A Melody Called Africa: Una Melodia Chiamata Africa

By Messengers Of Peace, Et al

Some of the great literary works such as the Bible and Indian epics, among others, provide society with the guiding principles of life. Works by poets have always entertained their readers and will continue to do so. The Lord of the Rings, The Godfather, A Tale of Two Cities, Harry Potter, and James Bond have been among the best-selling books of all time for many generations. While some literary and poetic works carry life lessons, many others make us think. Some works are known for the sheer entertainment they provide, while others intrigue. Many works of literature establish a strong connection with their audience through the stories they tell or the message they convey. Readers tend to associate themselves with the emotions described in these works and participate emotionally. Literature therefore has a profound impact on the minds of readers and, in turn, on their lives!
A Melody Called Africa reminds the human society that strong and integrated works of literature and art can improve our lives and answer the big weary questions of the mankind.

• Language: English
• Publisher: tredition
• Release date: Apr 5, 2022
• ISBN: 9783347600973

Book preview

Let's start talking about traditional Apartheid!

What is traditional apartheid? Traditional apartheid refers to a period of slavery that existed in European history from the seventeenth century onwards, and African blacks were taken as slaves across the Atlantic to the newly discovered continent named United States. In addition, they were used as slaves, and even after that, even though the law of slavery was abolished under the control of Abraham Lincoln, the apartheid and racist views did not disappear. It is true that slavery is not rampant in post-Abraham Lincoln America, but in the 1970s and 1980s we witnessed black struggles against racism such as Malcolm X and Martin Luther King. Moreover, many rituals, jobs, and citizenship and social rights were not given to blacks. To the extent that whites and blacks place to drink, their seats on city buses, neighborhoods, and schools were also separated; in the sense that there was a systemic racism in America. Such cases are less seen now, but sometimes we see racist attitudes in the behavior of the American police and a number of white American citizens, which is considered as an anti-value in America.

The colonial era of European countries (especially in Africa) is a completely traditional era of apartheid which the struggles of some people like Nelson Mandela and others became the basis for its destruction.

Therefore, what is called modern apartheid is in fact the same racist views that are not seen obviously and its nature has been changed. As in the past, blacks and whites are not separated, but these behaviors have emerged in new forms, known as modern apartheid. Terms like neo-imperialism and neo-colonialism versus classical imperialism and classical colonialism, which we also contrast the modern apartheid period with classical apartheid.

What are the confirmations of this issues?

There is a kind of media view that exists in the Western media towards political developments, developments and military crises in different parts of the world.

In the recent Ukraine war, for example, it is acknowledged in various Western media that these images of war and terrified asylum seekers are all related to the blonde Christian people. It means that ethnical and religious indicators are considered in this regard and it is often acknowledged in various Western media that here is Ukraine, and Europe; not Yemen, Syria or Iraq!

It means that, if these images and wars, these house burnings and the killing of civilians, women and children were all in Yemen, Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan, from the point of view of these media, they were considered as normal issues and something that has just happened.

We have been witnessing these images in these countries for years, but they were not considered as significant issues for Western media.

For many years, Saudi Arabia has deliberately turned Yemen into a starving and bombing country for its people, but there has been no news from the Western media! Now, if a Ukrainian child is frightened, it is considered very important and these are all, a kind of modern apartheid that we witness in Western media coverage. It is true that social laws today no longer have apartheid laws, and this is not officially the case. But in practice, in the background of the Western media, you can see that there is no problem if this is a war in the Middle East and the killing of civilians, but if this happens to Europe, it is very painful and we should sympathize and help them.

Another confirmation in this regard is in the case of asylum seekers, when Ukrainian refugees wanted to go to other countries. They were all welcomed and measures such as setting up camps and opening the borders were taken. For what reason?!

Because those displaced ones were from their own people and religion, and that is why they received a lot of support. But when Syrian and Libyan refugees wanted to go to Europe and their ships sank, they were considered as illegal asylum seekers and the borders were closed to them.

Recently, Arab refugees from the Middle East have not been allowed to cross the Belarusian border into Poland and have not been granted asylum because their race and ethnicity were not the same as Europeans. This is an example of modern apartheid.

It is a kind of discriminatory view, the view that some European countries, such as France, have towards African Arab Muslims, and in France they are many, and they have a top-down view toward them, which it is even possible to use terms such as Bamlio in this regard. For example, there is a marginalized group in France, most of whom are African Arabs who have immigrated or taken refuge in France not as the first class citizens. They are sometimes referred to as melons as a derogatory term, given low-value, low-profile jobs and racist views.

It is true that there are many Chinese people in America, but the American view of the Chinese is completely discriminatory, ethnical and racial, which we even see these issues in their movies.

What image of Arabs and Muslims do they show in their movies?

What image do they show of the Eastern people?

This shows that the background of the Western mind is the same as apartheid, but it is not seen now, legally, publicly and nakedly, as in the past, as when white and black chairs were separated. Now its appearance is considered an anti-value appearance, but it exists in the background of their mind.

Another confirmation of modern apartheid is the right of development.

Such as human development - the right to health - the right to education - the right to access safe drinking water

These are the rights that all people around the world have. All people have the right to development and to a minimum standard of living, health and education.

But you see what the western countries view is in this regard. That is, if there are underdeveloped countries in Africa and they are held back and colonized and exploited, there is no problem, but the citizens of European countries have the right to develop and live a healthy and prosperous life, but this right does not exist for the nations of Africa and the Middle East! It seems that it is divided that prosperity, livelihood, healthy living, education, etc. And those issues are only for Westerners and the so-called blondes who are Christian!

And all that war, crisis, poverty and misery are for Africans, Middle Easterners and blacks, and that means modern apartheid, which is not public but is seen in various forms.

