farmers and displaced domestic workers moved into industrial work. At the very least they have to make a major change in their basic attitudes, values, and beliefs. (page 227)

Specialization, not generalization, is what makes knowledge useful, and the more specialized knowledge is, the more useful it becomes. Increased specialization does not imply that the knowledge will become more applied, however, as many knowledge workers with highly specialized knowledge conduct very basic research, as with high-energy particle physics. With specialization comes two follow-on features of knowledge workers: they operate in teams and they have to have access to an organization. Teams balance out the necessary specialization for knowledge to be applied properly and the organization provides the basic continuity that allows the knowledge worker’s specialization to be converted into performance (Drucker, 1995). For forensic professionals, the collection of investigators, laboratory colleagues, and the larger organization constitutes one or more participatory teams.

In this context, forensic professionals, including crime scene investigators (CSIs), use their specialized knowledge to convert items of evidence into reports and testimony. Knowledge of evidence is thus the core of forensic knowledge and, in part, sets the limits of its interpretation.

Hunting as an Origin for Forensic Science

Humans and their kind have a several-million-year prehistory of hunting prey (Standford, 1999). Over the millennia, humans learned to reconstruct the shapes and traces of unseen animals from tracks, broken branches, spoors, odors, and other indicators or clues (Ginzburg, 1989). The ability to hunt and track is often cited as the basis for what could be termed a forensic mindset (pages 63–65). Ginzburg suggests it is what may be the oldest act in the intellectual history of the human race: the hunter squatting on the ground, studying the tracks of his quarry (page 105). Even Locard noted the antiquity of such a forensic mindset: Searching for traces is not, as much as one could believe it, an innovation of modern criminal jurists. It is an occupation probably as old as humanity (Locard, 1934, as translated in Chisum and Turvey, 2007, page 7).

The first modern document demonstrating the forensic mindset is Voltaire’s novel, Zadig ou la Destinee (Zadig, or The Book of Fate, 1747), the story of a Babylonian philosopher, the eponymous Zadig, who challenges religious and political orthodoxies of Voltaire’s own day through thinly veiled tales woven into one narrative. Zadig’s accumulated powers of observation lead him into trouble when members of the royal household approach him in a panic. Zadig says that they must be searching for a dog and a horse, both of which Zadig describes perfectly although he claims never to have seen either. He details the method of his seemingly supernatural