Tales from Shakespeare: Illustrated Edition

By Charles Lamb, Karin S. Coddon and Mary Lamb

“We are such stuff as dreams are made on…”
 
While the language of William Shakespeare’s plays can make them challenging for some readers, their plots are filled with fantastical, almost fairytale-like plot devices—misunderstandings involving identical twins, magical forests, ghosts and witches, and foolish kings—that make them irresistible to almost any reader.
 
This gorgeous new edition of Charles and Mary Lamb’s beloved book collects their versions of twenty Shakespeare comedies and tragedies. Far from being mere plot summaries, the Tales closely follow the plays, frequently incorporating Shakespeare’s exact language into the thrilling and dramatic narratives. 
 
Beautifully illustrated with classic artwork by Arthur Rackham, W. Paget, and Robert Anning Bell, Tales from Shakespeare provides a unique way to experience these enduring plays.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Fall River Press
• Release date: Oct 22, 2018
• ISBN: 9781435166752

Book preview

INTRODUCTION

First published in 1807, Charles and Mary Lamb’s classic of children’s literature Tales from Shakespeare was a major success in its own time and has not been out of print since. Adult readers as well as children remain captivated by the Lambs’ prose renditions of fourteen comedies and six tragedies. Far from being mere plot summaries, the Tales closely follow the plays, frequently incorporating Shakespeare’s exact language into the narratives and refusing to impose simplistic moral conclusions on the often-messy philosophical universe of Shakespearean drama.

True to their sources, many of the Tales are characterized by almost fairytale-like plot devices—complications arising from identical twins, magical forests, ghosts and witches, foolish kings—that themselves were in accord with the Romantic ethos famously expressed by the advice Charles Lamb gave to his lifelong friend Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Cultivate simplicity. But Romantic simplicity did not equate to simplification. Rejecting the plodding didacticism that characterized much conventional children’s literature of the era, sibling writers Charles and Mary Lamb present a Shakespeare to inspire the imagination rather than to illustrate the more prosaic objectives of moral instruction. In short, they present a Shakespeare fully recognizable to adult readers well versed in the plays themselves.

The Romantic Movement, which spanned roughly from the last decades of the eighteenth century to the middle of the nineteenth, did not discover Shakespeare, but on a certain level one might suggest that it invented him. The Romantics were arguably the first to elevate the Bard to the status of artistic deity possessed of timeless and transcendent genius. While the eighteenth century’s admiration of Shakespeare was tempered by an ambivalence about his plays’ violations of Neoclassical decorum and their frequent reliance on the fantastical, Romantics saw in Shakespeare’s works the embodiment of their aesthetic ideals of imagination, subjectivity, and the sublime. The Age of Reason mistrusted Shakespeare’s explorations of irrationality and the supernatural, but Romanticism extolled them. As if playing Hamlet to their eighteenth-century predecessors’ Horatio, the Romantics insisted that there are indeed more things in heaven and earth than are dreamt of in philosophy.

Charles and Mary Lamb were not only creatures of the English Romantic Movement, they were also at its vanguard. The lives of its authors have surely contributed to the enduring interest of Tales from Shakespeare almost as much as the literary value of the work itself. Charles Lamb was and remains the more renowned of the siblings; considered one of the greatest essayists in English letters for his imaginative and witty prose styling published under the pseudonym of Elia, he is also celebrated for his literary criticism, and to a lesser extent, his poetry and plays.

Mary, eleven years his senior, is remembered chiefly for her co-authorship of Tales from Shakespeare (she was actually its primary author, with Charles composing the six tragedies), but she too wrote poetry and prose that have enjoyed a renewed scholarly interest with the rise of women’s studies. The Lambs are also remembered for their influence on other, more noted writers; they were at the center of a London literary circle that included Coleridge, William and Dorothy Wordsworth, Thomas de Quincey, and William Godwin, among other luminaries. Indeed, it was Godwin, widower of the great early feminist Mary Wollstonecraft and father of Mary Shelley, whose children’s library commissioned the Tales.

Mary Lamb, born in 1764, and her younger brother Charles, born in 1775, emerged from the servant class. Their father, John, was a scribe and valet for lawyer and Member of Parliament Samuel Salt; their mother, Elizabeth, was the daughter of a gardener and a housekeeper. Mary and Charles also had a brother John, who was a year older than Mary. John Lamb the senior was a man of intelligence and some artistic inclination who impressed upon his children the rather radical notion that gentility was not conferred by class but instead by comportment and such values as honesty, kindness, and tolerance. It was a worldview that proved amenable to the Romantic aesthetic that preferred the representations of humble lives and the natural realm over the courtly, aristocratic themes and milieus of English Neoclassicism.

