The Fourth Way: A Comprehensive Humanitarian Economic System to Save the World

By Dr. A. Joseph Keryo

The Fourth Way: A Comprehensive Humanitarian Economic System to Save the World is the result of a long effort and time, spanning more than seven years, from 2010 till 2017. Overloaded with research and studies, tracking events all around the world, monitoring the wars, crises, and international problems, and pursuing the details of their intensification and development. The book includes an accurate, detailed, comprehensive, and deep description of all the international movements that have covered the world since the outbreak of the First World War until the middle of 2017, the date of completion of this book, and documents the history of all revolutions, calls, and economic ideas. One of the main objectives of this book is to rely on the successes and failures of these experiences, seeking a human, economic, political, and social system, a system that is fair, clean, moral, honorable, and rational. Also to restore economic value to the economic factor in managing the affairs of states and people. To restore the individual value in life and create a healthy individual actor and producer. To tame the technological landscape, restore balance to environment, repair the United Nations, and activate its institutions and its role in solving the international dilemmas. This book is a documented historical reference and a full description of all the mechanisms of applying this system, which can be a clear guide for economists, historians, politics, sociologist, and individuals

• Language: English
• Publisher: Page Publishing, Inc.
• Release date: Apr 21, 2020
• ISBN: 9781646283743

Book preview

Chapter One

World in the Center of the Volcano

The world has become full of everything inside it. It is no longer capable of absorbing what people show in their desires, their use of force, their inventions for the arts of cheating, exploitation, and weaving conspiracies, in order to dominate, possess, and put the hand on the natural resources that appear on the Earth’s surface and that buried in the Earth’s core, seabed depth, or high skies.

The human being, who is the center and goal of this world, has transcended many red lines, broken all legitimate and illegitimate boundaries, and committed all taboos and offenses through his long history. And he seeks to achieve more arrogance and stability to an extent his ambition has become often a kind of lethal poison or a burning nuclear furnace that threatens the entire humanity, primarily those who install and prepare such ovens.

Humanity entered the third millennium with lots of surgeon and tragedies; wars were duplicated and spread everywhere, while victims increased in quantity and quality. Terrorism multiplied, and its crimes and tragedies included all kinds and methods of bloodshed, and thousands of innocent people and civilians were killed. Demolition was everywhere, poverty reached its extreme edges, and unemployment grew more and more. The prices of foodstuffs increased as had never been seen in most severe cases of disasters, wars, and crises. The gap between the rich and the poor became more and more widespread. Injustice, oppression, and corruption surrounded the world from its four sides; financial crises hit the major and minor countries and caused the collapse of economic and financial institutions and the spread of recession, dullness, unemployment, and the aggravation of debt. Attacks, interventions and occupations continued to plant terror and panic and threaten stability and security and erase all traces of justice, equality, freedom, and rights.

The eyes of the whole world focused on the end of the Second World War and on the millions of victims, wounded, disabled, the devastation and destruction, and the resulting tragedies, pain, violations, and disasters, as if it were a historical boundary separating between the period before the war and beyond it. They considered it the beginning of the end for adopting the principle of force and wars between the major international powers or the small ones to end the conflict and rivalry between it. They estimated that the outcome of this war was the new mapping of victorious and defeated states and the establishment of secure borders between it. And what resulted from it as charters and covenants embodied in the establishment of the United Nations and the ensuing bodies and organizations, and the formed alliances and blocs, and what the victors achieved from this war of understandings and convictions, all this was enough to deter the strongest and prevent the military confrontations and defuse wars from this planet. It would also consolidate the foundations of dialogue between nations and peoples, support the pillars of peace and stability, develop international cooperation, guarantee the right of peoples to self-determination, and protect human rights so that the world can rid itself of the dust of destruction and wars and rebuild the land and support coexistence. Especially that all those who participated in setting the fire on or helped ignite the war, which consumed more than 2 percent of the world’s population at that time and left most of the European countries in the ruins, showed their conviction and their goodwill, even basically, at least, that the resolution of international issues can’t be done through violence and the use of weapons and ignite wars again.

But the hopes of humanity were lost, their aspirations and dreams failed, and their desires to see peace and security spread its white sails over the wounds of the world were buried in the bud. It was obvious that the thrown-out promises and the covenants and agreements and all the compromises that was signed were not equivalent to the ink that was written with, and it was nothing but dreams of a moment that could not see the light; shortly, all masks fell from the faces of the wolves and the fangs and sharp claws appeared. The ugly truth became clear and in its ugliest figure. The world found itself in the middle of the erupting volcano the day after it awoke from the shock in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. And before the defeatists ended up mourning their victims and counting their losses, the pages of the bloody book were reintroduced and the history began a third, fourth, and fifth stage of conflicts and wars, throughout the whole world, but this time using deadlier, smarter, and more-lethal weapons and more painful than all what humanity had experienced in its earlier eras.

The destructive Second World War resulted in the ascending of two important victorious leaders who controlled the fate of the whole world, the United States of America and the Soviet Union, or in an economic and political way, capitalism and communism, where the global conflict shifted from direct conflict between the major international blocs to wars led by these two great leaders and was taking place in a third land, whose fuel were the inhabitants of the defeated, weak, or neutral states that were not related to the causes of the conflict, except that God gave them a great natural grace of oil, gas, precious metals, climate, important geographical location, water, monuments, cultural or historical heritage. The two great powers transformed them to fight and disaster, wherein it issued their definite and quick decision before the people woke up from their negligence and decided to rebuild and reconstruct their lands, where the fate that the world and its wealth and its markets became their properties. They were the only ones who would control the future and destiny of humanity. Others would have to submit, surrender, and implement plans and prepared programs, voluntarily or by force and coercion, or by imposing sanctions, embargoes, and boycotts, or through direct diplomatic plots and interventions, or by the use of military force that could be fortified behind thousands of arguments and pretexts, even if that led to the destruction of entire countries over its citizens and the implementation of mass massacres by them. And we can find lots of forms and blatant examples in front of us—since the moment of declaring the victory in that ominous war, reaching nowadays, and in different countries of the world, from Germany to Greece to China to Iran to Korea to Vietnam to Africa to India to Japan to Afghanistan to Iraq and others.