What strata are forced to have low-level jobs in European countries? How do they consider those people in their media and movies?

You see, when the Obama administration's Secretary of State, Clinton, was asked that a lot of children were killed during the Bush-era Iraq war, she responded yes, and that was necessary. (This should be corrected, they say. Maybe it was Ms. Albright who was involved in the Kuwaiti war or not.) She was asked that 500,000 children in Iraq died as a result of your attack due to malnutrition and famine; she replied yes, we are sorry and we know, but it needed to happen!

In the 33-day war, when the then Secretary of State George Walker Bush (Mrs. Condoleezza Rice) was asked that Israel has invaded southern Lebanon and killed women and children, do not you hear the cries of Lebanese women and children? She said: yes, yes, it is very painful, but this is the childbirth pain of the new Middle East! That is to state that, this pain is a pleasant pain, this is a pleasant pain from the Americans' point of view, that is, they consider the pain of women and a children as the pain of childbirth, as if something good is going to happen and they want a new Middle East to be born!

This happened in the Rwandan affair in Africa in 1992, when one million Tutsis were massacred under French supervision; people were massacred and the French said nothing.

History is full of apartheid and racism because of the West, but finally, the racism that I want to describe, and another example of modern apartheid is Israel and Palestine. The Palestinians also want to live their lives, they want their land to be protected and the occupiers to be driven out of this land. When the Russians invaded Ukraine, everyone became pro-Ukrainian, because they say Russia has occupied and invaded, but they do not say that the Zionists and Israelis have occupied the homes and lives of these Palestinians for decades; moreover, they stand behind Israel and do not allow even the Palestinians to defend themselves. If Hamas even wants to defend itself, it is called a terrorist group. If a country like Iran defends Hamas, they consider that as the supporter of terrorism. But they just want to defend their houses, their land is occupied, so they defend it, but they will be considered as terrorist groups. On the other hand, western governments stand behind Israel, which is an obvious example of modern apartheid. That is, Israel continues to build settlements, which is contrary to all international law and international resolutions in the Security Council, but their media does not say anything. And if a bullet is fired at Israel from Palestine, they will declare three days of mourning. That Israeli and European blood has more value than those of Middle East people. Therefore, this is the modern apartheid we are witnessing.

Hoping for the day when apartheid will disappear all over the world!

Hadi Ajili

Associate Professor, Allameh Tabataba’I University

Apartheid literature

Imagine you have uninvited visitors, they come in, and help you to color your walls and clean the house. After all the tasks were finished, although your guests were lesser in number than you and your house was not their real home, they started to legislate some rules which were against you and your family. They told you that you were just allowed to stay in one room, you were not allowed to decide whether to change the carpet or not and your children could not make friends with their children just because they helped you clean your room. Now let’s bring this concept in real world. The house owners are South African people, and the uninvited guests are European people or White people. This is Apartheid.

A brief explanation of most important apartheid acts:

In 1948, the white locals of South African, could legally be racists. This became possible with three hundred and seven laws by the national party of South Africa, consisting of white locals. Among these laws and act, here are five laws which one may find worse than others.

1. Population registration act.

According to this law, people were classified in four groups according to their race. Your ID number depended on your race. Race classifications were: whites, colored, Bantu or Black Africans and other.

2. Group areas act

As a member of non-white groups, you had to live at specific eras in South Africa. More than 90% of South Africa’s population where non-white and they had to live in overcrowded group areas.

3. Immorality act

If you were non-white, you could not marry or have sexual relationship with white people. If they found you doing so, you and your beloved would end up in jail.

4. Reservation of Separate Amenities Act

You could not ride the same vehicle and use the same restroom as your white friends. Even these simple services were separated racially. This act reminded me of Tony Morrison’s Sula, when Helene and Nel mistakenly entered white-only car. Although the setting of Sula in not in South African, but by reading the novel, you will gain a general understanding of the acts.

5. Black Education Act

According to this act, the government no longer supported the education system of Bantus. The Children of African people had access to inferior educational services and trainees’ salary was too low that lots of them changed their carrier.

Apartheid, beginning and ending

Apartheid began in 1948 with the laws and acts that we mentioned five of those acts above, and ended with Nelson Mandela’s struggles in taking back the basic human rights of the real land owners, Africans.

Apartheid Literature:

As always, there where writers, African and European writers who wrote about the effects of apartheid on both sides. There is nothing as Apartheid literature, but we can consider apartheid as a theme in some novels.

We listed 5 Apartheid themed books for further reading.

1.     Disgrace by J.M Coetzee, which is a book with apartheid theme written through white perspective.

2.     When the Rain Clouds Gather by Bessie Head, the story of a political refugee of South Africa named Makhayam.

3.     The Beloved Country by Alan Paton.

4.     The Story of an African Farm by Olive Schreiner.

5.     In Memory of Snow and Dust by Breyten Breytenbach

How literature contribute to the improvement of humans’ lives?

Sometimes we used to do the literature course in high school just for the sake of it. But when we look at life today, we realize that it plays a great role in the development of human beings. Prose, poetry, drama, essays, fiction, literary works based on philosophy, art, history, religion and culture, as well as scientific and legal writings are grouped under Litterature. Fiction from ancient times and literary journalism also fall under literature. Some highly technical writings, such as those on logistics and mathematics, are also considered literature. After this reading, you will understand why we should never neglect the importance of litterature contribution in improvement of humans’ lives.