The Lamb family lived in the servant quarters of Salt’s residence in the Inner Temple, which was part of London’s famed Inns of Court. Through the influence of Salt, Charles Lamb and his brother were able to attend Christ’s Hospital, a school for poor but intellectually promising students. At Christ’s Hospital, where Charles was enrolled from the ages of eight to fifteen, he befriended Coleridge, two years his senior, forming a lasting friendship of mutual creative influence. Meanwhile Mary, because she was a girl, was denied the opportunity for much formal education.

An autodidact, she was from an early age a voracious reader, encouraging in her younger brother a love of books. Growing up in London also afforded the siblings access to the theater, for which they both maintained a lifelong passion. Charles would later famously suggest in his acclaimed work of criticism, On the Tragedies of Shakespeare Considered with Reference to Their Fitness for Stage Representation, that Shakespeare’s plays were better appreciated as literature than as drama:

It may seem a paradox, but I cannot help being of opinion that the plays of Shakespeare are less calculated for performance on a stage than those of almost any other dramatist whatever. Their distinguished excellence is a reason that they should be so. There is so much in them, which comes not under the province of acting, with which eye, andtone, and gesture, have nothing to do.

But both he and Mary were sophisticated and seasoned playgoers, which certainly fostered their sensitivity to the delicate task they faced in the Tales of transposing the dramatic into the narrative.

Both Lambs appear to have been of delicate constitution; Charles suffered from both the aftereffects of a bout of childhood polio that left him with a distinctive gait and a stammer that kept him from acceptance into a university. Even as a child, Mary was subject to psychological distress that would blossom tragically into the madness with which she was intermittently afflicted throughout her life. More than one biographer has suggested that Mary’s madness was at least in part a consequence of the circumscription of her creative and educational opportunities due to her gender and class. Others, however, have attributed Mary’s struggle with mental illness, along with Charles’ adult alcohol dependency, to a family history of insanity, although there is scant evidence to support this hypothesis.

Mary was apprenticed to a dressmaker at the age of fourteen, soon becoming a needle worker of sufficient skill to have her own assistant. Mary’s 1814 essay On Needle-work, which appeared in the British Lady’s Magazine, offered a proto-feminist, even radical perspective on her former profession; as the Lambs’ biographer Sarah Burton puts it, [Mary’s] argument was that needlework was an instrument of oppression. Mary suggests in the essay that not only is middle-class women’s occupation with needlework a means of preventing them from pursuing avenues for intellectual improvement, it also deprives their economically disadvantaged sisters of much-needed paid labor.

Economic circumstances also impinged upon Charles’ intellectual aspirations: upon conclusion of his formal education he went to work as a clerk and accountant, first at the South Sea House in 1789, moving on to the India House in 1792. That same year Samuel Salt, the family’s benefactor, died, leaving John Lamb without a position and forcing the family to move from the Inner Temple to a small dwelling not far from the Inns of Court in early 1793. The household consisted of John and Elizabeth Lamb, both in poor health, Charles and Mary, and an elderly aunt, all barely sustained by the younger Lambs’ modest wages. To Mary the additional responsibility fell of caring for her increasingly senile father, partially paralyzed mother, and always difficult Aunt Sarah. It seems clear that the burden played a part in the calamitous events of September 22, 1796.

It was Charles, however, who was first to suffer a breakdown that required a stay in a private asylum at the end of 1795. Few details are known about the nature of his emotional collapse other than that it coincided with his apparent failed courtship of a young Hertfordshire lady named Ann Simmons, to whom he devoted a number of sonnets. Charles had also been spending much time in the company of his good friend, the equally complicated Coleridge, leading the younger John Lamb to blame Coleridge’s unhealthy influence for his brother’s mental crisis. More likely the two young writers played into and off one another’s emotional instability, but the Romantic exaltation of the irrational might well have convinced John Lamb that the two had been tinkering with an intellectual powder keg that had combusted to Charles’ detriment.