Until it appeared to everyone who watches, examines, and writes the historical events that there was a secret agreement between these two great powers that they should shake the balance of the world, dismantle its structure, ruin the foundation that it had been based on since hundreds of years, and then reinstall it according to their socialistic and capitalistic plans. And not to be satisfied with the gains they received as a result of the war only, especially after the overthrow of the empires of that time and the removal of all the elements of power from the symbols that were considered masters of the world, such as Britain, France, and others, where each of them was lurking behind the steps of the other and following the other in all movements, plans, and programs inside its boundaries and outside it, in the largest espionage operation known to human history, to the extent that the conflict between them became a military issue, moving from one country to another, and was called in deception and falsification the Cold War according to the spheres of influence they dominated, in constant attempts to hit and run so that one of them could eliminate the other completely. (This was what actually happened in the 1990s, when the Soviet Union was overthrown and dismantled.) It was similar to the game of police and thieves. The war barely calms in place until it explodes in the second place, covering the ends of the world, aiming to impose the model and example adopted by each one of them, taking in their way the interests of the whole world, and causing the drop of millions of innocent victims.

That appeared through the long series of conflicts, wars, interventions, and rivalries that is still continuing even after the collapse of the socialist regime, where the Cold War took another direction inside the lobbies of the United Nations, the Security Council chambers, and the arches of international courts, as well as the exclusivity in the generalization of the new world statute that the United States proclaimed after the collapse of the other leader and its determination to reinstall the political, economic, and social geographies according to their interests and aspirations by declaring war on terrorism and cutting the global distances for establishing military bases that besiege the seas and oceans, as well as airspace and land borders. And sending military forces convoys, heavily armed with various types of lethal weapons, to occupy the country that they consider rogue or out of their will or what they call the axis of evil in the world, until the globe became a burning block full of flames of war, strife, and conflicts in a way more than the years of the Cold War witnessed and with losses exceeding all figures and perceptions.

The beginning of this black series was with the launch of the American president Harry Truman’s (1884–1972) program in 1947 by giving military and economic American aid to Greece and Turkey in the amount of four hundred million dollars to combat the communist tide in the region. Then followed by Marshall Plan in the same year, otherwise known as the European Recovery Plan, set up by the American secretary of state at that time, George Marshall (1880–1959), and was only called after him the Marshall Plan,¹ in which the United States spent thirteen billion dollars to rebuild Europe, which was exhausted, destroyed, and devastated after the war, among the efforts to build the global capitalism and launch the process after the war. And applying Bretton Woods² economic system to confront the communist expansion and deep penetration in Europe, followed by the Eisenhower Doctrine in 1957, which was launched by the American president Dwight Eisenhower (1890–1969) after the triple aggression by Britain, France, and Israel against Egypt in 1956, when the United States tried to exploit the curse on Britain in the Arab region to replace it and fill the so-called vacuum in the Middle East. On January 5, 1957, the American president Eisenhower presented a draft to the Congress that included the following points:

Authorizing the president of the United States to use military forces in cases he deems necessary to ensure territorial integrity and to protect the political independence of any state or group of states in the Middle East, if such states request such an assistance to resist any military aggression caused by any source controlled by the international communism

Authorizing the government to provide military assistance to any state or group of states of the region if they are prepared to do so, as well as to provide the necessary economic assistance to these states in support of their economic strength and the maintenance of their national independence

On the other hand, the response came quickly, the Zhdanov Project in 1947, known as the Eastern European Bolsheviks Project, which meant the direct surrender of the communist states in Eastern Europe to the foreign policy of the Soviet Union—in response to the Truman Project³—which was a principle declared by Andrei Zhdanov⁴ (1896–1948), a senior Soviet Union leader and close associate of the communist leader Joseph Stalin (1878–1953), during the International Conference of European Communist Parties, which also resulted in the creation of the Communist Information Office, or the Cominform, to carry out information with common interest and to consolidate the communism in the world and coordinate their parties and the purification of communism in order to enhance action against capitalism and try to drop it. The West considered it as a spy office that organized acts hostile to Western interests in the world. The conflict between the two camps was practically translated by the rising of the Atlantic treaty⁵ from one side and Warsaw⁶ from the other side. The stated aim of all these attempts, as indicated in the rationale for launching a project or principle, was to extend the allies of both blocs with humanitarian, reconstruction, and economic aid, but what was hidden was a disaster, since the American pole wanted, through his projects and aid, to help the Western Europe in order to achieve its own interests in the disposal of American products, especially agricultural, due to the lack of European countries of the hard currency represented by the dollar during the so-called dollar crisis. Then link the European economy directly to the American economy, as well as the reduction of the communist tide and the communist culture, and the consolidation of American lifestyles in Europe, thus pulling the rug from under the feet of the Soviet Union and dragging it away from communism because of the economic distress it was going through.

On the other hand, the Soviets’ willingness to provide different forms of assistance to the communist camp and the allies was only a superficial cosmetic exercise to preserve the political gains it had achieved as a result of the war and to put these countries under communist cover and to make all its plans, programs, and directions clear, in addition to tightening the siege on them so as not to allow the rays of liberalism to access them. Especially since these assistances were limited to the cultural, security, and intelligence aspects, without being extended to the economic side, and the spread of openness and progress in that countries, due to the inability of the Soviet Union, or its claim of deficit, to provide financial support for the reconstruction and upgrading process at that time.

After the world war ended and the noise of guns and planes stopped and the countries buried their victims and set out to restore normal life again, the conflict returned quickly and sharply. This time between the two powerful allies who won the war, the Western Bloc, represented by the United States from one side, and the Eastern Bloc, led by the Soviet Union on the other side, where both parties tried with all their strength and influence to adopt policies of siege and tightening. While the United States openly revealed its hidden intentions in eradicating communism and uprooting it, and mobilized allies in Western Europe, the Middle East, and Africa for that reason, the Soviet Union, in return, supported communist movements around the world, especially in Eastern Europe, which it was controlling after the war due to the agreement between it and the United States, just the same as the issue taking place in Latin American and Southeast Asian countries.