Literature Impacts Life

Some of the great literary works such as the Bible and Indian epics, among others, provide society with the guiding principles of life. Works by poets have always entertained their readers and will continue to do so. The Lord of the Rings, The Godfather, A Tale of Two Cities, Harry Potter, and James Bond have been among the best-selling books of all time for many generations. While some literary and poetic works carry life lessons, many others make us think. Some works are known for the sheer entertainment they provide, while others intrigue. Many works of literature establish a strong connection with their audience through the stories they tell or the message they convey. Readers tend to associate themselves with the emotions described in these works and participate emotionally. Literature therefore has a profound impact on the minds of readers and, in turn, on their lives. But how literature contribute to the improvement of humans’ lives? Below is the response.

1. Literature helps to understand life and world

It is through reading great literary and poetic works that we understand what life is all about. They help a person to look more closely at the different facets of living. In many ways, literature, in its various forms, can change one's view of life. Biographies of exceptional people, real stories of courage, sacrifice and other good values never fail to inspire readers. Such works give the masses a glimpse into the lives of eminent personalities and also serve as a bible of ideals.

Through literature opens the doors to a deeper level of thinking and understanding of all things seen, heard and felt in our daily life experiences. It gives you the advantage of communicating and participating easily and artistically in society.

2. Literature provides information

Literature serves as an enormous information base. The research works of famous inventors and the literary works of renowned scientists often tell stories of their revolutionary discoveries and inferences. Ongoing developments in science and technology are documented for the world to know. Many ancient scriptures telling stories of human evolution and accounts of human life at that time have been of great help to humanity. Thus, literature has always been a source of authentic information.

3. Literature is one of the best teachers of human

the role of the literature tends it to instruct its aesthetic, artistic intention, at least in the case of a literature of quality. The thought can take the shape of a reflection, even of an argumentation, often implicit: an author has then, it seems, in front of his reader, a didactic intention.

4. Literature is the expression of society

Literature is the expression of the society, as the word is the expression of human. Indeed, literature is surely the expression of the society, because it is indeed a means to fight against the bad things of the society, as the war or the injustice.

Bottum of line

Literature is important for the improvement humans’ livings! For the breadth of knowledge it provides, the moral values it conveys, and the pleasure it gives, literature is important. Exposure to good literary works is essential in every phase of life, for it enriches us in more ways than one. Literature is much more than its literary meaning, which defines it as a knowledge of letters. In fact, it lays the foundation for a fulfilling life.

If we want to live a fulfilled life, it is important to seek the wisdom contained in literary works. It is in this sense that cultural centers should abound in every city in the world, so that every person can have easy access to certain literary works.

Ultimately, we can therefore retain that the life of human beings would be unpleasant without literature. Literature plays an important role in the improvement of humans' livings and the society. It is the best means of moral principles, the best source of information. It is therefore important for humans to include it in their lives in every phase. So, we hope that you will never neglect the various books and novels that pass before your eyes.

What is post colonialism literature? A brief description of post colonialism.

To understand post- colonialism literary movement, you should understand the term colonialism. According to Merriam Webster dictionary, colonialism is, "domination of a people or area by a foreign state or nation: the practice of extending and maintaining a nation's political and economic control over another people or area." Those countries that had been invaded culturally and economically, finally gained their independence. The era after their independence is, post-colonial ear. The literature of post colonialism is very close to us, since many countries gained their independence from colonizer nations in the past 2 centuries. For now, let’s get to know post colonialism representative authors, works, themes and style.

A brief history of what shaped post colonialism.

It was around 1970’s that post colonialism gained a voice among other literary movements. The Second World War is one of the most important reasons of rising post-colonial literature. According to The Norton Anthology of English Literature, Great Britain lost most of its territory in the post-war wave of decolonization that began in India, South Asia. Decolonization wave spread to African and other parts of the world. Then, authors had the chance to talk about conflicts and complexities of living in a formerly colonial country. The culture and identity issues, where two conflicts that changed their future behavior and culture.

Themes

Colonizer often thought they are superior to citizens of colonial countries. Guess what would happen next? Racism. One of the major themes of post-colonial literature is racism. Since no one wants to be lower than anyone, people of colonial countries started to learn and adopt colonizer’s culture and language to get closer to them. The allusion of superiority made colonizers to prohibit many acts not only for colonized people, but also for colonizers, like race-mixed marriages.

Before WW2, nearly half of the earth was under control of Britain. When Britain took control of countries like India, Indian people had to know English so they could communicate with their new Land Lords. Speaking a new language is followed by getting to know a new culture and maybe like it and get used to it. Speaking colonizer’s language, lead to invention of hybrid tongue, like what Chaucer had experienced when he wanted to write a story that normal people would understand. He saw that the language people are speaking, is not French, nor German or Italian, but it is a mixed version of all these languages. This is the idea of Hybrid tongue that happen in most of colonial nations.

Major authors and works

Here I listed five famous post- colonial books for further reading:

1. Disgrace by J. M. Coetzee.

2. English Patient by Michael Ondaatje.

3. Midnight’s Children by Salman Rushdie.

4. Rose by Li-Young Lee

5. A Small Place by Jamaica Kincaid.

Literature of Peace

If you are a fan of literature, you may know that it was literature that shaped the face of history. From the very first written epic of the world to the book that was published yesterday, all and all are a part of what we call history of human. One of the main issues that literature carried through history was binary oppositions. From the very beginning, when we fought monsters of mountains and forests, there where binary oppositions. So, when there was good, there was bad; when there was day, there was night; and when there was war, there was peace.

What is peace?

In most cases when we want to define peace, we say: when there is no war, it is peace. The meaning of peace is so vast and active, that you may not find two people with the same definition of peace in mind. But for now, It is better to know that in general, we have two peace types, negative peace and positive peace. The negative peace is the peace accomplished in the absence of war. The positive peace is when humans, aside from war, are looking for equality. As I mentioned before, peace is a dynamic term, but for now, whatever we said about peace is enough and we can head forward.