Yet Charles’ episode of madness paled in comparison to the full emergence of Mary’s, which compelled her to stab her invalid mother to death and injure her senile father on the night of September 22, 1796. The official coroner’s inquest indicates that Mary’s initial mad rage had been directed at her young apprentice; the exact circumstances of how she came to attack her father and fatally wound her mother in the heart are not clear. Charles returned from work to discover the terrible scene, which he described to Coleridge in a letter dated five days later, quoted in Susan Tyler Hitchcock’s biography of Mary: My poor dear dearest sister in a fit of insanity has been the death of her own mother. I was at hand only [in] time to snatch the knife out of her grasp. According to the laws of the time, Mary was found insane and thus spared a trial; instead, she was ordered confined to a private madhouse in Islington until she was deemed sufficiently sane to rejoin society. Charles agreed to be her legal guardian, a role he would fulfill without complaint for the rest of his life.

Although Mary regained her sanity within six weeks of the murder, she was to remain confined until her father’s death in 1799, when she joined Charles in his new lodgings on the same street as their former home. The reunited siblings shared a modest but creatively stimulating literary life, their home becoming a salon at which their writer friends gathered regularly. Although the homicide of Elizabeth Lamb had been reported in several local papers, it is uncertain how widely known the tragedy was outside the siblings’ circle of acquaintances, all of whom seemed to regard Mary as a valued friend and critic of their own work, a kind and gentle woman of considerable talent herself.

Among these literary friends, few would prove more instrumental in Charles and Mary’s shared legacy than William Godwin, novelist, intellectual, and radical. With his second wife Mary Jane Clairmont, Godwin had founded a children’s publishing house for which Charles was asked to write a version of the nursery rhyme favorite, The King of Hearts. Charles wickedly parodied the didacticism of typical children’s literature in his subversive conclusion:

Their Majesties so well have fed,

The tarts have got up in their head.

‘Or maybe was the wine!’ hush gipsey!

Great Kings and Queens indeed get tipsey!

Yet it was Mary whom the Godwins initially asked to write the Tales, an indication of the respect she owned among their circle as a literary talent in her own right. But while the comedies are chiefly the work of Mary’s hand and the tragedies of Charles’, their correspondence to others at the time they were composing the Tales bespeaks a true collaboration, with them working at the same table, sharing frustrations, seeking one another’s advice. Despite Mary’s primary authorship, Tales from Shakespeare was initially published under Charles’ name alone, likely because of Charles’ far greater literary reputation.

The book’s preface is informed by the authors’ keen awareness of the gender divide that shaped their respective upbringings and was still shaping those of the children for whom the Tales were written:

For young ladies, too, it has been the intention chiefly to write; because boys being generally permitted the use of their fathers’ libraries at a much earlier age than girls are, they frequently have the best scenes of Shakespeare by heart, before their sisters are permitted to look into this manly book; and, therefore, instead of recommending these tales to the perusal of young gentlemen who can read them so much better in the originals, their kind assistance is rather requested in explaining to their sisters such parts as are hardest for them to understand. . . .

The authors had to assume that for many girls, the Tales would be their sole exposure to Shakespeare’s plays, an irony driven home by the book’s attribution to Charles despite Mary’s leading role in composing the narratives. And while the tragedies may have struck some readers as the more manly works of drama, Mary’s challenge was no less daunting in transposing and streamlining the comedies’ complicated multiple plots and gender confusions that lent themselves to the stage more easily than to the written word. It is clear that Mary, unlike her presumptive girl reader, had a thorough grasp of her tales’ originals.

The Lambs followed the success of Tales from Shakespeare with three other collaborations for young readers: a retelling of Ulysses, Poetry for Children, and a collection of tales for girls, Mrs. Leicester’s School, all of which appeared in 1809. In that same year, Charles’ Specimens of English Dramatic Poets who lived about the time of Shakespeare added to his growing reputation as a gifted literary critic. In 1818, Charles’ writings were first collected in book form; two years later he began the Elia essays for London magazine that would permanently mark him as a master of the genre.

Charles’ description of Mary, whom he calls his cousin Bridget in the Elia essays, is a fitting testimonial to their life together:

We house together, old bachelor and maid, in a sort of double singleness; with such tolerable comfort, upon the whole, that I, for one, find in myself no sort of disposition to go out upon the mountains, with the rash king’s offspring, to bewail my celibacy. We agree pretty well in our tastes and habit—yet so, as with a difference. We are generally in harmony, with occasional bickerings as it should be among near relations. Our sympathies are rather understood, than expressed; and once, upon my dissembling a tone in my voice more kind than ordinary, my cousin burst into tears, and complained that I was altered.