The struggle between the two powerful blocs to capture the global cheese became more serious—it was similar to the prevailing custom of gang leaders sharing the spoils—as to lead to what was known as the Cold War, which engendered incendiary wars for almost fifty years, from 1946 to 1991, ended only when the Soviet Union collapsed and split into former republics. The United States and the Western countries that were the centers of the former powers of the world, such as France and Britain, continued to rule the world and control it and extend its influence on all its resources and funds and continued the wars and military interventions with deadly and destructive tools and weapons over a wide area of the world, from its north to the south and from the east reaching the west.

Data, statistics, and documents have confirmed that the Cold War, which has been festering between the Eastern and Western Blocs, with its forms of conflict, tension, and competition, led these forces to attempt to spend huge and massive amounts on the development and stockpiling of weapons and space race and spend huge sums on military defense and nuclear arsenals. And that the actual wars between the leader and allies of this bloc, directly or by indirect means, or that waged by the Soviet Union toward some countries, or by America and its Allies toward other countries, depleted the economies of the whole world, including the two biggest leaders, who suffered with the other countries, with more victims, money, and destruction than those recorded in World Wars I and II. Some experts estimate that the number of people killed by wars during the quarter-century that followed World War II is equal to all those killed during that war, as well as the enormous terror that gripped the hearts of all humanity out of using nuclear weapons in the course of conflicts between the two sides. Especially that the threat of using this weapon was repeated more than once by both powers during the Korean War and the Cuban Missile Crisis, and also during the October War in 1973, which took place between Arabs and Israel, when the United States decided to raise the state of readiness among its strategic forces to the medium degree in response to the Soviet Union’s increased readiness of its airborne forces to lift the siege of the Third Egyptian Army.

After less than three years of the end of the Second World War, the Cold War between the two great powers extended beyond the European spots to reach many areas of the world and was accompanied by several crises and quasi-international wars, the most prominent being the following events.

The Greek Civil War (1944–1949)

A civil war between the Greeks lasted from 1944 to 1949. It killed around 154 thousand people, about 40 thousand were imprisoned, 6 thousand were executed under military orders, and about half a million were displaced. The former American ambassador in Greece, McCoyig, admitted that all the tactical and disciplinary actions undertaken by the military government in Greece between 1947 and 1949 were certified and directly prepared by Washington.

This war left its deep imprint on the political level among Greek people until nowadays. One blog states thus:

The Greek civil war knew two phases: the first lasted from December 1944 till January 1945, and the second phase was the longest and hardest, extended from 1946 till 1949.

The war began immediately after the withdrawal of the Nazi forces that occupied the country in October 1944, between two Greek political teams who disagreed on ruling the country.

From one hand, the Communists sought to take over the reins of government in Greece. On the other hand, the Greek monarchs sought to restore this rule after the Germans took it from their hands during the Second World War.

Each team occupied a section of Greek territory and began a guerrilla war against the other in order to overthrow it militarily.

The British tried to form a national coalition government immediately after the withdrawal of Nazi German forces from the country, but the Communists who accepted to join it refused to disarm in favor of the legitimate national forces, which sparked civil war.

After the defeat of their forces, the Communists temporarily halted the guerrilla war, and the general elections were held in the country in February 1946. But the communists and their supporters boycotted it, which gave the chance to the kings to win and return the monarchy to power.

The Communists returned to their arms again, and the civil war broke out another time after the Communists announced the establishment of an interim government based in mountainous areas in the north of the country, where rebel groups launched to fight the Royal forces.

Meanwhile, the United States supported the Royal Forces, while the Russians supported the Communists as usual. Thus bringing the Greek civil war into the inside grip of the Cold War.

On 16 October 1949, the Greek Royal Army was able, along with American support, to win the military victory and defeat the Greek Communists in the former Yugoslavia.

The Iranian Crisis 1946 (Republic of Mahabad)

According to Wikipedia, the Republic of Mahabad was found in the far northwestern Iran, around the city of Mahabad, which was its capital. It was a short-lived Kurdish international self-governing state, supported by the Soviet Union, and it was established in 1946 and lasted only eleven months.

This republic emerged with the beginning of the Cold War as a result of the Iranian crisis between the Soviet Union and the United States of America. Although Iran declared neutrality during World War II, the Soviet Union forces went deeply inside some Iranian territory; Joseph Stalin’s justification for this incursion was that the shah of Iran Reza Pahlavi (1878–1944), the ruler of Iran between 1925 and 1941, was sympathetic with the Nazi leader Adolf Hitler (1889–1945). As a result of this incursion, Reza Pahlavi fled to exile, and his son, Muhammad Reza Pahlavi (1919–1980), ruled Iran between 1941 and 1979. But the Soviet Army continued the incursion even after controlling some areas in Northern Iran. Stalin wanted to expand indirectly the influence of the Soviet Union through the establishment of entities loyal to him.

Some Kurds in Iran took advantage of this opportunity, and Qazi Muhammad (1901–1947), along with the Kurdish leader Mustafa Barzani (1903–1979) declared the Republic of Mahabad on January 22, 1946, but the pressure exerted by the shah on the United States, which in turn pressed on the Soviet Union, was sufficient to withdraw the Soviet forces from Iranian territory and the Iranian government to overthrow the Republic of Mahabad eleven months after its announcement. Qazi Muhammad was executed on March 31, 1947, in a public square in the city of Mahabad, while Mustafa Barzani escaped with a group of fighters from the region.

The War of China (1946–1947)

At the time when Kuomintang (the Chiang Kai-shek bourgeois party) was plunging China into a savage civil war, Chinese president Chiang Kai-shek (1887–1975), with great support from the United States of America, was waging war toward the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), led by Mao Zedong, leader of the Communist Party of China (1893–1976), who was fully supported by the Russian Red Army.

Despite the great difference between the two forces, for the sake of Kai-shek, Mao managed to attract thousands of peasants and people from the surrounding towns after promising them to distribute agricultural land to them and to apply socialism in order to counter the capitalist tide supported by the United States, using all kinds of weapons, armies, and financial capabilities.

