Fear: An American History: False Education Accepted as Reality

By Willie Turner

History is the foundation of all great societies. Willie authored this book to explore why throughout world and specifically American history, the seventeenth-, eighteenth-, and nineteenth-century writers took upon themselves to manipulate or rewrite history in their image. His book is written to correct dates, times, and events that were changed, kept hidden, or forgotten. Willie has uncovered some hidden history that would explain why the world has entered its "end time." He learned how, because of fear, America's foundation is built on a bed of sand, not solid rocks. Sand that is slowly being washed away. He exposes the secrets as to how few people have caused so many to struggle for their mere existence on earth, how religion became the cornerstone for slavery throughout the world.

This book explains how and why ignorance has caused so many divisions among the people in America and around the world; how a "coup d'etat" in America's past caused majority of the people in America to become slaves, struggling to survive in the richest society on earth; why slavery has always been a part of the fabric of America starting from so long ago; how politics and politicians are leading great nations down a road of destruction; and how greed and power has consumed so many people to worship money over God.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Newman Springs Publishing, Inc.
• Release date: Aug 30, 2022
• ISBN: 9781638819653

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Fear: An American History

False Education Accepted as Reality

Willie Turner

Copyright © 2022 Willie Turner

All rights reserved

First Edition

NEWMAN SPRINGS PUBLISHING

320 Broad Street

Red Bank, NJ 07701

First originally published by Newman Springs Publishing 2022

This book contains racially insensitive words and language. They are not used without cause, but only in direct quotations from prominent figures. I do apologize to anyone who may be offended. However, I would remind readers that they are offensive and was committed by those who said these words backed by the historians who accurately quoted them.

ISBN 978-1-63881-964-6 (Paperback)

ISBN 978-1-63881-965-3 (Digital)

Printed in the United States of America

Table of Contents

Preface

Part 1

The Evolution of Man

The Rise of the Homo sapiens: New Stone Age

Study of Scientific Racism

Part 2

The Beginning of the First African Civilizations

Manetho Aegyptiaca: The History of Egypt

Part 3

The Predynastic Period: Dynasty 0

Naqada III (3200 BC–3000 BC)or the Semainian culture is also known as the Protodynastic Period, or Dynasty 0, which is the last phase of the Naqada culture, or the period before the unification of Egypt. During this period, many kings ruled Upper and Lower Egypt, each controlling large sections on the Nile river. Also, during this period, the formation of nomes (states) and the beginning of political unification began between these two societies. The Nubians in the Upper Nile (South) and the Kemets in the Lower Nile (North) were progressing at the same time using the Nile river as a trade route, connecting these two great societies. Artifacts precede the rise of the earliest Kemet kings around 3100 BC, or 5,200 years ago by several generations.15

The Divided Dynasty

1190 BC–1069 BC

The First Achaemenid Period: The Persian Pharaohs

Part 4

The Moors that Populated the World

The Catholic Church and the Holy Wars

The Sins of the Roman Catholic Church

Part 5

The New World

Slavery and the Catholic Church

First Spanish Colonization in America

Slavery

British History

Part 6

The Northern Indian Wars

Black Patriots and Black Loyalist

Part 7

Independence: Building of a Democracy

President George Washington

President John Adams

President Thomas Jefferson

President James Madison

Part 8

The Call for Freedom: African Americans before and after the Revolutionary War

The Indian and Seminole Wars

President James Monroe

The First Seminole War

President John Quincy Adams

President Andrew Jackson

President Mark Van Buren

President William Henry Harrison

President John Tyler

President James K. Polk

President Zachary Taylor

President Millard Fillmore

Part 9

Indian Massacres

Part 10

The Enslaved: Fight for Freedom

Northern Unification

The Antislavery Movement

President Franklin Pierce

President James Buchanan

Part 11

President Abraham Lincoln and the Civil War

African Americans after the Civil War: Celebration of Juneteenth

President Andrew Johnson

The Breeding Grounds of Hate

Section1: The right of the citizen of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Section 2: The Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Part 12

African American Unification after the Civil War

The First Migration: The Exodusters

President Ulysses S. Grant

President Rutherford Birchard Hayes

President James A. Garfield

President Chester Alan Arthur

President Stephen Grover Cleveland I

President Benjamin Harrison

President Stephen Grover Cleveland II

President William McKinley

Part 13

The Years of Colonization: Prelude to the Spanish-American War

No Glory for the African American Soldiers

The Sickness of the Forgotten Philippine-American War

Phase 1: The Revolution

Phase 2: America and the Philippines

The Philippine-American War

President Theodore Roosevelt

Roosevelt's War in the Philippines

Part 14

Living under the Sickness of White Terrorism: Jim Crow

War in the Streets of America

The Negro Holocaust

Jim Crow Race Riots

President William Howard Taft

President Thomas Woodrow Wilson

The East African Campaign

President Warren G. Harding

President John Calvin Coolidge Jr.

President Herbert Hoover

A Short Story on Black Baseball in the Early Years

Notes

About the Author

To my mother, Portia, and family for their endless support

and to the children of the world, I hope you will learn of the sacrifices

and accomplishments of the millions of African Americans before you.

Until the lion tell his side of the story, the tale of the hunt will always glorify the hunter.

—African Proverb

History is not a burden on the memory but an illumination of the soul.

—Lord John Dalberg-Action

Preface

I'm writing this book to educate children being taught a history that's more legend than fact. A history that has been rewritten by people who don't know their origins or just don't want to know. Several years ago, I shared an African American history book with my nieces and nephews. After reading it, my niece stated that her children could not take the information written in Black history books back at their school. My question to her was, Why? Her answer was, They are not being taught that history. The name of the book I shared was What They Never Told You in History Class (Vol. 1) by Indus Khamit Kush . It was those two words, That history , that I began to read more for myself, only to find out that the history being taught to our children and grandchildren is more legend and lies than truth. I found out that dating back to the seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth centuries, Anglo-Europeans authors of the world began whitewashing or covering-up the history of the Black people of the world. I have written this book in an unbiased way. I have tried to correct the many injustices that have been written regarding our history by thousands of biased Anglo-Saxon (White people) writers. I refused to use terms established during the seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth centuries by writers that took upon themselves to rewrite history in their image.