That seemingly idyllic life, however, remained shadowed by Charles’s drinking problem and Mary’s increasingly frequent psychotic episodes requiring temporary confinement in asylums. In 1825, they left their beloved London for the countryside, a move that resulted in relative isolation from their lively literary companions who had provided them with so much inspiration. Charles completed The Last Essays of Elia in 1833; the next year he suffered a bad fall, possibly while intoxicated, and died from the subsequent infection. Mary outlived him by thirteen years, residing with a series of caretakers until her death in 1847 at the age of eighty-three.

There is little doubt that the empathy and humanity that Charles and Mary Lamb bring to the Tales from Shakespeare was hard won, born of tragedy, perseverance, and perhaps above all, of their deep devotion to one another as well as to the literature they loved. The siblings’ circumstances perhaps positioned them as ideal readers of, as well as writers about, Shakespeare’s works. But for its merits and delights, the Lambs’ Tales from Shakespeare, like the plays on which the tales are based, endures to be read, reread, and passed on to new generations.

—Karin S. Coddon is a freelance writer and former university professor. She has published widely on Shakespeare and Renaissance drama, and has edited several anthologies on American history and popular culture. She is also a frequent contributor to Political Affairs magazine.

ARIEL: Full fathom five thy father lies

THE TEMPEST

There was a certain island in the sea, the only inhabitants of which were an old man, whose name was Prospero, and his daughter Miranda, a very beautiful young lady. She came to this island so young, that she had no memory of having seen any other human face than her father’s.

They lived in a cave, or cell, made out of a rock; it was divided into several apartments, one of which Prospero called his study; there he kept his books, which chiefly treated of magic, a study at that time much affected by all learned men: and the knowledge of this art he found very useful to him; for being thrown by a strange chance upon this island, which had been enchanted by a witch called Sycorax, who died there a short time before his arrival, Prospero, by virtue of his art, released many good spirits that Sycorax had imprisoned in the bodies of large trees, because they had refused to execute her wicked commands. These gentle spirits were ever after obedient to the will of Prospero. Of these Ariel was the chief.

The lively little sprite Ariel had nothing mischievous in his nature, except that he took rather too much pleasure in tormenting an ugly monster called Caliban, for he owed him a grudge because he was the son of his old enemy Sycorax. This Caliban, Prospero found in the woods, a strange misshapen thing, far less human in form than an ape: he took him home to his cell, and taught him to speak; and Prospero would have been very kind to him, but the bad nature which Caliban inherited from his mother Sycorax, would not let him learn anything good or useful: therefore he was employed like a slave, to fetch wood, and do the most laborious offices; and Ariel had the charge of compelling him to these services.

When Caliban was lazy and neglected his work, Ariel (who was invisible to all eyes but Prospero’s) would come slily and pinch him, and sometimes tumble him down in the mire; and then Ariel, in the likeness of an ape, would make mouths at him. Then swiftly changing his shape, in the likeness of a hedgehog, he would lie tumbling in Caliban’s way, who feared the hedgehog’s sharp quills would prick his bare feet. With a variety of such-like vexatious tricks Ariel would often torment him, whenever Caliban neglected the work which Prospero commanded him to do.

Having these powerful spirits obedient to his will, Prospero could by their means command the winds, and the waves of the sea. By his orders they raised a violent storm, in the midst of which, and struggling with the wild sea-waves that every moment threatened to swallow it up, he showed his daughter a fine large ship, which he told her was full of living beings like themselves. O my dear father, said she, if by your art you have raised this dreadful storm, have pity on their sad distress. See! the vessel will be dashed to pieces. Poor souls! they will all perish. If I had power, I would sink the sea beneath the earth, rather than the good ship should be destroyed, with all the precious souls within her.

Be not so amazed, daughter Miranda, said Prospero; there is no harm done. I have so ordered it, that no person in the ship shall receive any hurt. What I have done has been in care of you, my dear child. You are ignorant who you are, or where you came from, and you know no more of me, but that I am your father, charles and mary lamb and live in this poor cave. Can you remember a time before you came to this cell? I think you cannot, for you were not then three years of age.

Certainly I can, sir, replied Miranda.