This war cost all parties involved thousands of victims, prisoners, and refugees, and both the United States of America and the Red Army suffered many casualties and financial and military costs.

Berlin Siege Crisis (1948–1949)

After the negotiations between the victorious countries on the future of Germany ended in a deadlock, the United States of America, Britain, and France agreed in London Symposium in April-May 1948 to unify their areas of influence and to send huge and urgent aid to Berlin residents, which angered the Soviet Union, who decided to impose a siege on West Berlin in an attempt to force Western forces to leave. However, the Western forces maintained their positions and pushed the Soviets to lift their siege of Berlin, which was considered, at that time, a victory for the United States and the Western Bloc against the Soviets, in the framework of the Cold War between them.

The Middle East Crisis Since 1948 Until Now

This historical crisis, or the catastrophe, or Al Nakba, as Arab historians call it, was represented as the major humanitarian crime committed by the United States, Russia, Britain, and other Western countries when they voted at the General Assembly of United Nations in 1947 to divide Arab Palestine into two, Palestinian and Jewish states, ensuring the Zionist dream of establishing a national homeland for the Jews on the land of Palestine and fulfilling the promise made by the British colonizer to the Jews on the mouth of its foreign minister, Arthur James Balfour (1848–1930), in 1917.

The Balfour Declaration, also known as the Do Not Have Who Deserves, was a promise that was based on the false saying Land without a people for a people without land. It is the name of the letter sent by Arthur James Balfour to Lord Lionel Walter de Rothschild (1868–1937), one of the financial pillars of the Zionist movement, asking him for the support of the British government to establish a national homeland for the Jews in Palestine.

It is worth mentioning that the text of the Balfour Declaration was presented to President Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924), who approved its content before it was published. It was officially approved by France and Italy in 1918, followed by American president Wilson and Japan in 1919. In 1920, it was approved by the San Remo Conference⁷ held by the allies to draw the new postwar political map, and it included the British Mandate for Palestine, which was approved in 1922 by the League of Nations.

The definition of the Middle East crisis varies from the occupation of the entire historical land of Palestine by the Jewish forces after the Arab-Israeli War of 1948 and the occupation of Israeli forces to the West Bank and Gaza after the 1967 war.

Historically, the events of Al Nakba include the occupation of most of Palestine land by the Zionist movement and the expulsion of more than 750 thousand Palestinians and turning them into refugees. It also includes dozens of massacres, atrocities, and looting against Palestinians, destruction of villages and houses, destruction of major cities, elimination of Palestinian identity, and abolition of Arabic geographic names and destruction of the original nature of the country through creating a strange European natural scene contrary to the nature of the region and its environment and characteristics.

Due to that crisis, the Middle East region, especially Palestine and the neighboring countries, witnessed, over more than sixty years, wars and military confrontations between Israel and the Arab countries, the most prominent one being the War of 1948, followed by the tripartite aggression against Egypt, in which Israel participated next to France and Britain in 1956; the June War in 1967, where Israel dominated the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula, and the Syrian Golan Heights; then October War of 1973; and after that, the Israeli invasion of Southern Lebanon from 1982 to 2000, the Sabra and Shatila massacres in Lebanon, and recently, the Israeli aggression on Lebanon in the summer of 2006, in addition to the ongoing war on Gaza and the siege of its citizens since 2008 until the date of publication of this book. Pages of history are filled with thousands of casualties and wounded civilians and militaries, as well as millions of displaced and refugee people.

Throughout these years, Israel received unprecedented support from America in particular and from other Western countries in general to maintain its military, field, and economic superiority. Also, it was given the right to possess nuclear weapons, as well as full support within the United Nations bodies and organizations.

According to the American writer Benjamin Friedman, in an article published in the Asharq Al-Awsat newspaper in its edition on March 19, 2011, the American president Harry Truman (1884–1972) was a vice president when the American president Franklin Roosevelt died (1882–1945)… I had several opportunities to brief President Truman about the Palestinian issue, but his policy on this issue was limited to the satisfaction of American Jews only. And he had done more than he wished. In the middle of the night of May 14, 1948, he called the United States Secretary of State George Marshall to sign the United States’ recognition of the State of Israel within the first hour of its declaration. Indeed, President Truman himself was enthusiastic about supporting the Jews and encouraging their state. He declared to his friends that he was willing to confess the Jewish state within the first hours of its birth. He did so exactly by announcing that his country confesses Israel only eleven minutes after announcing its declaration in Tel Aviv.

The Korean War (1950–1953)

It is one of the direct results of the war between the capitalist and communist poles, which historians and researchers still insist on calling the Cold War. But what if it was not? It is also considered one of the first wars of international dimension after the Second World War because of the multilateralism that participated in it. The United States was a prominent party in this war and came out of it after losing thousands of victims. Despite all its material, military, and human resources, the war ended without being able to oust the communists from the Korean Peninsula.

During this war, there were brutal events and practices on both sides. North Korea and China accused the United States for using biological weapons against their soldiers on the other side, while prisoners of American soldiers and their allies were subjected to the worst forms of torture by the communists.

The sources estimated the number of casualties that resulted from this war as dead, missing, and wounded around four million people, mostly civilians and the rest military.

The Overthrow of the Mosaddegh Government in Iran (1953)

Muhammad Ghulam Mosaddegh (1882–1967), the former prime minister of Iran (1951–1953), led a broad reform movement against the rule of the totalitarian shah of Iran and formed an alliance with the left-wing Iranian parties such as the Tudeh Communist Party to face the internal pressures on his government and his reformist orientations by the shah and his group and the external pressures by the United States of America and Britain. He also called for the restoration of the rights of Iranians to their oil wealth and nationalized Iranian oil, which prompted Britain to present a judicial announcement against him in the International Court of Justice on the pretext of violating its oil rights. Dr. Mosaddegh, specialist in the international law, defended himself in front of the court of The Hague the actions and the rights of his country, describing Britain as an imperialist state stealing the votes of Iranians in need.