However, it is better to define the term in your mind and continue reading this article; this may help you to concentrate more on the literature of peace and its purposes and functions rather than the definition of peace itself.

What is literature of peace?

When literature of war helps us to understand the war condition as we had experienced it before, the literature of peace do the same. War is defined by peace and vice-versa that is why lots of Great War pieces, are also peace pieces. One of those works is Iliad by Homer. You may remember the war scenes of The Iliad clearly, Achilles dancing with his sword while other warriors are desperately trying to stop him, Agamemnon talking to his soldiers and the epic scene of the Trojan horse, but among all these shields and bloods, there were the most attractive and effective peace scenes. Hector taking off his hamlet not to scare his little son and, his reunion with his family, is one of them. See? This is the literature of peace. As you pass by this scene of Iliad, you can understand that these lines are trying to show peace.

Literature of peace criticism:

According to Antony Adolf in What Does Peace Literature Do? An Introduction to the Genre and its Criticism¹ We should concentrate more on the criticism of peace literature. The reason is that, peace writing and peace writers are rare and this is what happens unconsciously in a story, novel, play or poem. After a work is written, critics will decide whether it can be classified as a work in peace literature or not.

Why our world is craving for literature of peace?

It is difficult to claim that we know the meaning of the ultimate human peace. But what we believe in is that through literature, we can reach an acceptable form of our idealistic ultimate peace. Unfortunately, since peace is in contrast with war, it cannot be understood without it. Also, war cannot be understood without peace. That is why we need literature of peace in today’s world. The idea of human modernism led us to believe that the era of physical war is over, but when we see humans are still waking up with the sound of bombs, we will get disappointed. Literature can act as an analyst here. Authors from all around the world will write about the experience of war and its disastrous effects on the next generation. This kind of literature will inform people and act as historical memory of humanity. No matter where you live and what is your mother tongue, people will read your stories and think.

Major problems with literature of peace and its effectiveness:

One of the major problems with the effectiveness of peace literature is that, its written forms may not find its audience. Movies and songs are more used by people than books. The peace literature should be delivered through these mediums_ songs and movies_. Writing hundreds of books and poems will not move a single leaf on a tree as long as it is heard.

Can we write literature of peace?

Previously, we noted that peace writing and peace writers are rare, but still, you can consciously write about peace. Creating a work with purpose of delivering the idea of peace to people is important. If you are among those people who think you can be effective in this era, pick up your pen, engage with the paper and build your own peace lessons.

Sources:

1.     Adolf, Antony. What Does Peace Literature Do? An Introduction to the Genre and Its Criticism. Peace Research, vol. 42, no. 1/2, Canadian Mennonite University, 2010, pp. 9–21, http://www.jstor.org/stable/23607874.

Literature in Apartheid Era

Apartheid, which means set apart or apartness in Afrikaans language, designates one of the darkest political regimes in contemporary history. It is a political system of racial discrimination established from 1948, following the electoral victory of Daniel Malan's Afrikaner National Party. Theoretically, this policy was to allow a separate development of the various communities of the country. In fact, this racist ideology had its impact on literature and culture. Here's an in-depth analysis of the apartheid literature.

Literature in the Apartheid Era

Addressing the question of apartheid literature in South Africa means addressing a production nourished by the original plurality of its authors. We will categorize here the different voices rising in South African literature during the apartheid regime.

Voices of Blacks in Apartheid Literature: A Reflection of Pains, Doubts, and Multiple Trajectories

Black literature has long been characterized by its orality, in a form specific to the whole continent and adapted to the often nomadic form of traditional peoples. In 20th-century South Africa, this thousand-year-old style of oral literature experienced something of a resurgence through new literary forms, inspired by the past and reworked into a format that would anchor itself in the present. The war epic and the song of praise thus experienced a period of revival under the pen of certain authors, such as Mazisi Kunene and Thomas Mofolo.

Nevertheless, modern black literature is more the fruit of the industrial revolution of the end of the 19th century. Marked by the movement of populations from rural to urban areas, and by the violence and misery of the lives of convicts in the mines, black writers became witnesses to the sufferings of their people, and thus invented a new literary form close to journalism and the realistic novel.

The emergence of Black Counsciousness in the 1960s once again changed the trend of black literature: a movement built on the desire to assert oneself as black people in a plural society, it marked above all the end of the illusions of an entire community. This is how black intellectuals, artists and writers have refocused around clearly identified themes, specific to black culture in the South African situation, and addressed to this same population

During the 20th century, black literature was clearly marked by the submissions and humiliations suffered by its people. What emerges is a global tendency to reject aesthetics in favor of a frenzied realism, much more likely, in the midst of the crisis, to convey the image of apartheid tyranny and feelings of abandonment by the community.

Voices of Whites in Apartheid Literature: Afrikaners and English Speakers

South Africa in Apartheid era is built around the uncompromising domination of the white race over all the other races present. Nevertheless, through its history and its successive colonizations, South Africa bears a dual white identity, whose faces, Afrikaner and English speakers, bear neither the same stigma nor the same ambitions.

It is in this way that the literature of these two peoples is neither sister nor neighbour, but is indeed the reflection of the concerns and questionings profoundly different from the latter, dictated by very different socio-cultural positions and heritages distant from each other.

A new movement appeared during the 1930s, moving away from the traditional themes of white Afrikaner literature (love of country, nature, religion). These authors, known as Dertigers, are at the origin of the very first evocations of Good and Evil. Among them, the best known remain Van Wyk Louw, Uys Krige, Elizabeth Eybers. However, the question of the translation of this particular language always remained a problem for a greater diffusion of their works.