The whitewashing of history has been a practice used by the Anglo-Saxons to strengthen themselves throughout history and to discredit the accomplishments made by the African people and their societies. It is the weak and threatened people that tried to change the true history of the world. There is only one history, and that is the true history of the human race, their origin and their accomplishments. They have tried to change, cover up, and erase history. They think that they can hide the past, but you cannot hide the truth. History is what it is: our past. The more we know, the better this world would be.

I have begun this book with our beginning. I think the origin of man is very important at this point because most people have no idea of their origin. If you ask the Anglo-Europeans where they came from, their answer would be one of the European countries. Because that's what they were taught and want to believe. If you ask African Americans where they came from, most of them would say Africa. I think if people knew their beginning, they would have a better understanding where we are going. We as people began our journey on earth innocent as a newborn baby. We wandered and populated this planet we called home. We grew into great empires and civilizations. I started with Egypt and its many kings (pharaohs) and their accomplishments. But as our populations grew, civilization began to change. I will try to explain what caused this drastic change in people. That started when people began to look at each other as being different because of their wealth, religion, and the color of their skin.

Religion changed and divided the world. The Catholic Church became so powerful, and it controlled more than half of the population on earth. Its leadership became corrupt because of its wealth and power during the medieval times. While the Catholic Church dominated the people in the Western part of the world, a new religion call Islam began to dominate in the Eastern and Southern part of the world. Years of wars, the Crusades, and the years of other holy wars would almost bring the Catholic Church to its end. When the Western church decided to give the pope absolute power over the Roman Catholic Church, it divided the church into the Eastern and Western churches. It would be that decision that would carry the church into the dark days that we see today. With the decision to give one man so much power, many of the popes and the people around him became corrupt. An example the pope's supreme power over the church was when Pope Nicholas V was given the power to enslave other men. It would be this decision that would change the world forever.

Lord John Dalberg-Action, English Catholic historian and politician once quoted, Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely. Great men are almost always bad men… From this point, I tried to show how much pain and suffering slavery has caused throughout the world, how slavery created racism and hate between men around the world, how the church and the Anglo-Saxon are trying to erase from written history the wrongs that they committed throughout the history of the world. I have tried to show in this book that history cannot be erased. It can be covered up but not erased. Those who created the problem should be working on a remedy to eliminate some of the problems that slavery has caused many years ago.

Tens of millions of people have lost their live on earth because of slavery and the actions of the Catholic Church. Generation after generation of ancestors of enslaved people are trying to eradicate this sickness that was bestowed upon their ancestors hundreds of years ago. Until this day, the African American people and other people around the world are trying make this world a better place. The true history of this world needs to be told. It has taken me years to research older documents to try to correct the lies and the cover-ups of the Anglo-Saxons. The true history is out there. It can be found if you look for it. In my book, I have compiled information not written about and tried to uncover and correct information: changed facts, dates, names, and events that has been hidden by biased writers throughout our history.

I have divided the life and situations of the African Americans in America by presidents and what each of them did to correct the problems that slavery created so long ago. Many did nothing at all because they were slave owners themselves. Only a few fought against this sickness in America. A sickness that persists in our country today because of wealth, religion, and the color of one's skin.

A quote from Frederick Douglass's speech on April 10, 1888, on the conditions of enslaved people living in United States:

If the fault is not in the structure of the government, but in the treachery and indifference of those who administer it, the American people owe it to themselves, owe it to the world, and to the Negro, to sweep from place and power those who are thus derelict in the discharge of their place in the government who will not enforce the Constitutional right of every class of American citizen.

Part 1

The Evolution of Man

Pleistocene Epoch

Africa is where man first evolved and where we as descendants have spent most of our time on earth. Around 2,580,000 to 200,000 years ago, hominids, or great apes, began to evolve and develop over millions of years prior to the arrival of Homo sapiens on the earth. Evolution is a process that results in changes in the genetic content of a population over time, a slow process. Sahelanthropus tchadensis was the name given to fossils discovered in Chad in West-Central Africa in 2002. It is the oldest known hominid or near-hominid species, which dated between six and seven million years old. This mixture, along with the fact that it comes from around the time when the hominids are thought to have diverged from the chimpanzees, suggests it is close to the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees.

Orrorin tugenensis is a new species, named in July 2001, from fossils discovered in western Kenya by Brigitte Senut and Martin Pickford in 2000, which dates back 6.1 million years ago. They are thought to be the size of a chimpanzee and have bipedality (walked on two legs and climbed trees).

The Australopithecus afarensis and the Paranthropus group (between great apes and man) or hominin lived between 3.9 and 2.9 million years ago and was thought to be the oldest living species. This species is one of the best known because of the number of fossils found. The most famous fossil is the partial skeleton of an early Australopithecine named Lucy found by Donald Johanson, Yves Coppens, Tim White, and Maurice Taieb in 1974 in Hader, Ethiopia. Two million years later, this species would be classified as a human (Homo in Latin) species, Homo ergaster (meaning working man).

Ardipithecus ramidus or Ardi (meaning ground or root) was a species named in 1994 by Tim D. White from some fragmentary fossils dated at 4.4 million years ago in Aramis, Ethiopia. They are thought to be a member of the Australopithecus. White would rename the fossil under a new genus called Ardipithecus. This human ancestor, who was named Ardi, found in 1994 outdates Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis) by 1.2 million years, who was thought to be the oldest known fossil that lived between 3.2 and 2.9 million years ago.

Australopithecus anamensis species was named in August 1995 (Richard Leakey et al. 1995). The Fossils were found in 1994 in Kanapoi, Kenya, and lived between 4.2 and 3.9 million years ago. This species was bipedal and began to show that they were extremely humanlike. The Australopithecus sediba, who lived in the early Pleistocene period around two million years ago, was discovered in the Malapa Fossil Site, Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site, in South Africa in August 2008 by palaeoanthropologist Lee Berger and his son Matthew Berger.¹

The Homo ergaster (African Homo erectus) is an extinct hominid species that lived throughout eastern and southern Africa between 1.9 and 1.4 million years ago and is the early ancestor of Homo erectus (upright man) before their extinction. They are the oldest known early humans to have possessed modern humanlike body proportions and who bear the resemblance to modern man. They are the direct ancestors to the hominids, such as Homo heidelbergensis, Homo sapiens, Homo erectus, and Homo neanderthalensis. They date back as far as 250 million to 11,700 ago.² They lived during the Pleistocene period (Glaciation).

