The Criminal Act: The Role and Influence of Routine Activity Theory

This volume provides a unique collection of essays in honour of the work of Marcus Felson and his notable contribution to routine activity theory, environmental criminology and the discipline more broadly.

Chapter 5 of this book is open access under a CC BY license.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan
• Release date: Jan 29, 2015
• ISBN: 9781137391322

Book preview

The Criminal Act

Previous books by the editors:

Andresen, M.A. (2014). Environmental Criminology: Evolution, Theory, and Practice.

Andresen, M.A. (2013). The Science of Crime Measurement: Issues for Spatially-Referenced Crime Data.

Andresen, M.A. and J.B. Kinney (Eds.) (2012). Patterns, Prevention, and Geometry of Crime.

Van Dijk, J.J.M., A. Tseloni, and G. Farrell (Eds.) (2012). The International Crime Drop: New Directions in Research. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. (ISBN: 978–0230302655).

Grove, L.E., G. Farrell, D.P. Farrington, and S.D. Johnson (2012). Preventing Repeat Victimization: A Systematic Review. (ISBN: 978–9186027919).

Tilley, N. and G. Farrell (Eds.) (2012). The Reasoning Criminologist: Essays in Honour of Ronald V. Clarke. (ISBN: 978–0415688529).

Andresen, M.A., P.J. Brantingham, and J.B. Kinney (Eds.) (2010). Classics in Environmental Criminology.

Farrell, G., K. Bowers, S.D. Johnson, and M. Townsley (Eds.) (2007). Imagination for Crime Prevention: Essays in Honour of Ken Pease. Volume 21 of Crime Prevention Studies. (ISBN: 1–881798–71–2).

Bullock, K., G. Farrell, and N. Tilley (2002). Funding and Implementing Crime Reduction Initiatives. (ISBN: 1–84082–899–4).

Farrell, G. and K. Pease (Eds.) (2001). Repeat Victimization. (ISBN: 1–881798–26–7).

Farrell, G., L. Hobbs, A. Edmunds, and G. Laycock (2000). RV Snapshot: UK Policing and Repeat Victimization. Crime Reduction Research Series. Policing and Reducing Crime Unit Paper 5. (ISBN: 1–84082–458–1).

Farrell, G., S. Chenery, and K. Pease (1999). Consolidating Police Crackdowns: Findings from an Anti-Burglary Project. Police Research Series Paper 113. (ISBN: 1–84082–297–X).

Burnett, R. and G. Farrell (1994). Reported and Unreported Racial Incidents in Prisons. University of Oxford Centre for Criminological Research, Occasional Paper 14. (ISBN: 0–94–7811–06–0).

Lloyd, S., G. Farrell, and K. Pease (1994). Preventing Repeated Domestic Violence: A Demonstration Project on Merseyside. Police Research Group, Crime Prevention Unit Paper 49. (ISBN: 1–85893–139–8).

Farrell, G. and K. Pease (1993). Once Bitten, Twice Bitten: Repeat Victimization and its Implications for Crime Prevention. Police Research Group, Crime Prevention Unit Paper 46. (ISBN: 1–85893–090–1).

The Criminal Act

The Role and Influence of Routine Activity Theory

Edited by

Martin A. Andresen

Associate Professor, Simon Fraser University, Canada

Graham Farrell

Professor, Simon Fraser University, Canada

Editorial matter and selection © Martin A. Andresen and Graham Farrell 2015

Individual chapters © Respective authors 2015

Chapter 5:

Except where otherwise noted, this chapter is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

All other chapters:

All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission.

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The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

First published 2015 by

PALGRAVE MACMILLAN

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Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries.

ISBN 978–1–137–39131–5

DOI 10.1057/9781137391322

This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin.

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

The criminal act : the role and influence of routine activity theory / [edited by] Martin A. Andresen, Graham Farrell.

pages cm

"This book is a festschrift honouring the work of Marcus

Felson" — Introduction.

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN 978–1–137–39131–5

1. Criminology. 2. Crime. I. Felson, Marcus, 1947–

II. Andresen, Martin A. III. Farrell, Graham.

HV6018.C725 2015

364.01—dc23                                                  2014038796

This collection of essays is in honour of Marcus Felson

Contents

List of Figures and Tables

Preface

Notes on Contributors

1  Introduction

Martin A. Andresen and Graham Farrell

2  Meaningfully and Artfully Reinterpreting Crime for Useful Science: An Essay on the Value of Building with Simple Theory

John E. Eck and Tamara D. Madensen

3  Routine Activity Theory in Crime Investigation

D. Kim Rossmo and Lucia Summers

4  The Routine Nature of Transnational Crime

Gisela Bichler and Aili Malm

5  Target Suitability and the Crime Drop

Nick Tilley, Graham Farrell, and Ronald V. Clarke

OPEN  This chapter is available open access under a CC BY license via palgraveconnect.com

