Atlas of Hybrid Imaging Sectional Anatomy for PET/CT, PET/MRI and SPECT/CT Vol. 2: Thorax Abdomen and Pelvis: Sectional Anatomy for PET/CT, PET/MRI and SPECT/CT

By Mario Leporace, Ferdinando Calabria, Eugenio Gaudio and 3 more

Atlas of Hybrid Imaging of the Thorax, Abdomen and Pelvis, Volume Two: Sectional Anatomy for PET/CT, PET/MRI and SPECT/CT provides a guide for interpreting PET and SPECT in relation to co-registered CT and/or MRI. In this atlas, exclusively dedicated to thorax, abdomen and pelvis, nuclear physicians and radiologists cover hybrid nuclear medicine based on their own case studies. The practical structure in two-page unit offers readers a navigational tool based on anatomical districts, with labeled and explained low-dose multiplanar CT or MRI views merged with PET fusion imaging on one side and enhanced CT or MRI on the other.

This new format enables the rapid identification of hybrid nuclear medicine findings which are now routine at leading medical centers. Each chapter begins with three-dimensional CT and/or MRI views of the evaluated anatomical region, bringing forward sectional tables. Clinical cases, tricks and pitfalls linked to several PET or SPECT radiopharmaceuticals help introduce the reader to peculiar molecular pathways and improve confidence in cross-sectional imaging that is vital for accurate diagnosis and treatments.

• Presents a compact, comprehensive, easy-to-read guide on sectional imaging and multiplanar evaluation of hybrid PET and SPECT
• Includes more than 200 fully colored, labeled, high quality original images of axial, coronal and sagittal CT, contrast enhanced CT, PET/CT and/or PET/MRI
• Displays clinical cases that showcase both common and unusual findings that nuclear physicians and radiologists could encounter in their clinical practice
• Provides specific text boxes that explain anatomical variants, radiological advices and physiological findings linked to tracer bio-distribution

• Language: English
• Publisher: Academic Press
• Release date: Apr 4, 2023
• ISBN: 9780443188152

Mario Leporace

Hospital doctor in the Department of Nuclear Medicine and Theranostics, “Mariano Santo” Hospital, Cosenza, Italy. Graduated in Medicine at the University of Rome “Tor Vergata” in 2001; Specialization in Radiology in 2005.

Book preview

Atlas of Hybrid Imaging

Sectional Anatomy for PET/CT, PET/MRI and SPECT/CT Vol. 2: Thorax Abdomen and Pelvis

Mario Leporace

Department of Nuclear Medicine and Theranostics, Cosenza Hospital, Italy

Ferdinando Calabria

Department of Nuclear Medicine and Theranostics, Cosenza Hospital, Italy

Eugenio Gaudio

Department of Human Anatomy, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy

Orazio Schillaci

Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy

Alfonso Ciaccio

Department of Nuclear Medicine and Theranostics, Cosenza Hospital, Italy

Antonio Bagnato

Department of Nuclear Medicine and Theranostics, Cosenza Hospital, Italy

Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

Dedication

Preface

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1. Thorax

Introduction: 3D-CT volume rendering of anatomy

1.1. Lung PET/CT

1.2. Mediastinum PET/CT

1.3. Clinical cases, tricks, and pitfalls

Chapter 2. Abdomen and pelvis

Introduction: 3D-CT volume rendering of anatomy

2.1. General anatomy PET/CT

2.2. Liver PET/CT

2.3. Peritoneum and retroperitoneum PET/CT

2.4. Pelvis and perineum PET/MRI

2.5. Clinical cases, tricks, and pitfalls

Index

Copyright

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Notices

Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

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Dedication

To my wife Fedora, my great love, and Luigivittorio and Niccolò, my beloved children. ML

To Giuliana, my best friend and one true love, and to Vittoria and Francesca Junia, the sweetest things of our life. FC

To Ida, my beloved wife. EG

To Nicoletta, Maria Beatrice, and Agnese Felicia. OS

To my father Severino, better than a hundred teachers. AC

To Mariella. AB

Preface

The advent of hybrid scanners in nuclear medicine has considerably improved quality of the discipline.