After the Second World War, the European influence was widely spread in the Afrikaner literary school. Thus, the Sestigers were largely inspired by the new French novel and surrealism to create a new literary formula, made of an overflowing creativity and renewed themes (sex, violence…). Unlike the black authors, muzzled by their need to cry out their suffering and the contours of an improbable reality, the white authors of Dutch descent embarked on a frantic search for new forms of work and stories. It is these South African Afrikaner authors who remain the best known today throughout the world (Etienne Leroux, André Brink, J.M. Coetzee or Breyten Breytenbach).

Voice of English Speakers: Struggle between Internalization of a Social System and Ideological Struggle

Anglophone South African literature bears all the contradictions of this people and its position within society. After having gradually rid themselves of heavy Victorian influences, English-speaking South African writers found their own marks and succeeded in bringing out a personal, purely South African literature. They were later distinguished by their sincere interest in black literature and their ideological struggle against the regime and the prevailing censorship (Olive Schreiner, Nadine Gordimer, or Alan Paton). Only one really famous author stands out because of his ambiguous support for the segregation policy: S.G. Millin.

If irony was a literary tool widely used to account for an absurd social situation (refer to the writings of William Plomer or Roy Campbell), the English-speaking authors stood out mainly for their great ability to describe in a fine and meticulous way the daily life of the country. The theme of the impossible encounter between the peoples involved is also central to this literature.

Bottom Line

In this article, we analyses the South African literature in the aparthaid period by black, white and English voices. Of course, there are authors of other ethnicities as well, such as the Métis (Indigenous peoples) and the Indians. As a vector of emotions and experiences of a whole people, Literature imposes itself as the space of testimony and claim, and as the place of possible and desired escape from unbearable realities. Thus, between imagination and realism, the South African literature of the aparthaid regime has been able to accompany its people in the direction of a forward march, offering remission, catharsis, and hope of unification for the future.

Can we make invention in the literature and humanities?

Can we invent in the literature and humanities? And what exactly do we invent? If these questions, posed in relation to what happened at the same time in the sciences or in technology, are constantly disavowed in their relevance by the inventors themselves, probably in the name of a magical or sacred conception of the literary, they nonetheless participate in a new aesthetic that is put in place in the 19th century. Here, we will analyse the possibility of making invention in literature and humanities.

Definition of Invention in Literature

An invention is a method, a technique, a new means by which it is possible to solve a given practical problem. An invention is a new creation. If we invent in science and technology, what does the process mean in art, humanities and more particularly in literature?

In all literary genres and human science, invention is the part of the art which consists in finding the background, the details or the ornaments of the subject which one wants to treat. It is a new form and a new conception in an artwork.s

A Brief History of Invention in Literature

To better understand the history of invention in literature, we turn to a French book written by Jean-Pierre Bertrand, entitled Inventer en littérature. Du poème en prose à l’écriture automatique (Inventing in literature. From prose poem to automatic writing).

It was at the turn of the 14th and 15th centuries that the word invention appeared in the literary vocabulary. During the classical period, the principle of imitation and the faculty of imagination competed for the notion, before the criterion of originality, which emerged in the 18th century, provided a foundation for the future literary modernity. It is then that the idea of belles-lettres (linked to the well said and to the notion of standard) is replaced by that of literature in the current sense of the term.

Different Literary Inventions

By going back into detail on the different literary inventions, Jean-Pierre Bertrand renews the reader's and even the commentator's view. He shows, for example, to what extent the process of prosaic trivialization introduced by Baudelaire's prose poems is linked to the rise of the newspaper, founding a poetics that draws much of its modernity from press writing.

Jean-Pierre Bertrand reminds us that free verse was the emblematic formal invention of the symbolist movement, starting with the claim made by Gustave Kahn.

As for the interior monologue, it responds to the desire to renovate the writing of the novel, and constitutes an invention caught between a horizon of expectation favorable to its appearance - among readers as well as authors - and the ingenuity with which Édouard Dujardin, a French writer and one of the early users of the stream of consciousness literary technique, was able to present himself as its designer and illustrator in his experimental novel "Les lauriers sont coupés".

With the calligram, invented by Guillaume Apollinaire (at least in its designation, because this type of texts exists since a long time, as Jean-Pierre Bertrand could have specified it, in the form of figurative verses), the poet proceeds to a detour of the linguistic practices, by betting on the effects of rational incongruity that the words in freedom can produce. The poem-conversations belong to the same step, whose ultimate term, according to Jean-Pierre Bertrand, was the invention of the automatic writing, to which André Breton granted an interest and an almost scientific seriousness.

Literary Invention vs Scientific and Technological Invention

The parallel established between literary invention and scientific and technological invention, posed at the beginning of the book of Bertrand as axis of reflection, grants a decisive place to the forms locatable which would be the product of this invention.

As a result, and as he concedes in conclusion, Bertrand excluded from his subject the innovative and singular works, irreducible to a formal criterion, like those of Rimbaud or Lautréamont. This exclusion, like many others, raises the problem of the relevance of the retained criterion: can the form be considered as an index of the invention in art? It has however become quite usual to speak of form-meaning, notably in literature, and particularly in the wake of Jean Rousset's work. This one wrote, in Form and Meaning, that the work of art is the simultaneous blooming of a structure and a thought, amalgam of a form and an experience whose genesis and birth are solidary.

The notion of invention thus encompasses both particular "forms" and an overall conception of the work that gives it its meaning, as part of an author's vision.

Bottom of Line

As in the natural sciences, technology and the arts and crafts, we begin to invent in literature and to think about invention. One thus invents new frameworks - genres, forms or techniques - which claim to be a certain progress of the literary activity. By taking us through the birth of the prose poem, free verse, interior monologue, calligram, and automatic writing, this article seeks to understand how these inventions influenced literary movements.