It is believed that they migrated throughout Africa about 1.8 million years ago and migrated out of Africa about 130,000 years ago (first migration) to Eurasia across the Horn of Africa (a peninsula in Northeast Africa). It is believed that they migrated as far as India, China, and Java. Homo ergaster may be the human first ancestor to populate Europe.³

Dr. Eugene Dubois, a Dutch anatomist, discovered the remains of the Java Man on the island of Java, the first known fossil of Homo erectus found in 1891 and 1892. Dr. Dubois gave the species the scientific name Anthropopithecus erectus, then later renamed it Pithecanthropus erectus.

Middle Stone Age: Mesolithic Period

(700,000 BCE–7000 BCE)

Homo heidelbergensis appeared in Africa around seven hundred thousand years ago and migrated (second migration) out of Africa some four hundred thousand to three hundred thousand years ago and is an extinct species of the Homo genus that lived in Africa, Europe, and Western Asia about six hundred thousand to two hundred thousand years ago. They evolved into two groups, the Neanderthals (?) and the Denisovan that migrated into northwestern Europe and Western Asia. It is still unclear when the two groups split or if they ever did. The Neanderthals becoming extinct about forty thousand years ago because of their inability to adapt to climate change (Ice Ages) and their inability to make tools for survival. A string of major volcanic eruptions forty thousand years ago (including Campi Flegrei), affecting the region between Italy and the Caucasus Mountains, may have contributed to the Neanderthals' decline by reducing their food supply. By thirty thousand years ago, the Neanderthals were all gone.⁴

With modern technology, there are some doubts by scholars if the Neanderthals ever existed. The name Homo neanderthalensis was given to an unusual ancient fossil found in the Neander Valley near Dusseldorf, Germany, in 1856. Earlier remains were found in 1830 in Belgium and in Forbes Quarry in Gibraltar (1848) and were considered to be primitive humans. They were called by some researchers the Ape Man. It was not until 1908 when a complete humanlike skeleton (Old Man of La Chapelle) was found in a cave at La Chapelle-aux-Saint in Southwest France. The remains were given to Pierre-Marcellin Boule, a French anthropologist, who reconstructed the skeleton. It was at this time when the Neanderthal received its apelike, brutish caveman look that we see today. Boule's reconstruction of the Neanderthal is still being debated until this day. The question that so many people ask is, Why is the Neanderthal always shown as being white? No one knows the color the Neanderthal or if they ever existed. Due to the scholars in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries who took upon themselves to make everything in their images, the look of the Neanderthal appears to have been created in Boule's image.

The Homo sapiens, or Modern Man

It was first believed that the Homo sapiens evolved into modern man about 130,000 years ago. But in more recent studies, it was observed that Homo sapiens emerged around 200,000 years ago and physically resemble modern humans. A new finding of human remains, thought to be older than Homo sapiens idaltu, were discovered in the early 1960s in Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, by a miner in a wall of a cave. It dated back to the middle Pleistocene, around 315,000 years ago. A team of Moroccan and French researchers led by Emile Ennouchi were the first to excavate the site in 1961, where they found a skull, which he named Irhoud 1. In 2017, researchers found more human fossils dating back to 315 million years at the Jebel Irhoud, Morocco. It pushed back the date in which the Homo sapiens appeared.

Other teams had excavated this site and found many other remains, including other skulls and body parts dating back as far as 160,000 years ago. An American team lead by Jean-Jacques Hublin in 2004 of the Max Planck Institution for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, found the remains of five people and many stone tools that they believed are far older than first thought. With the use of thermoluminescence dating, it is believed that the remains and tools could date back between 315,000 and 280,000 years old. Hublin stated: "The idea is that early Homo sapiens dispersed around the continent and elements of human modernity appeared in different places, and different parts of Africa contributed to the emergence of what we call modern humans today." Hublin himself and other scientists find it hard to believed that humans had spread throughout Africa so many years ago.⁵ It is believed that they migrated out of North Africa one hundred thousand years ago.

In Israel, a jawbone found by Professor Herskovitz in Misliya Cave near Mount Carmel may prove that Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa earlier, between 194 million and 177 million years ago. Israel has been an important site to look for evidence of modern humans, making their move from Africa to Eurasia. In Israel, skeletal remains of modern humans and tools are still being found dating back from 120,000 to 90,000 years ago. The Denisovans migrated eastward throughout Asia and as far as Siberia to Southeast Asia and would then spread all over the world.

A new extinct subspecies called Homo sapiens idaltu (Herto Man) was found in 1997 in Herto, Ethiopia, which dated back as far as 160,000 years ago. That's forty thousand years earlier than the previous oldest remains of Homo sapiens. The Homo sapiens idaltu is believed to be the oldest modern human and the direct ancestor to modern humans. The fossils were found near the Middle Awash region's archaeological site where other hominin fossils were found by Tim D. White and an international team of researchers from the University of California, Berkeley. New studies in paleontology (life before the Holocene period) proved the out of Africa theory: that man evolved in Africa and not in other places around the world. Francis Clark Howell of the Berkeley team stated in their finding, "The Fossils are unmistakably ‘non-Neanderthal' and show that modern humans had evolved in Africa long before the European Neanderthals disappeared. They demonstrate conclusively that there was never a Neanderthals stage in human evolution."⁶

In the twenties, most modern-day scientists support out of Africa hypothesis. Anatomically, modern human migrated out of Africa about fifty thousand years ago and replaced the Neanderthal with no inbreeding.

An article in the scientific journal Nature (September 21, 2016) tells of three separate teams of geneticists surveyed DNA collected from cultures around the globe. Many, for the first time, concluded that all non-Africans today trace their ancestry to the Khoisan hunter-gatherers living in South Africa. It is believed that this single migration populated the earth between fifty thousand and eighty thousand years ago.