The shah’s forces collaborated with the British and American intelligence service in the Ajax operation to lead a coup against the Mosaddegh government on August 19, 1953. Mosaddegh was arrested and sentenced to death. The sentence was then commuted to three years’ imprisonment, and later he was placed under house arrest. He died in 1967. Mosaddegh was known for his socialist reformist movement at that time as an Iranian national hero for his rejection of Western imperialism.

Vietnam War (1959–1975)

It was a brutal and savage war, unprecedented in its cruelty and brutality, which was run by the giant blocs the United States and the Soviet Union over the land of Vietnam, leading to a bloody feud between the two sides, each striving to turn Vietnam into a colony for their countries.

The Vietnam War, which lasted for around fifteen years and half, was overseen by four American presidents, Dwight Eisenhower (1890–1969), who held the presidency from 1953 to 1961; John Kennedy (1917–1963), whose presidency ran from 1961 to 1963; Lyndon Johnson (1908–1973), who held the presidency from 1963 to 1969; and Richard Nixon (1913–1994), his presidency lasting from 1969 to 1974. The United States did not leave any legitimate or prohibited military means to put pressure on the Hanoi government, starting with the forcible assembly of the population till the liquidation of communist rebels in the southern countryside and the use of B-52 aircraft to destroy the vegetation, and intensified the bombing of cities and sites in the north of Vietnam. The same thing was done by the Vietcong and its ally, the Soviet Union. The United States invested its military power in Vietnam. War was not only a military defeat of America’s military and political reputation but also a severe blow to the United States’ economic power, especially that it drained its financial strength, reaching the American reserves of gold.

With America’s loss of human and material, an American call appeared in the street of the United States to end the Vietnam War. The call was represented in the intensive demonstrations all over American cities and in press campaigns. The force of the call to stop the war increased because the American media published the heinous and inhuman practices in which the American military treated Vietnamese citizens. The most famous brutal manifestation was the extermination carried out by American lieutenant William Cali of unarmed civilians in the village of Lai in 1968, which caused him to be placed in a military trial in 1971.

March 1973 did not end until the last American soldier left Vietnam, but the Watergate scandal,⁸ which forced President Nixon to resign on August 9, 1974, made the United States unable to support Saigon’s government.

The North took advantage of Washington’s preoccupation with Watergate and the envy of the South Vietnamese president Thiêu for the South communists. So they launched a massive attack on the South, occupying Phnom Penh city on January 1975 and followed their sweeping attack to Saigon on April 30 of the same year.

The losses of the Vietnamese during the years of war were estimated at 2 million dead, 3 million injured, and nearly 12 million refugees, while the losses of the United States were 57 thousand dead, 153,303 wounded, and hundreds of prisoners.

The Assassination of the Congo’s President Supported by the Soviets (1960)

In the African state of Congo, Patrice Lumumba (1925–1961) was elected as the first president of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in June 1960, but he was assassinated in the wake of a coup by an American-Belgian planning to overthrow the Soviet-backed government. He was replaced by Mobutu Sese Seko (1930–1997), who ruled in a dictatorial and corrupt manner over a period of thirty-two years, from 1965 till 1997.

The Berlin Wall (1961)

Otherwise known as the Second Berlin Crisis, it was the inevitable result of the growing military, intelligence, and competitive conflict between the American and the communist.

This crisis was triggered by the increasing phenomenon of migration of millions of East Germans to West Berlin to escape oppression, poverty, and tyranny and to seek for better jobs on the other capitalist side of the city. The 1961 wall was built to separate the two parts of Berlin and was known as the Berlin Wall, facing the flight of the labor force, which was what the Eastern Bloc needed the most, as the sources counted that between three to four million people were able to infiltrate into West Germany between 1949 and 1961; most of them were technical workers, experts, engineers, university professors, and intellectuals. Their lack of emigration from East Germany posed a major threat to state-building projects in the country and the Eastern Bloc countries. In addition, a large group of Western and Eastern Berliners working in West Berlin had in the black market an advantage of access to basic materials at attractive prices and the lack of purchase of high-value accessories from the eastern market, which was weakening the economy in East Berlin more and more.

The Berlin Wall remained until 1989, when the restrictions on movement between the two Germans were lifted on November 9, more than twenty-eight years after the construction of the wall, which was considered a division of a city and a division of a people. Large numbers of East Germans crossed the opened border to West Berlin the day when the Berlin Wall fell down. The wall was considered a clear symbol of the Cold War at that time and separated one city into two conflicting areas that culminated contradiction in economic, political, and social systems but became a limiting border between the Eastern and Western bloc, between Warsaw and NATO—that is, between two different political ideologies and between two economic poles and two large cultures. The fall of the Berlin Wall marked the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Cuban Missile War (1961)

It was mentioned on Wikipedia that after Fidel Castro’s⁹ rule in Cuba, he on the New Year’s Day of 1961, did a military parade involving Soviet tanks and weapons, turning that small island-state to the second largest armed force in Latin America after Brazil. Cuba also became a distinguished member in the Soviet Union bloc.

By 1961, hundreds of thousands of Cubans left their country to the United States, and the 1961 Bay of Pigs¹⁰ invasion failed to bring down the Cuban government through the American-trained Cuban exiles with American military support.

The process began in April 1961, less than three months after John F. Kennedy was inaugurated as president of the United States. Armed Cuban forces trained by the Eastern Bloc countries defeated the exiled forces in three days. The American-Cuban relations became even worst in the following year, with the Cuban missile crisis, when Kennedy’s administration demanded the immediate withdrawal of Soviet missiles from Cuba and American nuclear missiles in Turkey and the Middle East.

The Soviets and the Americans agreed on removing Soviet missiles from Cuba and American missiles from Turkey and the Middle East secretly within a few months. Kennedy also agreed not to invade Cuba in the future. As for the Cuban exiles detained during the Bay of Pigs invasion, they were exchanged for a shipment of supplies from America.

By 1963, Cuba was moving toward a complete communist system similar to the Soviet Union, prompting the United States to impose a comprehensive diplomatic and trade embargo on Cuba, and the process of ferret,¹¹ one of the secret CIA programs, began.

