Principles of Genomics and Proteomics

By Rakeeb Ahmad Mir, Sheikh Mansoor Shafi and Sajad Majeed Zargar

Principles of Genomics and Proteomics is the perfect reference for graduate students and researchers in these areas to understand its principles and execute precise and reproducible experiments. Following an introductory chapter, the book dives into proper research, including genome mapping. Experiments covered in the book span from Sangers Sequencing, Shotgun sequencing, SAGE analysis, DNA footprinting, Gel retardation, ChIP, and protein resolution methods, including PAGE, 2D gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. Biophysical techniques are also described in detail, including ultraviolet and visible light spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, NMR and X-ray diffraction.

A final proteome analysis is dedicated to functional analysis. Other chapters cover applications of omics technologies broadly. This book is the perfect reference for genetics labs around the world. Graduate students will benefit from the structured and detailed coverage of methods and established researchers will benefit from the book for staff training in research and may find it particularly helpful in enhancing reproducibility of experiments.

• Provides a comprehensive accounting of the technical aspects of genomic and proteomic analysis and applications in living organisms
• Includes detailed and standardized coverage of basic research methods in areas covered
• Presents advanced applications of genomics and proteomics that are highlighted with major significance in medical and agricultural fields

• Language: English
• Publisher: Elsevier Science
• Release date: Jan 25, 2023
• ISBN: 9780323993784

Rakeeb Ahmad Mir

Rakeeb Ahmad Mir is Assistant Professor, Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Science Campus, Nunner, Ganderrbal, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India. He is having 6 years of Research and Teaching Experience in different subjects of Biotechnology. His research interests include Molecular taxonomy, Nematode genomics and basic research in proteomics. In addition, he is deeply involved in teaching courses such as, Cell Biology, Signal transduction and Cancer Biology, Molecular Biology, Genomics and Proteomics and Nematode genomics at University level. Dr Rakeeb has published various research and review papers, book chapters on Molecular taxonomy of nematodes, Proteomic techniques and stress tolerant crop plants. Since he has considerable experience in the related fields pertaining to the title of this book.

Book preview

Chapter 1: Understanding the OMICS techniques: an introduction to genomics and proteomics

Abstract

Genomics and proteomics fields are at the forefront of resolving the critical problems existing in plants and animals. Moreover, a great deal of information pertaining to the actual dynamics of genomes and their elements, viz., coding (genes) and noncoding regions is still a field under investigation. Genomic tools such as sequencing, application of markers, and other tools have further provided deep insights into considerable information of the genomes of several organisms. Having a great deal of understanding regarding the genomes, scientists have a great deal of understanding regarding the other omics-based information such as transcriptomics, metabolomics proteomics, and phenomics to further unravel the complexities of organisms. Proteomic studies help to elucidate the existence of total proteins of a cell, tissue, organ, and organism to understand the structural and functional diversity in clear and dynamic ways. This chapter is aimed to have an updated introduction of genomics and proteomics and its wonderful contribution to unravel the hidden gems of DNA and its coding segments in regulating and sustaining life. Moreover, we believe this chapter will provide a roadway to explore the proceeding chapters of this book.

Keywords

Genome; Genomics; Omics technologies; Proteome; Proteomics; Sequencing

1. Introduction to genomics

Living organisms on earth are specified by the genomes of a huge number of diversified organisms. We now know very critically that all organisms possess a genome that stores biological information needed for normal growth and metabolism. The genomes of organisms are made of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), and RNA as a viral genome in viruses is an exception. Both DNA and RNA are constructed of nucleotides held by phosphodiester bonds. The DNA molecule is constructed of two polynucleotide chains held by hydrogen bonds between nucleotides in a helical fashion described by Watson and Crick in 1953. The last few decades of the genomic era led to the deciphering of huge information pertaining to the construction and composition of genomes by the application of genomic technologies. By employing automated sequencing technologies and computer algorithms, the genomes were used to sequence and assemble a large amount of nucleotide sequences of humans and several model organisms. All the DNA sequences/nucleotides-based data are organized and stored by National Center for Biotechnology Information, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Health, and DNA Data Bank of Japan. All these biological databases are continuously updated, and they exchange data on a global scale through the internet. Out of this collaborative approach, a large number of genomic sequences are determined related to a large number of organisms such as bacteria, viruses, archaea, plants, and animals. Several techniques have been dedicated to investigate the genomes of living organisms, which include sequencing technologies such as automated and next-generation sequencing techniques. Researchers examine and mine the treasure trove of DNA/protein data to deeply investigate gene functions, identifying new genes, evolutionary relationships, and expression analysis by employing bioformatics tools (Lodish,