The Paleolithic Period: The Old Stone Age

We now know that as early man evolved, they developed a technology of making crude tools out of stone of flint and bones. This development of new skills took thousands of years. This would be known as the Lower Paleolithic period, which developed in Eastern Africa (Ethiopia) between 2.5 million BC and 10,200 BC. The earliest true humans evolved in Africa dating back as far as three hundred thousand to thirty thousand years ago during the Middle Paleolithic period. As they evolved, they roamed the continents. They would become known as hunters and gatherers and would band together with others to form nomadic groups. Eventually, these groups would spread throughout the African continent and beyond. They are called the San Peoples during the Upper Paleolithic period 50,000 to 11,500 years ago.

It was believed that Homo sapiens (hominin) first ventured out of Africa some seventy thousand and sixty thousand years ago, leaving their genetic footprints still visible today. By mapping the appearance and frequency of genetic markers in modern peoples, this created a picture of when and where ancient humans moved around the world. These great migrations (second migration) eventually led the descendants of small groups of Africans to occupy even the farthest reaches of the earth (National Geographic). It is theorized that extended periods of abundant rainfall lasting many thousands of years (pluvial periods) in are associated with a ‘wet-Sahara' phase, during which larger lakes and more rivers existed. It is believed that the Homo sapiens migrated east out of Africa into what is now the Near East. As the climate began to change, the migration north began, as the glaciers began to retreat. From the Near East, these people would continue to migrate east to South Asia by 50,000 years ago and on to Australia by 46,000 years ago at the latest, when for the first time Homo sapiens reached territory never reached by Homo erectus. Fossils put Homo sapiens in Europe around 43,000 years ago. The precise locations of the migration from Africa and the relative timing of the southern coastal migration versus the expansion into northern Eurasia are still unknown and being debated until this day. Tools found almost identical to that used by the modern San People dating back to 44,000 BC was discovered at Border Cave in KwaZulu-Natal in 2012.⁷

The Rise of the Homo sapiens: New Stone Age

Between forty thousand to ten thousand years ago was the rise of the Homo sapiens. As they advanced, they began to make better polished stone tool and they developed weapons to hunt, raised animals, and do farming. The ability to make and maintain fire was a key to their development. This was the beginning of the Neolithic period (New Stone Age), which lasted from 10,200 BC to 3,000 BC. The development of rock art, the first form of writing (proto writing), and the ability to communicate was found in North and South Africa, which dated back 12,000 years. These artworks depict lifestyles, animals, and hunting scenes; and this ability to communicate would end the period of prehistory as we know it. About nine thousand years ago was the last major wet period in Africa. The area around the south Sahara became habitable during the Neolithic Subpluvial period, which started around 7,500 years ago, where rivers and grasslands developed, covering much of the North Africa, where the Sahara Desert is today. The Stone Age would come to an end around 3,500 BC to 2,000 BC with the introduction of bronze, a mixture of copper and tin. As man migrated to the river valleys, they settled on the Niger, Nile, and Congo rivers in West and Central Africa around six thousand to four thousand years ago.

DNA and the Evolution of Man

Dramatic changes in our understanding of human evolution, particularly of the origins and spread of Homo sapiens, have come about through the genomic revolution. DNA has altered our perspective on premodern humans, along with new evidence from ancient environment, animal bones, stone tools, art, and fossils, with the study of Mitochondrial Eve (mtDNA inherited from the mother), who had lived approximately 230,000 to 100,000 years ago. Eve is defined as the woman from whom all living humans descended in an unbroken line. Purely through their mothers and through the mothers of those mothers, back until all line converge on one woman that lived in Africa. Our perspective on premodern humans was also changed with the study of the Y-chromosomal Adam (Y-MRCA), which dates back as far back as 270,000 to 180,000 years ago. The Y-chromosome is passed down from father to son, the patrilineal line (the male line).

The evidence of human origins began in equatorial West and Central Africa, what is now the Republic of Cameroon. A new Y-chromosome named AOO was discovered in a large database of African Americans that has not been identified in traditional hunter-gatherer populations from Sub-Saharan Africa, which dates back as far as 338,000 years ago. This new DNA shows that humanity is thousands of years older than current estimates.

Geneticist Rebecca Cann of the University of Hawaii and her team made a scientific breakthrough on mitochondrial DNA variation and evolution in humans. According to molecular biologists, this increased variability is the result of African populations being older, thus, having had more time to accumulate "mutations" and separate from one another. This assumption led some researchers to suggest that Africa was the ancient cradle of civilization from which all of humanity had emerged.⁸

Two good examples of how DNA has proven the origin of man—the truth that so many Anglo-Saxons refused to accept and continually tried to write out of history.

Israelite DNA Confirmed Beyond a Shadow of a Doubt

The Lemba people, members of the Bantu ethnic group of Zimbabwe and South Africa, migrated to North African thousands of years earlier and believe to be one of the twelves Jewish tribes that were forced to leave the kingdom of Israel after the kingdom was conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911 BC–609 BC) in 722 BC. About 2,500 years ago, a group of Jews, the Lemba people, were forced out of Judea, carrying with them what is believed to have been the Ark of the Covenant, and migrated to Yemen, building a city called Sena or Senna. In a separate study, Dr. Tudor Parfitt, director of the Center for Jewish Studies at the School of Oriental and African Studies in London, said he discovered the route the Lemba used to emigrate, saying he was told they traveled from a place called Sena in Yemen to Africa. Parfitt, who has studied the Lemba for ten years described his work in a recent book Journey to the Vanished City (Phoenix, London), said he found a village called Sena in Hadramawt, a former site of Jewish communities in Yemen. He believes that is the Sena referred to in Lemba tradition. It turned out what they are saying about themselves is substantially correct, he said. Genetic Y-DNA analyses in the 2000s have established a partially Middle-Eastern origin for a portion of the male Lemba population. Both Arabs and Jews share this Y-DNA, but the Cohen Modal Haplotype, an indicator of Jewish ancestry, has been found among the males of one leadership clan at rates even higher than the general Jewish population. This Y-chromosome is passing from father to son virtually using the conventional RFLPs detection by P12F2.⁹

In an article, The Lembas: ‘A Lost' Hebrew-Israelite Tribe, by John Moore tells of the Lemba people and their DNA links to Israel. He states: "Clearly all the facts back up Lumba's claim to Jewish ancestry, given that the males exhibit and unusual high intensity of the Kohn chromosomes, except for the Bhuba clan which show an even higher proportion.¹⁰

Among the Lemba males, it is around 8.8 percent, which is similar in frequency to the Jewish males; but with the Bhuba tribe, it is as high as 53.8 percent. This proves that the Lemba therefore have much stronger DNA evidence then the beta Israel/Ethiopian Jews, to connect them to the main body of the Jewish Israelite people.