Acknowledgement

Let me first express my great attitudes to my dear friend, Ramin Zareh for he never let us down; he sat there for hours and carefully guided us throughout this magnificent journey! This is also can be extended to othe friends of ours at the public diplomacy office, Mr. Deputy, Dr. Delkhosh and all the other kind diplomats.

I would like to thank my colleagues and friends, Mahdi, Mahmoud, Pouria and Mohammad for they stayed awake staring at their monitors! Mahdi, you have been bearing so much pressure and that is very much appreciates! Mahmoud, I know working with that platform can be a pain in throat! You have done a marvellous job!

My professors, Hadi Ajili, Paul John Amrod, Sam Fisher and Willem Petrus Burger, have you noticed that you have been making history? Thanks for all of your editions and efforts! You have been so kind!

Nadine! Grazie a Lei! You and your team have always been there for us, we know and dearly appreciate your kindness and efforts! You are technically making world a better place to live!

I give big hugs to my loveliest friends, Roland, Anna, Johannes and Regina, our peace ambassadors, we do love you! We also don’t forget that it was his excellency, Leo Boccardi, who firstly embraced the idea of Peace Melodies series!

Our freinds at the embassy of the Republic of South Africa in Tehran, you have always been helpful and we are gratful for your spiritual and diplomatic supports; specially his excellency, Khumalo, who like a kind father guided us during most of our African projects.

We give our love and peace to all the poets and authors who have written and composed for such great causes, you are the true examples of peace harbingers and peace makers; the future generations will

Never forget what you have done, always and for ever!

Acta non verba!

Sepideh and Parnia, You have recently joined our big family; your contribution to this historical book is truly embraced and appreciated by all of us!

Ellias Aghili Dehnavi

And the Messengers of peace And Civilisation

Path of Salvation:

Fall of the Apartheid’s empire

Apartheid means racial separateness. A combination of a-part-heid.

It refers to Baasskap or white supremacy between 1948 and early 1990s in south Africa.

But what was it?

Imagine living in a world in which your value is not by your achievements nor your character, but only for your skin color!

During apartheid, people were divided into four classes: white, black, indian, and colored.

Apartheid was a mean to protect white people from their (as they called it) colored threats, and to keep their dominance over them. There were 148 apartheid laws, Black people had different facilities (eg. Each different race had their specific area to live in. Black people lived in ten rural areas which were very crowded and there were not enough jobs for them to live.

So they had to immigrate to find job. Their wages were extremely low and they had the hardest jobs, yet it was illegal for them to complaint. They particularly had to work in mines, rail roads, and services. Colored people had no political role such as voting, so the country was running by the hands of white people, and things were not about to change for black people. Black children could educate only up to age thirteen, in schools with weak educational systems. So people started to resist against these laws, lots of struggles and fights which lead to uncountable deaths and injuries. From these struggles came leaders such as Oliver Tambo, Walter Sisulu and Nelson Mandela. Nelson Mandela was imprisoned in 1962, for 28 years. He was released at the age of 72 and kept on fighting against apartheid. Therefore, the president of south Africa, F.W. de Klerk, went into a negotiation with him. After a long fight, the national congress of South Africa won and Mandela became the president of the country.

Mandela and black people stood and fought bravely for their rights, and they finished apartheid. However, we shall remember the point that apartheid was only of the thousand kinds of racism, and racism is still a worldwide issue. We all wish for a day in which every human being sees each other in the way they are, and accept each other with their differences. Skin color, gender, income and body shapes are not proper ways to judge people.

First Chapter

Rise of a Black Sun

Ellias Aghili

Some people have a mystery in their whole life,

They’re happy or sad like the sound of fife;

It’s not important where you are born or live,

It matters what changes you’ve done and leave;

Perhaps you are born in Asia or Africa,

Or you spend your seconds at the nights of Canada;

As the breath of life reaches its end and the seconds run,

Is the time that you regret about bad actions that you have done;

But our hero was so strong,

His soul was like a holy song;

That man born in a tent,

Like a thunder that came and went;

A tent and a family in Africa, such a faraway place,

He was born with a smile on his face;

Sunrays washed his face

And the running lions showed him the trace;

As he was still soaked in blood,

His soul promised to play the Justice of God;

Son’s father was a strong man,

He was the hunter of African deserts, a man with a nice plan;

While his mother was the source of kindness

In the world of cruel people and the nights of moon blindness,

Little nursling had to learn so much

Like the future situation of the world and its clutch;

For now, he should understand the meaning of milk

Because the world of tomorrow is not as safe as silk;

For now, he should listen to the night

To see beauties and learn to respect the light;

It was soon for him to see the stars,

But he saw the galaxy, even stars had wars;

A good advantage for him was the nature

For a long time he would be away of the future

Who knows a lot about the fate?

Only time will bring it, soon or late.

A baby is born with no view

Let alone to be in a tent, nothing is new.

Nothing connected them to the outside world,

Only a radio brought news or brings word;

When five months passed his birth bless,

He loved to hear the voice of wind’s breath,

Listen to his mother’s song

That described some stories so long,

Or he could stare at his father sweat

Which was the holy water making the ground wet.

The man of family had to try hard

To hunt animals and sell them afterward.

Men are dead without trying,

Efforts make the goals turn into shining;

It’s more like a light, or like Bellatrix in the nights

That spreads the elixir of life in every sight.

There was a town over the desert they live in,

But living in city or villages won’t help the mankind to win.

Our baby was called Salim

With a heart shone like a beam;

This boy born so clandestine,

Salim was pure at heart with no sin;

He could move faster when he turned one year old

Like a butterfly which teaches the worms to mold,

Like a bird that wants to fly

To see the nature, to live or to die,

Or like a golden eagle that sees the depth,

Perhaps like a raven that sees the wealth;

Ravens aren’t cursed at all

If you notice they think and they won’t gall;

It is believed that they are cursed

Some as the stories we only heard.