The Coup of Indonesia (1965)

In 1965, Indonesia was ruled by President Ahmad Sukarno (1901–1970), who came to power since the independence from the Japanese in 1945 until 1968. During his regime, the Indonesian Communist Party, one of the largest communist parties in the world, tried to make a military coup with the full support of the Soviet Union that made Suharto (1921–2008), who was the commander of the special forces of the protection of national security, vigorously and brutally resist this attempt to save the rule of Sukarno and eliminate the communist tide in the region, and he managed with the help of a large number of military and logistical CIA to eliminate the leadership of the coup, in which members of the Indonesian military participated in alliance with the Communist Party. Suharto then led a massive purge campaign against the communists.

The coup was accompanied by many bloody, violent acts and claimed nearly two million peasants and poor people and, with the full support of the CIA, followed that many brutal practices to eliminate the communists.

As a result of Suharto’s strong opposition to communism, he received absolute support from the United States. In 1966, he persuaded President Sukarno to give him the authority to restore security and stability to the country, which was the turning point in Suharto’s political role. He was appointed by the parliament acting president in 1967, and after that he was elected president in 1968 to become the second president of Indonesia, which he ruled with tyranny, oppression, and violence for thirty years (until 1998) with absolute American protection.

The Chilean Coup (1973)

This coup d’état took place on September ١١, ١٩٧٣, against the socialist Chilean president Salvador Allende Gossnes (1908–1973). This time represents one of the darkest moments in the history of the Left Front during the twentieth century, when a military group led by General Augusto Pinochet (1915–2006), one of the most famous generals of the United States of America in Latin America, ended with a bloodbath, an unprecedented, pioneering experience lasting three years.

In November 1970, leader Salvador Allende reached the presidency of Chile through free and direct elections that did not meet the American approval at that time, when that region was marked by socialist ideas and hostility to capitalism. Allende, or the so-called doctor of the poor, applied courageous policies that hit American interests, by supporting the demands and needs of the poor and their clear socialist orientation and gaining the support of the Soviet Union.

The United States felt that Allende’s policy posed a great threat to it and a dangerous precedent for the spread of communist thought in the region. It commanded her man General Augusto Pinochet, the army commander who was able to take power with clear American support on September 11, 1973, to chase President Allende, and he killed him at his presidential palace in Santiago.

Pinochet ruled Chile for twenty-seven years, during which he was the claw of the American cat in the region and the first enemy of all Latin American writers and liberals, who attributed to his reign many injustices and political and financial mischief. He was accused of dictatorship, torture, and political assassination. After the success of his coup attempt, he suspended the constitution, abolished leftist political parties, banned political activities, practiced the worst forms of terrorism, and persecuted leftists throughout the country. Thousands of people were killed, imprisoned, and tortured, and thousands more were driven out of Chile.

Pinochet’s reign witnessed the assassination of General Omar Torrijos (1929–1981), who ruled Panama between 1968 and 1981, the powerful man of Panama who was an obstacle to the overall American hegemony on the canal and formed with Manuel Noriega (1934–), who ruled Panama between 1983 and 1990, the worst face of America’s dictatorship at the time.

The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan (1979)

Until the end of 1979, the Afghan government was loyal and a great friend to the Soviet Union and received much support and assistance. America disliked that thing and was in a violent and severe pursuit of all aspects of communist expansion in the world by all means and methods. Thus, America and the anticommunist countries, including Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and China, created and supported a group of rebels who opposed attacks and fabricated bombings and killings that affected many government installations, areas, and villages in Afghanistan.

That led the Soviet Union to direct military intervention in Afghanistan in order to protect the government and its policy supporting it, so it entered the Fortieth Army on December 25, 1979, similar to the occupation of Afghanistan, where it began with a long war that lasted ten years between the Afghan government and the Soviet Army from one side and the rebels and other American and international bodies supporting them on the other side.

In his memoir From the Shadows, the former CIA director Robert Gates wrote that CIA began with the help of the opposition movements in Afghanistan six months before the Soviet intervention. On July 3, 1979, the American president Jimmy Carter (1924) signed a directive authorizing the CIA to launch propaganda campaigns to transform the attitude of people from the revolutionary government. That information led to renewed debate about how to start the war.

Proponents of American intervention claim that the Soviet Union’s intentions to control Afghanistan were clear, citing the Brezhnev regime (Leonid 1906–1982), while opponents assert that the United States of America deliberately gave the Soviet Union the argument of war to drag him in a conflict he can’t win, at the expense of Afghanistan.

Soviet intervention in Afghanistan had a major global reaction, especially from the Islamic world and the Organization of the Islamic Conference, who called for an immediate exit of Soviet forces and a halt to interference in Afghanistan.

The American president Jimmy Carter noted that the Soviet invasion was the most serious threat to world peace since the Second World War. Carter also imposed a ban on the export of commodities such as grain and advanced technology to the Soviet Union from the United States of America and the boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics.

The Soviet Union announced the official withdrawal of all its forces from Afghanistan on February 15, 1989.

The Iranian Revolution (Khomeini) of 1979,

the American Hostage-Taking, and the Failure of Their Liberation in 1980

Iran stayed under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi¹² for many years, representing the spearhead of the United States in the gulf and the Middle East, where Iran has occupied an important strategic position in the American foreign policy in the region. It is pro-American and shares a long border with its enemy in the Cold War, the Soviet Union, as well as being the largest oil state in the Arabian Gulf.

During that period, the shah of Iran practiced the most severe imperialist policies of suppression, oppression, and alienation on Iranian society. This was what religious forces, leftist parties, communism, and liberalism clung to.

The movements of rebellion and unrest began to take place in the Iranian arena since mid-1979. These movements moved into protest demonstrations in the streets and in various Iranian institutions. They were forcibly suppressed by security men and intelligence centers. Hundreds of victims, detainees, and exiles were killed.

In 1979, the revolution was brewed in the Iranian street, led by the imam Khomeini,¹³ who was exiled to France since 1964. The American constituencies were unable to provide the necessary support to protect the throne of the shah. The American president Jimmy Carter, who reached the presidency at the height of the Iranian crisis (1977), was not able to implement the promises made by the American intelligence services to maintain the power of the shah, which prompted the shah to abdicate and leave Iran on January 16, 1979. Imam Khomeini returned to Tehran, after his fourteen years’ absence, on February 1, 1979.