The twelve tribes Israel, the sons of Jacob, is the traditional division of the ancient Jewish people: Reuben, Dan, Simeon, Gad, Levi, Asher, Judah, Naphtali, Zebulon, Issachar, Joseph, and Benjamin. Joseph, the eleventh son who had visions of controlling all the tribes, was with sold into slavery. In Egypt, as a slave, he became a favorite of the Pharaoh for his ability to interpret visions. He would be appointed as a vizier of Egypt. Joseph had two tribes, Manasseh and Ephraim.

The Andamanese People: A Negrito Group

The world really needs to look at the Andamanese people, or the so-called Negrito, that settled in southern India. It is believed that they settled in southern India 26,000 years ago during the last glacial maximus when much of North America and Europe were covered with ice. They lived in isolation until the eighteenth century, living with little or no contact with the outside world. The Andamanese people are living on the Andaman Island and the Island of Nicobar, a group of islands in the of Bay of Bengal in the Indian Ocean. It is believed the British first contacted the Andamanese people around the late 1780s, leaving behind a trail of sickness and death. After the invasion by the British, the majority of the population died from measles, pneumonia, and influenza.

It would be in the mid-1800s that the British would infiltrate the islands and its people. The British would find the Andamanese people very protective of their homelands. After a member of the Onge tribe was accused of killing a British citizen, the British began to commit genocide against the Onges. The Andamanese population was in a serious decline after the first contact with the British. Study shows that Andamanese are related to the Negrito people in Malaysia and the Philippines. It is believed that they are only about 350 Andamanese people living today. These people migrated from Africa during a time of famine. They are believed to be of the pygmy people. If these people lived in isolation with no contact with the outside world up until the mid-seventeenth century, would this not answer the thousands of questions on the migration out of Africa and what the people looked like during that time?

We all know that no one person or group of people have all the answers to the questions on the creation of earth and the evolution of man. There are so many people that have spent their lives trying to find the truth. What I cannot understand is why so many Anglo-Saxons of this world are still bitterly debating the out-of-Africa theory. Over the last hundreds of years, thousands of books have been written by the Anglo-Saxons to discredit the history of Africa and its people. What are they looking for? I think their origin is something that need to be examined, and sadly, they will find the truth. The history of Africa and its people have been more scrutinized by the Anglo-Saxons than any other place on earth. I wonder why.

The real question is, where did the Anglo-Saxon come from and where did their race begin? Where is their place in the evolution of man? With the development of DNA and other modern technologies, it has proven that many of their studies were unethical and racist. But there will be always prejudiced people that will continually challenge the outcome of modern science. I guess it will take to the end of their world before they are satisfied. The study of human mitochondrial genetics is just another way that many Anglo-Saxons are doing in order to try and change the DNA structure, and thus, change the history of this world.

For example, the indigenous Amazonian people of America is still a highly debated subject today. Many people believe there was just one wave of people crossing the land bridge called Beringia, between Eurasia the Americas. They believed that, that wave populated what is now North and South America. But through DNA studies, large numbers of the population of the Americas are revealed to carry ancestral genes more closely related to indigenous Australasians, New Guineans, Andaman Islanders than to present-day Native Americans. This shows that there were other waves of people that populated the Americas. The question is, Were these people related to the indigenous Australasians already living in the Americas before the so-called first wave of people that crossed from Eurasia 15,000 years ago?

Study of Scientific Racism

Laying the Foundation for the White Pedestal of Racism

Scientific racism or biological racism or the pseudoscientific is when the Anglo-Saxons in the seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth centuries claimed to have evidence to support and justify racism or discrimination. In the seventeenth century, scholars divided humankind into biological groups to support their superiority over the people of color of this world. There was no realistic evidence to support or justify racism, racial inferiority, or racial superiority. I have compiled a short list of past scholars who claimed to have had evidence to support their White superiority:

Petrus Camper (1722–1789) became famous during the Age of Enlightenment because of his theories on facial angles. He determined that human facial angles were between seventy to eighty degrees with Africans, Asian angles closer to seventy degrees, and the Europeans closer to eighty degrees. He would also go on and write that Africans were the "most removed from the classical sense of idea beauty."

John Hunter (1728–1793), a Scottish surgeon believed that the original Negro race was white at birth and that the sun turned the Negroes' skin dark overtime. His reason was that when the sun blistered the Negro skin, the blisters turned white, and that was the evidence that the Africans ancestors were white.

Johann Feiedrich Blumenback (1752–1840) was a supporter of monogenism: that all races have descended from a single origin or couple. He believed that all races came from Adam and Eve who were White and that other races came about by degeneration due to climate, diet, or environmental differences (degeneration theory).

Christoph Meiners (1747–1810) also believed that each race had its separate origin. In his book Outline of History of Mankind, he believed that race is either beautiful or ugly. He believed that the White race was beautiful. That the ugly Black race was considered to be inferior and animallike.

Georges Cuvier (1751–1819) believed there were three distinct races: Caucasian (White), Mongolian (Yellow), and Ethiopian (Black). He rated each race by the beauty of their skulls. He stated: The white race with oval face straight hair and nose to which the civilized people of Europe belong and which appears to us the most beautiful of all, is also superior to others by its genius, courage and activity. He also spoke of the Black race as marked by dark complexion, crisped or woolly hair, a compressed cranium, and a flat nose. The projection of the lower part of his face and thick lips, evidently approximate it to the monkey tribe: hordes of which it consists of have always remained in the most complete state of barbarism.