By what? asked Prospero; by any other house or person? Tell me what you can remember, my child.

Miranda said, It seems to me like the recollection of a dream. But had I not once four or five women who attended upon me?

Prospero answered, You had, and more. How is it that this still lives in your mind? Do you remember how you came here?

No, sir, said Miranda, I remember nothing more.

Twelve years ago, Miranda, continued Prospero, I was duke of Milan, and you were a princess, and my only heir. I had a younger brother, whose name was Antonio, to whom I trusted everything; and as I was fond of retirement and deep study, I commonly left the management of my state affairs to your uncle, my false brother (for so indeed he proved). I, neglecting all worldly ends, buried among my books, did dedicate my whole time to the bettering of my mind. My brother Antonio being thus in possession of my power, began to think himself the duke indeed. The opportunity I gave him of making himself popular among my subjects awakened in his bad nature a proud ambition to deprive me of my dukedom: this he soon effected with the aid of the king of Naples, a powerful prince, who was my enemy.

When Caliban was lazy and neglected his work, Ariel would come silly and pinch him

Wherefore, said Miranda, did they not that hour destroy us?

My child, answered her father, they durst not, so dear was the love that my people bore me. Antonio carried us on board a ship, and when we were some leagues out at sea, he forced us into a small boat, without either tackle, sail, or mast: there he left us, as he thought, to perish. But a kind lord of my court, one Gonzalo, who loved me, had privately placed in the boat, water, provisions, apparel, and some books which I prize above my dukedom.

O my father, said Miranda, what a trouble must I have been to you then!

No, my love, said Prospero, you were a little cherub that did preserve me. Your innocent smiles made me to bear up against my misfortunes. Our food lasted till we landed on this desert island, since when my chief delight has been in teaching you, Miranda, and well have you profited by my instructions.

Heaven thank you, my dear father, said Miranda. Now pray tell me, sir, your reason for raising this seastorm?

Know then, said her father, that by means of this storm, my enemies, the king of Naples, and my cruel brother, are cast ashore upon this island.

Having so said, Prospero gently touched his daughter with his magic wand, and she fell fast asleep; for the spirit Ariel just then presented himself before his master, to give an account of the tempest, and how he had disposed of the ship’s company, and though the spirits were always invisible to Miranda, Prospero did not choose she should hear him holding converse (as would seem to her) with the empty air.

Well, my brave spirit, said Prospero to Ariel, how have you performed your task?

Ariel gave a lively description of the storm, and of the terrors of the mariners; and how the king’s son, Ferdinand, was the first who leaped into the sea; and his father thought he saw his dear son swallowed up by the waves and lost. But he is safe, said Ariel, in a corner of the isle, sitting with his arms folded, sadly lamenting the loss of the king, his father, whom he concludes drowned. Not a hair of his head is injured, and his princely garments, though drenched in the sea-waves, look fresher than before.

That’s my delicate Ariel, said Prospero. Bring him hither: my daughter must see this young prince. Where is the king, and my brother?

I left them, answered Ariel, searching for Ferdinand, whom they have little hopes of finding, thinking they saw him perish. Of the ship’s crew not one is missing; though each one thinks himself the only one saved: and the ship, though invisible to them, is safe in the harbour.

Ariel, said Prospero, thy charge is faithfully performed: but there is more work yet.

Is there more work? said Ariel. Let me remind you, master, you have promised me my liberty. I pray, remember, I have done you worthy service, told you no lies, made no mistakes, served you without grudge or grumbling.

How now! said Prospero. You do not recollect what a torment I freed you from. Have you forgot the wicked witch Sycorax, who with age and envy was almost bent double? Where was she born? Speak; tell me.

Sir, in Algiers, said Ariel.

O was she so? said Prospero. I must recount what you have been, which I find you do not remember. This bad witch, Sycorax, for her witchcrafts, too terrible to enter human hearing, was banished from Algiers, and here left by the sailors; and because you were a spirit too delicate to execute her wicked commands, she shut you up in a tree, where I found you howling. This torment, remember, I did free you from.

Ariel and Ferdinand

Pardon me, dear master, said Ariel, ashamed to seem ungrateful; I will obey your commands.

Do so, said Prospero, and I will set you free. He then gave orders what further he would have him do; and away went Ariel, first to where he had left Ferdinand, and found him still sitting on the grass in the same melancholy posture.