When America announced on October 1979 that it welcomed the shah Pahlavi on its territory for the treatment of cancer, the Iranian street turned up and the public denounced this and demanded that he be handed over to the Iranian authorities for trial and execution. The American embassy in Iran was attacked by dozens of young revolutionaries who detained fifty-three American hostages inside the building. After the failure of all direct and indirect negotiations to release the hostages, America prepared for a military operation to release the hostages, known as the Eagle’s Claw. The operation failed after eight American soldiers were killed by the collision of a helicopter RH-53 of the Marines and a military aircraft from the Air Force’s AC-130 on a temporary airfield in the middle of the Iranian desert on April 24, 1980. The secret American operation in Tehran collapsed and finished with a disaster, forming a disgrace to Carter’s administration and to the armed forces, which were still struggling to get on their feet again in the wake of the terrible defeat in Vietnam just five years earlier. Some say that this failure paralyzed the American administration at that time and was the direct cause of the defeat of Carter in front of Ronald Reagan.

In the end, the Iranians freed the hostages on Reagan’s tradition of power in January 1981, after 444 days from their detention.

American Intervention in Nicaragua (1980),

or What Is Known as the Nicaraguan Case against America

The problem of Nicaragua, which falls within the context of the conflict between the communist and the capitalist blocs, was in fact the problem of all the small and remote states of Central America, such as Guatemala and El Salvador, and already became a major concern for President Ronald Reagan (1911–2004). The documents quoted by the newspapers and websites on the Nicaragua case include the following.

In 1954, Jacob Arbenz (1913–1971) was elected president of Guatemala, handling a wide social reform program, but his regime aroused the concern of Washington, which feared losing its hegemony over the region, so it supported a military coup that overthrew Arbenz.

In 1979, the Sandinista movement in Nicaragua succeeded in overthrowing the corrupt regime of General Somoza.¹⁴ The Sandinista¹⁵ movement did not call itself the communist movement, despite the support it received from the Soviet Union. It even declared that it favored an economic system mixing between state ownership and the private sector and preferred political pluralism, but it took some steps that were troubling the United States when the popular Sandinista Army replaced the National Guard force and began redistributing wealth and nationalizing major property.

These steps were enough to raise the concern of Ronald Reagan, who became president of the United States in 1981 and became an opponent of the Sandinista regime, especially after the spread of communist movements in Central America. With Reagan’s fear of a widening of the red tide in that part of the world, he increased military support for governments that were exposed to leftist insurgent movements in the countries of that region. At the same time, Reagan was doing everything he could to plot the overthrow of the Sandinista movement, the only left-wing government in the region, and American aid to the opposition in this small country reached around nineteen million dollars and then rose to thirty million dollars in 1982.

Since the early 1980s there had been two armed movements opposed to the Sandinista regime. Former members of the National Guard began to plan to overthrow the Nicaraguan regime.

With an initial numbered of only two thousand, the movement began recruiting small farmers affected by Sandinista’s agrarian reform program. At the same time, one of Sandinista’s former leaders, Edin Pastora (1937), began building an opposition base in Honduras to the north of Nicaragua, and the two movements were known as the Contras.¹⁶ In the early years, Reagan gave explicit financial support to Contra and the CIA to overthrow the Sandinista system, but the voices of opposition to this financial support for Contra began to rise in the United States.

In 1986, the Reagan administration, secretly and illegally, began to transfer military support directed to Iran to the Contra forces.

When the press exposed what was going on, the opposition in Congress increased against fund of the Contras. Eventually, the Reagan administration was forced to stop funding, but after President Reagan indirectly achieved his goal, which was stopping the spread of communist movements in the backyard of the United States, the Sandinista movement was weakened and lost popularity among Nicaragua’s population because of its ongoing fight against the Contras and ended up losing the February 1990 elections.

Following the American intervention in its affairs and the commission of brutal and destructive acts, Nicaragua brought the case in front of the International Court in 1986. The court’s decision was against the United States and accused it of violating international law by supporting the armed opposition in the war against the Nicaraguan government. Reagan’s war against Nicaragua had killed around twenty-nine thousand people, out of fifty-seven thousands victims, and destroyed a country that had no hope of resurrection.

The General Assembly of United Nations issued a nonbinding resolution aimed at pressuring the United States to pay the twelve billion dollars imposed on it for the destruction of bridges, the laying of bombs at the Nicaraguan civil airport and its harbor, and the assistance provided by the CIA to secure logistical¹⁷ support, which helped the gangs to carry out operations in-depth toward the industrial and military places in order to weaken the national economy and hit the country’s stock of goods, in addition to printing and distribution of a booklet entitled Psychosocial Operations in Guerilla Warfare, which included guidance on how armed propaganda groups could build political support within Nicaragua for the opposition through fraud, intimidation, and violence. President Reagan admitted explicitly at a news conference that a CIA contractor had prepared the handbook.

The court’s decision also showed that the United States and its intelligence services were involved in the mining of Nicaraguan ports and committing barbaric violations that were not recognized by the most basic humanitarian standards.

In spite of all this, United States objected the court’s decision and refused to pay the financial fines signed and supported by the General Assembly of United Nations, with only two countries, Israel and El Salvador, facing all the countries of the world that supported Nicaragua.

The Attack on the Marines in Beirut (October 1983)

After the massacre of the Sabra and Shatila in the Palestinian refugee camps in Beirut on September 16, 1982, by the Israeli defense minister Ariel Sharon and his supporters in Lebanon, in which thousands of Palestinian women, children, and the elderly were killed in cold blood, and the destruction of houses over them, the Mission of Mercy, as described by the administration of President Ronald Reagan at that time, and his partners in France, Britain, and Italy was put into action. President Reagan decided to redeploy the Marines in Beirut after this massacre, which coincided with events of the violent civil war that was going on in Lebanon at that time.