Arthur Schopenhauer (1786–1860) believes the highest civilization and culture, apart from the ancient Hindus and Egyptians, are found exclusively among White races.

Arthur de Gobineau (1816–1882), a Frenchman, best known for his book AnEssay on the Inequality of the Human Race, talked about the mixing of the so-called three races: the Black, the Yellow, and the White race. He claimed that race mixing would lead to a collapse of culture and civilization. It was him who used the word Aryans to describe the Germanic people or White race. The true meaning of the word Aryan originally was used by the Indo-Iranian people to refer to themselves in ancient times. It was used to describe their religion, culture, or language, not their race. There is no Aryan blood.

Samuel George Morton (1799–1851), the sickest of them all, believed he could judge the intellectual capacities by measuring the interior cranial capacity. Morton believes the larger the brain, the more intelligent a person was, and that a smaller skull or brain, the lower intellectual capacity. His book Crania Americana, published sometime around 1839, contained seventy-eight hand-drawn illustrations of skulls from North and South America. It would be his book that racist ideas through science would gain worldwide credibility in America, Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and India.

These are a few of many scholars of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that laid the foundation of the sickness of racism that we see today.

James Cowles Prichard (1786–1848), a British physician and ethnologist, was one of the first people to assign all the human race to a single species. Prichard was the first to indicate that Africa was the place of human origin in his book Researches into the Physical History of Mankind. Prichard stated, "On the whole there are many reasons which leads us to the conclusion that the primitive stock of man were probably Negroes, and I know of no argument to be set on the other side." Because of pressure from his White colleagues, this idea would be omitted from later publications written by Prichard.

Albert Churchward in February 1912 gave a lecture at the Royal Societies club on his book Origin and Evolution of Primitive Man. In that lecture, he gave examples of how scholars teach where and when man made his first appearance on earth: biblical scholars tell you about six thousand years ago in Asia; the Aryanist schools teaches that man evolved about twenty thousand years ago in Asia. Thousands of other scholars taught that man did not evolve in Africa but in some other distant land. He continues that these little men spread all over the world North, East, South and West, until not only Africa but Europe, Asia, north, and South America and the Oceana were populated by them.¹¹

It's strange how the Europeans have written Africans out of their history. History tells us that the first Europeans were prehistoric Africans (Homo sapiens) that lived in this southern part of Europe. They were called the Grimaldi people to hide their African ancestry. They arrived in Europe around four thousand years ago, thousands of years before the White societies populated Europe. They walked across the Strait of Gibraltar and populated all the land from Spain to the cold shores of Europe.

Part 2

The Beginning of the First African Civilizations

The hunters and gatherers Homo sapiens began to roam in and out of Africa for thousands of years, dating back as far as six hundred thousand to two hundred thousand years ago, or the Middle Paleolithic period. They formed into groups and settled throughout the continent of Africa. In Africa, between 41,000 and as late as 26,000 years ago, the climate would begin to change to a much drier weather, which would force the hunters and gatherers ( Homo sapiens ) to migrate to the north and northeastern parts of the Africa continent around the Nile River and valleys. Around 14,800 years ago, or 12,800 BC, the Humid Period would begin in North Africa or what is now the Sahara Desert. It became wet and very fertile.

The New Stone Age

The populations grew; and the continent's climate begin to change, again becoming colder and wetter 11,500 years ago, or 9500 BC. During these wet periods, the Homo sapiens would advance from hunter and gatherers to develop new skills in agriculture and other skills to live. Large groups would begin to migrate throughout Africa, to the west and south. This migration of people was during the Neolithic Subpluvial, or the Holocene Wet Phase. Many of these people would migrate to an area called the Eastern Sudanian Savanna in the Nile valley. These people would become known as the Kemetic civilization. It would be these migrating people that would become the oldest civilizations of ancient Africa. Egypt has the longest continuous known history of any country in the world. The Nile Valley was first settled about 5000 BC, and it is the descendants of those early Egyptians that still live along the banks of this great river that gave life to the desert land and help to bring about one of the earliest and greatest civilizations of humans.

The Predynastic Period

Between 4,000 and 3,001 years ago, around 3500 BC, the climate began to change in Africa. The climate in the central and the northern section of the continent would change from very fertile to very dry, a process called desertification. It would change Africa and its people's way of life. With the climate changing, these people would begin to migrate to the east and northeastern section of the continent, settling around the Niger, Congo, Nile rivers, and the Nile Valley to the fertile lands around them. Being people that lived off the land, they began to prosper in the Lower Nile river valley, where the land was very fertile. Around 3600 BC, the populations around the Nile began to grow and develop into two larger communities. Coming together, these communities would develop into a more advanced civilization. Developing their skills, writing (hieroglyphic), and agriculture, they began raising crops of wheat, sorghum, yams, gourds, and cotton; the domestication of animal goats, sheep and cows; and making pottery, textiles, and sun-dried bricks. As these civilizations develop, they would divide into larger groups, becoming separate kingdoms around the Upper and Lower Nile river. Around 3600 BC, the sepats, or nomes (regional divisions), around the Upper and Lower Nile river began, a period of unification as their civilization became more advanced.

Manetho Aegyptiaca: The History of Egypt

An Egyptian priest named Manetho or Manethon (Man'netho) wrote the Aegyptiaca, a three-volume set on the history of Egypt, sometime during the reign of Pharaoh Ptolemy I (305 BC–282 BC) during the Ptolemaic period (323 BC–30 BC) in the early third-century BC. Manetho compiled his information from good native sources, perhaps both oral and written. Having access to many of the original sources of that time, many of them no longer in existent today, Manetho arranged the thirty established dynasties that we refer to this day. Dynasty was a word coined by him, meaning a group of kings with a common origin. He also listed their pharaohs and the number of years of their reigns and their capitals. He also wrote a kings list, Egyptian prophecies, and many biographies. It is believed that he wrote from the city of Sebennytos in the Nile Delta at the Temple at Heliopolis, a political but most important religious center sometime during the reign of Pharaoh Ptolemy I in 367 BC to 238 BC. Manetho's writing is still the foundation that many people use today and is being scrutinized by many until this day.