O my young gentleman, said Ariel, when he saw him, I will soon move you. You must be brought, I find, for the Lady Miranda to have a sight of your pretty person. Come, sir, follow me. He then began singing:

Full fathom five thy father lies:

Of his bones are coral made;

Those are pearls that were his eyes:

Nothing of him that doth fade,

But doth suffer a sea-change

Into something rich and strange.

Sea-nymphs hourly ring his knell:

Hark! now I hear them—Ding-dong, bell.

This strange news of his lost father soon roused the prince from the stupid fit into which he had fallen. He followed in amazement the sound of Ariel’s voice, till it led him to Prospero and Miranda, who were sitting under the shade of a large tree. Now Miranda had never seen a man before, except her own father.

Miranda, said Prospero, tell me what you are looking at yonder.

O father, said Miranda, in a strange surprise, surely that is a spirit. Lord! how it looks about! Believe me, sir, it is a beautiful creature. Is it not a spirit?

No, girl, answered her father; it eats, and sleeps, and has senses such as we have. This young man you see was in the ship. He is somewhat altered by grief, or you might call him a handsome person. He has lost his companions, and is wandering about to find them.

Miranda, who thought all men had grave faces and grey beards like her father, was delighted with the appearance of this beautiful young prince; and Ferdinand, seeing such a lovely lady in this desert place, and from the strange sounds he had heard, expecting nothing but wonders, thought he was upon an enchanted island, and that Miranda was the goddess of the place, and as such he began to address her.

She timidly answered, she was no goddess, but a simple maid, and was going to give him an account of herself, when Prospero interrupted her. He was well pleased to find they admired each other, for he plainly perceived they had (as we say) fallen in love at first sight: but to try Ferdinand’s constancy, he resolved to throw some difficulties in their way: therefore advancing forward, he addressed the prince with a stern air, telling him, he came to the island as a spy, to take it from him who was the lord of it. Follow me, said he, I will tie you, neck and feet together. You shall drink seawater; shellfish, withered roots, and husks of acorns shall be your food. No, said Ferdinand, I will resist such entertainment, till I see a more powerful enemy, and drew his sword; but Prospero, waving his magic wand, fixed him to the spot where he stood, so that he had no power to move.

Miranda hung upon her father, saying, Why are you so ungentle? Have pity, sir; I will be his surety. This is the second man I ever saw, and to me he seems a true one.

Silence, said the father; one word more will make me chide you, girl! What! an advocate for an imposter! You think there are no more such fine men, having seen only him and Caliban. I tell you, foolish girl, most men as far excel this, as he does Caliban. This he said to prove his daughter’s constancy; and she replied, My affections are most humble. I have no wish to see a goodlier man.

Come on, young man, said Prospero to the prince; you have no power to disobey me.

I have not indeed, answered Ferdinand; and not knowing that it was by magic he was deprived of all power of resistance, he was astonished to find himself so strangely compelled to follow Prospero: looking back on Miranda as long as he could see her, he said, as he went after Prospero into the cave, tales from My spirits are all bound up, as if I were in a dream; but this man’s threats, and the weakness which I feel, would seem light to me if from my prison I might once a day behold this fair maid.

Prospero kept Ferdinand not long confined within the cell: he soon brought out his prisoner, and set him a severe task to perform, taking care to let his daughter know the hard labour he had imposed on him, and then pretending to go into his study, he secretly watched them both.

Prospero had commanded Ferdinand to pile up some heavy logs of wood. Kings’ sons not being much used to laborious work, Miranda soon after found her lover almost dying with fatigue. Alas! said she, do not work so hard; my father is at his studies, he is safe for these three hours; pray rest yourself.

O my dear lady, said Ferdinand, I dare not. I must finish my task before I take my rest.

If you will sit down, said Miranda, I will carry your logs the while. But this Ferdinand would by no means agree to. Instead of a help Miranda became a hindrance, for they began a long conversation, so that the business of log-carrying went on very slowly.

Prospero, who had enjoined Ferdinand this task merely as a trial of his love, was not at his books, as his daughter supposed, but was standing by them invisible, to overhear what they said.

Ferdinand inquired her name, which she told, saying it was against her father’s express command she did so.

Prospero only smiled at this first instance of his daughter’s disobedience, for having by his magic art caused his daughter to fall in love so suddenly, he was not angry that she showed her love by forgetting