To date, SPECT/CT and PET/CT play a crucial role in diagnosis, treatment planning, and assessment of response to therapy in oncology, with novel applications in neurology, cardiology, and infectious diseases. More recently, PET/MRI has considerably enlarged the panorama of hybrid imaging and is opening new challenges in neurooncology, oncology, and neurodegenerative disorders.

In fact, the high sensitivity provided by nuclear medicine imaging finds a valid counterpart in the better specificity provided by the low-dose CT, generally associated with PET, and, when possible, SPECT scans.

The added value of this coregistered low-dose CT is defined by a better diagnostic accuracy due to higher specificity, allowing adequate anatomical localization of pathologic functional findings and accurate depiction of false-positive or false-negative cases that can occur in clinical practice with all radiopharmaceuticals.

All PET scans in oncology are coregistered with a low-dose CT for attenuation correction and anatomical landmarks. The CT component of a PET/CT scan is also an authentic trait d'union between nuclear medicine imaging and contrast enhanced CT and MRI, being an anatomical basis for comparison of functional imaging with advanced morphological imaging. This feature is of the utmost importance; in fact, though not accurate as full-dose contrast-enhanced CT, the low-dose CT of PET/CT offers significant anatomical information (i.e., on the lungs, bones, and soft tissues) strengthening confidence in diagnosis and helping nuclear physicians to compose more exhaustive medical reports.

These characteristics will have a significantly higher impact in PET/MRI realm, considering the large availability of sequences, the optimal power resolution limit of MRI, and correlative advanced studies of molecular imaging as Diffusion-Weighted Imaging or MR Spectroscopy.

Therefore, the challenge for nuclear physicians in the rising era of hybrid imaging is due to the following:

• the definitive transition from 2D to 3D medical images;

• accurate knowledge of anatomical landmarks in multiplanar hybrid views.

The 2.0 nuclear medicine should be aimed to improve the quality of postprocessing and reports in order to optimize the dialogue with radiologists as well as oncologists and clinicians of diverse specialties.

It is also necessary to state that the versatility of ¹⁸F-FDG (the miliar stone among PET tracers), and the rapid development of a large amount of PET tracers, enlarged PET molecular imaging to new fields of interest in neurology, cardiology, infectious diseases, and neurooncology, while new molecular frontiers are under investigation.

Some of these new molecular probes, ¹⁸F–NaF, amyloid tracers, amino acid radiopharmaceuticals such as ¹⁸F-FET, ¹⁸F-DOPA, radiolabeled choline, and ⁶⁸Ga-labeled somatostatin analogues, significantly expanded the panorama of molecular imaging with PET.

Finally, the advent of theragnostics, a new discipline where diagnosis and therapy are strictly linked and modulated by radiopharmaceuticals and PET imaging, imposes to improve the knowledge of sectional anatomy for an optimal assessment of response to therapy.

It is worth to mention that hybrid, molecular imaging is the pillar of the new era of nuclear medicine, an eclectic discipline which is skin changing and evolving as leading medical specialty.

Several atlas are already available for intepretation of CT and MRI, but these volumes are generally aimed to radiologists. In our opinion of nuclear physicians and radiologists with expertise on hybrid imaging, a volume focused on residents in nuclear medicine and/or radiology or young specialists is still needed, as a daily guide to medical reports; however, it could easily be useful for nuclear physicians and/or radiologists aiming to improve experience in hybrid imaging or for specialists interested in diagnostic imaging (radiotherapists, cardiologists, neurologists, etc.).

The aim of our book is to give to young nuclear physicians and radiologists a rapid, concise guide to radiological anatomy as support for nuclear medicine findings, with emphasis on the role of coregistered CT and MRI in improving diagnosis and correctly detect false-positive and false-negative cases. Therefore, each chapter is focused on a specific segment of the