It is believed that Manetho wrote his Aegyptiaca to correct the many mistakes written by the Greek writers on Egyptian history. Most of the dates and events of Egypt written by Manetho is being used today, but little of his Aegyptiaca remains. I wonder why? There have been thousands of books written on the history of Egypt, and no one really knows the true dates and time of the events of early Egypt. Most writers still use Manetho's work as their reference. There have been many kings' lists written by many writers that claim that their list is more accurate than the others. They even claim that an original kings list has been uncovered and verified. I wonder if they are referring to the Turin King List or Turin Royal Canon, which dates back to the nineteenth dynasty and written during the reign of Pharaoh Ramesses II. Even this list has been changed or repositioned many times. The question is, who wrote the list and who verified it?

Before I go any further, let us talk about the people that first invaded Egypt and destroyed or sold much of the great history, wealth, and knowledge of the Egyptian people. When Napoleon and his army invaded Egypt, it was written that he brought with him several scholars that surveyed the lands and cities throughout Egypt. His armies went about destroying and disfiguring many of the sculptures, temples, and the fine works of art throughout the country. It would be the next generation of Egyptologists that would strip Egypt of all its fine artifacts, selling them to museums all around the world, mainly in Europe and America. But the next generation of Egyptologists is doing more damage than just selling the artifacts, and that is, they are rewriting Egypt's history in their own image. These scholars believe that they have broken ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics. If so, why are there so many different interpretations on Ancient Egypt's history and its people? Why are there so many debates on dates, events, and names of these great people? The changing of the origin and the nationalities of these people has been going on for years by biased writers. There are thousands of books littering the bookshelves of libraries written by biased writers whose goal is to offset the history of Egypt and its contributions to mankind.

We must remember as we come forward into time, with new information being found almost daily in Egypt, dates and time may change. Let us not forget the early history of Egypt and how its history was changed by biased writers during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and even today. They want to destroy the African influence and to write history in their image. But with new information being discovered almost daily, the truth is finally being revealed with new archaeological discoveries. Remember, even with the new discoveries in Africa, its history is still being scrutinized by biased writers that really do not want to accept the truth. Of the years of wars and graves being robbed and destroyed for profit by the Anglo-Saxons, no one knows how many pieces from the Egyptian antiquities have been stolen over the last hundreds of years from Egypt. Mummies were being stolen and sold as souvenirs, and the tons of gold were looted by Anglo-Saxon men of science over the years.

The early history of ancient Africa and its people were passed down by oral tradition. It would be the early Egyptians that wrote much of their own history. They wrote their history in stones called a stele, a rectangle-shaped object. Many are still in existence today around the world. Some steles were made of wood. The Egyptians did write on papyrus. Some of the history of Egypt and its many kings (pharaohs) were written on papyrus, many still existing in museums around the world. The Palermo Stone is just one of the examples. The Palermo Stone is one of seven part of a large stele holding the royal annals of Ancient Egypt. The royal annals is one of the oldest historical writings in ancient Egyptian history. The early stele holds the names of the kings of Egypt from the first dynasty to the fifth dynasty. There were many steles. Some held the history of Ancient Egyptian history dating back as far as the First Dynasty. The Rosetta Stone was believed to hold many secrets of mankind and the world. It would be the Rosetta Stone that would lay foundation to the technology we see today. The most important of the hieroglyphics are the historical writing on the walls in the great pyramids and the artifacts that were buried in them. Like so much of the history of Africa that has been hidden or stolen, there are those Anglo-Saxons who argue the age and authenticity of the amazing history of Africa and its indigenous people. It would take over two thousand years for Anglo-Saxons to say they have broken the secrets or can translate the hieroglyphics. I do not think they have totally done this.

During my study of Egypt, the question that so many people ask is, How many ancient kings of Egypt were Black? During this time, the history of the White race was not written. The reason for this question is that the Anglo-Saxons have whitewashed Egyptian history. In the eighteenth and nineteenth century, they have changed images in art and social media to a point that most people believe the Egyptians were not Africans. The answer is, the people of Ancient Egypt were Africans and not White or Brown. The African civilization is the oldest on earth. Africa has the longest history than any other country or people on earth, and they prospered until it was invaded in the seventh century. It was when the people of Egypt began to change. Black Egyptians were eventually mixed with invading Persians, Greeks, Romans, Turks, Arabs—all people of color. Over the last thousand years, Egypt had developed into a great empire. It is believed that world's population doubled during the third millennium, to some thirty million people. This area around the Upper Nile was one of the oldest civilizations and recognizable monarchies in human history in Northeastern Africa.

Artifacts have been discovered from ancient Nubia (Northern Sudan) dating back as far back as 6000 BC by Dr. Bruce Williams of the Oriental Institute during the Nubia Salvage Project. It is believed that twelve noble dynasties reigned over the Upper Nile. In fact, evidence suggests that it may have been the first form of government and kingship known to mankind. The idea of a pharaoh may have come down the Nile from Ta-Shemau (Nubia was the Roman name for the land to the south of Egypt) to Kemet. That would make the Nubian civilization the ancestor of Egypt. Nubia is called by many names throughout history: the Mother of Egypt, Kush, the Southern Lands, and Ta-sety (The Land of the Bow).¹²

In America and Europe, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, many Anglo-Saxons use these terms passionately to identify their own cultural or ethnic allegiances within our own society. In the first half of the twentieth century, most European and American scholars identified or labeled the North African descendants, the Egyptians, as White or Brown. North Africa has been removed from the African cultural to serve their ignorant and racist views that only a higher civilization, non-African, could have developed the Egyptian civilization.¹³

The Anglo-Saxon of the world still refused to accept the fact that paleontologists have proven that the first Homo sapiens emerged out of Africa more than 250,000 years ago. Geneticists have proven that every human being on earth is genetically related to the African ancestors and that the Egyptians are an indigenous people of Africa. In America, many of our educators are still being allowed to teach their students that Egypt is not a part of the African continent.