The Marines were stationed around Lebanon’s capital, Beirut, at the end of the southern side of the city, and were housed in buildings from the barracks (ready buildings and military centers), known as the Ground Landing Battalion (BLT), which were part of the multinational peacekeeping mission.

The United States found itself submerged in the following months in the chaos that engulfed Lebanon. It did not provide the largest support in its history to the Lebanese government and to the Lebanese army, which was fighting the pro-Syrian Druze militias and thus were looking at the United States as any other faction in the civil war.

As of October 22, 1983, the 1,600 Marines had suffered seven dead and forty-seven wounded as a result of the joint military operations with Lebanese parties of the conflict. At 6:30 a.m. the next day, October 23, 1983, while the American Marines were still sleeping in their barracks at the BLT, a speeding car entered the camp, despite the barbed wire barriers, and entered the building’s lobby and exploded. At the same moment, another suicide bomber entered the French paratroopers’ headquarters and killed fifty-eight members.

The bombing of the headquarters of the American Marine Corps, Marines, in Beirut killed 241 American soldiers; this bombing forced the American president Reagan to decide to withdraw the Marines from Lebanese territory to the American ships anchored on Lebanese shores.

In February 1984, the Lebanese Army collapsed and Reagan ordered the withdrawal of the Marines. Eleven days later, the Marines left Lebanon, ending what Kasper Weinberger, the defense minister, called a particularly scorched scandal.

The American Confrontation of the Leftist Coup in Grenada (1983)

Grenada is a small Caribbean island with a population not more than one hundred thousand inhabitants and only 345 square kilometers. It was attacked in 1979 by a leftist coup led by Maurice Bishop (1944–1983), the leader of the New Jewel movement (Marxist movement, where Bishop was greatly influenced by Cuban leader Fidel Castro), against the government of Eric Gerry.¹⁸ The formation of a revolutionary popular government suspended the constitution but retained the monarchy and retained the post of governor-general of Britain.

The revolutionary government pursued a nonaligned foreign policy and established relations with Cuba. It worked inside the country to solve the growing economic problems. In May 1980, an extreme left-wing coup attempt was uncovered, and Maurice Bishop lost a plot to assassinate him. Bishop started warning against American intervention on the island as the United States accused the revolutionary government of continuing to bias itself toward the Soviet Union. A large propaganda campaign was launched since the establishment of the Point Salines Airport (Cuba was contributing in building it), claiming it posed a threat to its security in that it allowed the reception of large Soviet aircraft and thus contributed to Soviet expansion toward Latin America.

It is worth mentioning that France also contributed to the financing of this airport through the decision taken by President Francois Mitterrand (1916–1996) in September 1982, based on the European Union’s Assistance and Cooperation Fund for African Countries.

Since June 1983, Bishop sought to improve relations with the United States and visited Washington in an attempt to convince American president Ronald Reagan of his development policy far from hostile to the United States. But the extreme leftists in Grenada soon accused him of appeasing American imperialism. Bishop was arrested on October 13, 1983, by the extremist faction led by Bernard Cord, the finance and planning minister. On the nineteenth of the same month, supporters of Bishop demonstrated and released him. The Army retaliated by firing at the crowd, and a few hours later, Bishop and two of his ministers were assassinated.

A number of countries in the Caribbean feared that Grenada would become a base for Cuba and the Soviet Union to support terrorism and leftist revolutions throughout Latin America. After killing Bishop, the United States began to sign an intervention to restore order to Grenada. But on October 25, 1983, American forces invaded the island, claiming that the British had appealed to the neighboring countries, which in turn appealed to the American Army. The American president Ronald Reagan claimed that this action was taken because it was necessary to protect the lives of Americans living in Grenada, including six hundred students studying at the Medical University School. A small number of Caribbean troops participated in the intervention. American forces were able to control the situation with little resistance, with the exception of a small number of Cubans working at the Point Salines Airport workshop, after which the governor-general imposed a state of emergency on December 1, 1983. Eighteen soldiers were killed, and more than 116 others wounded.

The American Military Attack on Libya (1986)

On April 15, 1986, the American president Ronald Reagan said on a televised address two hours after the attack launched by the American Air Force on Libya, When our citizens are attacked or abused anywhere in the world on direct orders of hostile systems, we will respond as long as we are in this position.

This was the response of the American president to the bombing of the United States of America in Libya in a process called Eldorado Operation¹⁹ through joint air operations between the Air Force and Navy and American Marines.

After years of skirmishes between the United States and Libya, due to Libya’s territorial demands on the Gulf of Sirte,²⁰ America began to think of an air campaign against ground targets inside Libya.

In March 1986, the American Navy went deep twelve miles into Libyan territorial waters and sent an aircraft carrier to conduct military maneuvers. The Libyan response to the maneuvers was aggressive, leading to the events of the Gulf of Sirte. Less than two weeks later, on April 5, a bomb exploded at the Labelle Disco in West Berlin, killing two American soldiers and one Turkish woman and injuring twenty-two others. America claimed to have obtained a telegram from Libyan agents in East Germany who took part in the attack.

On April 15, 1986, sixty-six American planes, some of them from British bases, launched a raid and bombarded targets in the Libyan capital of Tripoli and the Benghazi area. White House spokesman Larry Speaks said the attack was aimed at key military positions, but reports said the rockets hit the Bin Ashur area, a densely populated suburb of the capital. And it also hit the residential complex in which Libyan president Muammar Gaddafi was staying, in which his adopted daughter, Hana al-Gaddafi, was killed. In addition, forty-five Libyan soldiers and fifteen civilians were killed.

The American president Ronald Reagan justified the attack by accusing Libya of direct responsibility for terrorism directed toward the United States and the American people.

American Military Intervention in Panama (1990)

The military intelligence operation carried out by the American forces in Panama on December 20, 1989, to overthrow President Manuel Noriega’s regime and arrest him was similar, with a difference in circumstances and methods, to what Washington implemented in Iraq in 2003, where the dictator Manuel Noriega, a former CIA agent, had the privilege of supporting the United States to the maximum extent in that region of Central South America that, for many years, was considered the weakest part of the United States, through