Did anything stop the truth?

For sure not, truth lives with ruth,

So we can’t judge about the people and the thing,

Maybe that thing becomes a golden ring, and that person becomes a king.

Clouds started to rain after eight months,

Plants received life and dryness ended its doss;

Drops of rain touched the earth,

Pure, lovely, carrying the heavenly health;

Sounds of humans spread like a scream,

Weep for being, to the world as a dream;

Some like Salim felt that pain

In every moment and drops of rain;

Rainbow would buy that pain,

Alas to the people who sold their souls in vain;

The rains and story of spirituality was forgotten soon,

People and mankind drawn in the world, like the set of the moon.

Two months passed and wrens started to sing,

While desert was snow-covered, they opened their wing;

Their wings were small but their songs so loud,

Fast and wise but they were out of pride and fraud

Nature and desert were teaching him nice lesson,

(Again the) living in a village could be as joyful as life in Essen;

Wrens taught Size is not important,

Small creatures can do things the big are impotent.

As the sky larks were singing out of cage,

Eagles were in their nets, brooding in rage.

Smell of burning woods could attract the snow,

If it didn’t love the smell, it wouldn’t fall tenderly low.

The other lesson was Love,

If you loved a creature, then fall like a dove.

He started to walk a little late,

The other lesson was this: Opposites are Mate.

If you walked from the first day of your life,

You wouldn’t taste joys of walking and harmony of strife,

Like if there was no darkness,

You wouldn’t get the right meaning of bless,

And if there was no sign of winter,

It would come and go like a sprinter.

Then, who would see the mother spring?

Who would always breathe the beautiful thing?

Salim felt the sense of sand

When he walked out for the first time on land;

World outside was covered by beams,

Eyes of sky above gave meanings to his dreams;

That desert wasn’t out of life,

Sound of birds were as sharp as knife;

Miles away were some mountain,

Which to the end of world, they will remain;

Behind their tent some meters far,

Some old trees could be seen only in mar;

In March they turned green,

They gave life and told the secrets they had seen;

Like the secrets of soil’s soul

Or the cycle that makes the coal;

Roots of olive trees were at the mercy of soil,

So they should stay forever with it to produce oil,

Or they could give up in the face of wind and die,

It is called the pathetic ending, close the eyes and say goodbye;

Sands covered the stones,

Wind brought them there, it also helped cover the bones.

Salim became four,

He could hang around and not be bore;

When he became five as the velocity of light,

In a cloudy weather he sat on a stone at night,

His father went to him and said: ‘look at that thunder,’

Salim looked up and saw the colors to his wonder;

Salim’s father said: ‘thunder can bring death,

But after that the drops of rain will bring bless;’

While he was looking at his father face,

He could hear the sound of his mother coming to that place;

They both were near him,

Under the rain and thunder’s beam,

The father told him ‘there are things that you don’t know’

Salim looked back and asked: ‘but how?’

His mother said: ‘your father wasn’t a hunter or a forgotten man

Actually he is a good engineer who’s run far for a long span;

Your dad’s run away from injustice,

From lots of other things that humans miss;

I was a nurse,’

Salim was a little confused about that verse;

‘We wanted you to learn from nature,

Then you are allowed to choose your future.’

Abraham, Salim’s father, continued: ‘now it’s the time

To leave desert, see the world and for you to climb,

We have made a plan,

It will make you a successful man,

You will be sent to a school in London,

See the outside world and meet new people till sundown,

One of my old best friends named John,

A true dude who is nice and one,

Will come for you tomorrow morning,

He is with you in the UK while he provides everything;’

Salim completely trusted his parent,

When he was sleeping, he remembered the moments that spent,

Making stories and dreams,

It was morning, the sun’s beams.

Salim kissed his mom such a hard moment,

Loves that we buy or the love that is rent;

He went near the road by his father,

Waiting for his imaginative brother;

After minutes a red station came,

Sun rays set the car in flame;

John arrived and after the hug

In the strong mysterious morning fog,

He said: ‘so you are Salim?

Welcome to the way of future; way of light and dim.’

Second Chapter

Story of a Flight

Written by Ellias Aghili

The driving drops advanced their gears

To camouflage his sneaking tears;

Salim looked at the rainy sky,

There was no time for a simple goodbye;

His father gave him a pen,

Which he took it from a group of men,

A group of strange people

Whose ideas were taller than a steeple;

But he said: ‘it's about your mind

To grow like a human who is so kind.’

Now it's about a minute

That Salim's eyes are really wet,

Now he is alone in John's car

Passing through the road to encounter a war,

A war with words in weird worlds

Simple sad boy and the powerful lords;

His only friends were the Sahra's sands,

The song of crows and the river's hands;

Road's lines were passing fast

Like showing a movie's cast;

Sound of silence was John's feature at the time,

Be silent or you will be killed, even with no crime;

Salim noticed a wooden strange thing

With a golden color or like a King's ring;

He wanted to sense the sun rays,

But he was dazzled as if in a haze;

When they turned to airport highway,

Was the time that John makes their day;

He said: ‘How short a time to make our screeds,

To think sweet thoughts, to do good deeds;

The thing you were looking at is a cross,

I'm a priest and I believe it keeps you from loss;’

SO, John was an English priest

Like a light that came out from a mist;

But he was in a battle with mystery,

About his past and about the forgotten history;

Salim thought: ‘how cold he is,

Is he angry or a-pleased?’