The Predynastic Period

The southernmost section of the Upper Nile (White Crown) was called the land of gold. The Nile valley area was called Ta-Shemau. It is believed that the indigenous people may have migrated from the southern section of Africa to the Nabta Playa (Nubian Desert) in one of the many humid periods. These people would form the many earlier cultures in Upper Nile valley (Nubia). There were two main societies living on the Upper Nile. They were the Badari Culture, which dates back as far as 5000 BC to 4000 BC. The Badarian culture has provided the earliest direct evidence of the use of agriculture, astronomy, its cemeteries, and its black-top pottery in Upper Egypt, as early as 6000 BC. The Tasian culture evolved around 4500 BC, and the Merimde culture evolved as early as 4800 BC to 4300 BC, which is possibly the oldest Predynastic cultures in Upper Egypt.

The Lower Nile (Red Crown), or Nile Delta, was called Ta-Mehu, "the land of Papyrus." It is the northernmost section of ancient Egypt and dates back as far as 4500 to 1500 BC, right after the start of the fourth millennium BC. This civilization was established three hundred years before the first dynasty of ancient Egypt. Ta-Mehu was one of twenty sepats on the Lower Nile river in Ancient Kemet (black land), and one of its first rulers was named King Hsekiu. Memphis was the first capital of Lower Egypt. The patron goddess of Lower Egypt was Wadjet the Cobra. It was used to represent the northernmost section of Egypt.

Naqada I culture, or Amratian culture, which dates as far as 4500 BC to 3500 BC, were two prehistoric societies that lived parallel to each other. The Amratian would unite with the Badari culture around 4500 BC. After uniting with the Amratian culture, it would become known as the Naqada culture. Naqada was a town in one of twenty-two sepats in the Upper Nile (Nubia) and where the Naqada culture received its name. The Naqada culture would become one of the most important cultures in predynastic Egypt, lasting about a thousand years. The Naqada period would be divided into three stages of cultural development: Naqada I, II, and III.¹⁴ An Egyptian calendar, created in 4241 BC, was a lunar calendar that contained one week with ten days, and three weeks was one month. Four months was one season and three seasons, and five holy days was one year.

Naqada II (3500 BC–3200 BC), or the Gerzean period, was named after a prehistoric cemetery on the west bank of the Nile. The Semainian mastered the art of agriculture and used irrigation for their crops due to the climate change in the Sahara Desert (desertification). They also mastered the art of working with metal, mostly copper, and created a new form of pottery and developed new burial practices and rituals. It is believed that they used their skills in architecture to construct palaces and other small structures for the ever-growing population. Their greatest achievement was the start of the building of royal cemeteries and large tombs (mastabas) around 2,950 BC, laying the foundations of the pyramids in the years to come. They developed a form of writing called Mdju Netjer, or the words of gods (hieroglyphic), between 3400 BC and 3200 BC (Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie).

A Greek historian named Diodorus Siculus in the first century BC, in his first book, he wrote about the Egyptian people's writing:

The Ethiopians (All African) as historians relate were the first of all men and the proofs of this statement they say a manifest for that they did not come into their as immigrants from abroad but were the natives of it and so just live and the name of Autochthones (sprung from the soil itself), is, they maintain, conceded by practically all men.

Part 3

The Predynastic Period: Dynasty 0

Naqada III (3200 BC–3000 BC)or the Semainian culture is also known as the Protodynastic Period , or Dynasty 0 , which is the last phase of the Naqada culture, or the period before the unification of Egypt. During this period, many kings ruled Upper and Lower Egypt, each controlling large sections on the Nile river. Also, during this period, the formation of nomes (states) and the beginning of political unification began between these two societies. The Nubians in the Upper Nile (South) and the Kemets in the Lower Nile (North) were progressing at the same time using the Nile river as a trade route, connecting these two great societies. Artifacts precede the rise of the earliest Kemet kings around 3100 BC, or 5,200 years ago by several generations. ¹⁵

The Egyptian civilization (3000 BC–330 BC) would flourish from around 2500 BC to about 1600 BC in Northeast Africa. This great Egyptian empire would grow into one of the richest and most powerful in the world. Under Menes, Egyptian wealth would be developed from its natural resources, the Nile river and the Nile river floodplains that provide fertile farmlands, which provided the food to sustain its large population. The gold in southern Egypt (Nubia) gave the empire its great wealth and was considered the cradle of civilization. Ancient Egypt created some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanization, organized religion, and central government. As Egypt continued its development, its population and wealth continued to grow, causing it leaders to build a great army to protect itself against invaders.

The Kingdoms of Egypt: Great Pharaohs

(The Black Land)

The First Dynasty

These two great societies would unify as one government under Menes, a king from the Nome of Thinis in Nubiain (3100 BC). This would be the beginning of Early Dynastic Period, or Archaic Period, between 3150 BC and 2686 BC, including the first and second dynasties.

Menes (Narmer) would become king of Egypt and credited with the peaceful unification of the Upper and Lower Egypt and the founder of the First Dynasty (3150 BC–2890 BC). There is still a debate whether it was a peaceful or a hostile takeover. King Menes was known as the monarch that ruled over two lands, Upper and Lower Egypt. He reigned over Egypt for sixty-two years and founded the capital of Memphis.

During Menes's reign, Egypt became a very affluent civilization. There are many ongoing debates in the early history of Egypt, even the name of the first king of Egypt. The debate is, if it was Menes or Narmer or the King Scorpion II or if they were the same person. Some scholars believe that Narmer was a person of high status and was one of the founding figures in the unification of Egypt. Others, like Egyptologist William Matthew Flinders Petrie, believe that Menes and Narmer were the same person.

There were nine kings of the First Dynasty, and like most kingdoms, most or all were from the same family (dynasty). Hor-Aha (Athothis) is the second king of the First Dynasty and believed to be the son of Narmer. He reigned for fifty-seven years. King Djer (Kenkenes), the son of Hor-Aha, is believed to have reign for thirty-one years, the sixth king depending on which kings list you use. King Djet (Ouenephes), the brother of Djer, the fourth king, and his sister Queen Merneith ruled from 2990 BC to 2940 BC, or twenty-three years. He was the most successful. During his reign, he built large temples, living areas, and tombs that were carved into rocks called mastabas for their kings. Trade prospered and enlarged Egypt thought military conquest. His mother, Merneith, is believed to have ruled with Den, making her the first female to rule Egypt.

King Den (Ousaphaidos), the fifth king of the