John's face was like a wall,

His hair was as yellow as the fall;

The sun nearly was coming up,

She was rushing to say hi and coming top;

On their way to the airport they reached a town,

City of poverty, dirtiness and telling frown;

John said: ‘children here are forced to work,

There is no sign of freedom for them or a story book;

They work to stay alive,

Their lives are a serious strife;

Their toys are bricks and stones,

No one helps them when they break their bones;

As you see the light is dead,

IL piano de fallito, they don't have a bed;

Once your father and I worked like this,

And we got the true meaning of Justice;

Justice for them signifies:

Work hard or be in for a tragic demise.’

Salim's little heart was pumping pain

To see the tears that were like rain;

Like the rough winds shake the buds of May,

Like the soft rain drops in a cloudy day,

John stopped the car and went out

To give those children some food he had bought.

Seeing that vision would fracture your bones,

But to reach higher goals you don't need bones, but stones;

You can be strong

In a short time or long,

Then you can enjoy your time

With happy children out of crime,

Life is not always smooth,

Black as night or white as tooth.

Still there were some hours to the airport,

Sun's beam touched his face, nothing could make distance short.

Salim promised: ‘I will stop kids’ tears,’

Then he asked John: ‘why children are facing fears?’

John replied: ‘children are out of sin,

Their fear is pain, to lose a game or win;

But without any support

Without any justice, without any court,

Children as tender as a bud

Special gifts from Almighty God,

But you must live with hopes

Protect the children like letters in envelopes,

Feel the hands of God

Respect your noble pure blood.’

Time passed as fast as light,

Salim and John were close to airport sight;

It was his first time facing a huge bird,

Roaring, prolonged noise was heard.

Humanity and humans are heading for big goals,

Men from different corners with different souls

.

John continued: ‘we should wait here for a man from Japan,

He, one of my good friends, a nice man,

From the land of sun and east,

Where sun reborn from the stars’ feast.’

Before entering the transit saloon, Mr. Kim came,

He was a children's rights protector but not the same;

John said: ‘this man's heart beats for mankind,

For the freedom of poor children and creatures who are confined.’

After their warm greeting,

Mr. Kim said: ‘it's my pleasure to have this meeting;’

Mr. Kim was with them to England,

He had some arrangements in that land;

The Japanese man asked about Salim,

John introduced him completely while looking at him;

Kim announced: ‘a kid in your age,

And those believes and ideas confined in a cage,

Your future is bright

Like a beautiful shining light.’

They entered the airport soon,

Passed calmly through the transit saloon;

They got in the plane hand in hand,

Strong and firm, they headed for England.

This was Salim's first fly

To feel free and really high,

But every fly has a landing,

Paradox is a proven standing.

After a short period of darkness,

Salim opened his eyes looking for a bless;

They were still in the sky,

Birds passed the plane nodding hi.

Salim looked at John, he seemed well,

He was reading a book, the holy bible;

Mr. Kim was looking outsight,

Sun was shining on him, beautiful light;

Salim was feeling alone,

But felt in dreams and heard an enthusiastic tone;

In the sky people have their vision of life,

No one cares about tomorrow or further strife;

Landing gears are going out step by step

And they shout to the land: ‘hep.’

Many dreams and unknown faces,

His mind was thirsty to explore new places;

But the world isn't a soft place at all,

There are obstacles as tall as the Great Wall;

There are people who care about your skin,

But to be white or black, it doesn't help you win;

To be a Muslim or Christian,

To be a man or a woman,

It's only about your heart's idea,

No matter where you were born, Iraq or North Korea.

Mr. Kim just went away,

He said goodbye in a windy day;

He gave Salim a small notebook at the parting time,

Urging him to write for mankind, create nice lines,

A notebook and a pen

Was a big start, and then….

Now three years have passed, Salim is at school,

But unfair racism is not really cool;

These words about people's features:

Blacks are slaves, they have no futures,

Or you will be called a terrorist,

Because you are a Muslim with strong fist,

Because you are looking for light,

Those demons bring against you unfair fight.

But Salim stayed Strong,

He was going to be an example for so long;

He believed friendships around the world must exist,

Warm feelings and children around the world shouldn’t hide in mist;

Destroy these lies and game

This is wrong that life has no aim

At the worst time of those days,

John got sick and hospitalized, Salim says,

So for him there was no money

And the African boy had to work hard, it wasn't funny;

He got a work in a restaurant, a nasty spot,

Where he was called a terrorist and a slut;

In lonely moments, from night to the morn,

He, sometimes, wished not to be born.

With the universe orbiting all times,

Salim was working and studying, he believed in holy signs.

It was a cloudy evening,

When the little birds stopped their singing;

A German came in,

Tall and a little thin;

Salim went to clean his table,

When the German saw the young, he said: ‘it's not sensible,

A young boy like you must study now

Tell why you are working here, how?’

Salim told him the whole story,

And then the man said: ‘oh, I'm deeply sorry,

But there are still some ways,

Have faith in the shining days,

My name is Matthias Esque.’

Then he stood up of the desk

And walked Oben,

Talked with manager and then

Matthias said: ‘das is Schon,

Because you are not alone;’

Esque shouted: ‘Sehrerfreut, bis bald,’

And took Salim to the central hospital.

The day after, John was free from the sickness leash,

And there was something that Esistwichtig,

Salim got it late, but it was dringend,

Because John and Matthias were friends and common in trend.

Yeah, Matthias helped them and left so schnell,

Salim was good, John felt well.

And now after many years,

After many tears and terrible fears,

Salim got his PHD from Oxford.

He became an English Professor, a lord;

He came back to Africa with John,

John was old, but still unique and one.

Through the road that he once left,

He came back again, but now he is deft;

His family was waiting for him,

In long distance they seemed dim.

At home he received a call,

A call for him, or a call for all,

The meaning of