6  Distributive Justice and the Crime Drop

Dainis Ignatans and Ken Pease

7  Opportunities for Dispute-Related Violence

Richard B. Felson

8  Routine Activity Theory: A Cornerstone of Police Crime Analyst Work

Rachel Boba Santos

9  Poetry in Motion: The Case of Insider and Outsider Offenders

Kate Bowers and Shane D. Johnson

10  Understanding Crime with Computational Topology

Patricia L. Brantingham and Paul J. Brantingham

11  Factors Associated with Homeless Encampment Locations in Anchorage, Alaska

Sharon Chamard

12  Nature and Cycle of Cycle Thefts

Johannes Knutsson

13  Time Use Matters for Risk Assessments: Time-Based Victimization Rates for Specific Types of Place

AM Lemieux

14  Whistle-blowers as Capable Guardians: The Decision to Report Wrongdoing as a (Boundedly) Rational Choice

Richard Wortley

15  Burglary in a Segregated City: Race of Offenders and Community of Offending

George Rengert, Brian Lockwood, and Elizabeth R. Groff

16  Letters to Marcus Felson

Index

Figures and Tables

Figures

2.1  The development of Routine Activity Theory

2.2  RAT+ – Explaining capabilities

3.1  Routine activities and the dynamic context of crime

3.2  Victim trail analysis

3.3  Offender, victim, and environment analytic framework

4.1  Digital trail of financial data left by a shopper

4.2  Proximity landscape underlying targets and guardians

4.3  Place manager multiplier effect

4.4  Nested crime triangles

4.5  Crime in context of global market systems and intersecting super controllers

4.6  The pendulum of legal and illicit market activities

4.7  Correlation between length of co-offending relationships and group complexity

5.1  Violent crime and motor vehicle theft in the United States, 1960–2012 (UCR)

5.2  Household burglary rate, England and Wales, 1981–2011

5.3  Prevalence of household security devices in England and Wales, 1992–2007/2008

5.4  Proportion of burglary victims and non-victims with security devices in England and Wales in 2008

5.5  Means of entry as indicator of the role of security: Burglary with entry in England and Wales, 1992–2011

5.6  Year-on-year change in burglaries by entry method, England and Wales, 1994–2011

5.7  Changes in levels of full double glazing and burglary with entry, 1996–2008

6.1  Mean victimizations per household by decile, CSEW sweeps, 1982–2012

6.2  Proportion of total victimizations by decile, CSEW sweeps, 1982–2012

6.3  Mean victimizations per household by decile using victim forms, CSEW sweeps, 1982–2012

6.4  Proportion of total victimizations by decile using victim forms, CSEW sweeps, 1982–2012

11.1  Homeless encampments, Anchorage, Alaska, 2008–2010 (n = 495)

11.2  Mean distances from homeless encampments and residential parcels to factors (in feet), Anchorage, Alaska, 2008–2010

13.1  The relative risk of violent, non-violent, and personal victimization in different types of place, the United States, 2003–2010

15.1  Block groups and racial communities in Philadelphia

15.2  The buffers/edges surrounding racial communities in Philadelphia

Tables

2.1  Varieties of corruption: Conflating the offending role and other roles

5.1  Characteristics of quality security

6.1  Variables associated with year and decile differences in victimization

9.1  Distance to residential burglary for the four intervals of the day

9.2  Percentage of trips made by insiders and outsiders, by time of the day

9.3  Percentage of trips made by insiders and outsiders, by time of the day in residential areas

9.4  Logistic regression analysis for insider crime trips (evening is used as a reference category)

9.5  Logistic regression analysis for insider crime trips (evening is used as a reference category), including co-variates

11.1  Percentage of acreage in Anchorage Bowl and percentage of homeless encampments by land use classification, Anchorage, Alaska, 2008–2010

11.2  Distances from homeless encampments and residential parcels to factors (in feet), Anchorage, Alaska, 2008–2010

11.3  Distances from homeless encampments and multifamily residential parcels to factors (in feet), Anchorage, Alaska, 2008–2010

12.1  Percentage and number of purposeful journeys, distance travelled, by mode of transport

12.2  Number and percent of bicycle journeys by age group, an average day, Sweden

12.3  Mean temperature (Celsius) Sweden (1991–2005) and Denmark (2001–2010) and crime concentration quotient (CCQ) for recorded bicycle thefts, per quarter of the year, 2008–2012

12.4  Definitions of variables

12.5  Properties of the variables, 14 Swedish counties

13.1  Sample calculation of place-specific time-based rates of victimization: The risk of non-violent crime at home, United States, 2010

13.2  Time-based rates of violent victimization for different types of place, the United States, 2003–2010

13.3  Time-based rates of non-violent victimization for different types of place, the United States, 2003–2010

13.4  Time-based rates of personal victimization for different types of place, the United States, 2003–2010

14.1  Reporting rates by demographic, organizational, and situational factors

14.2  Types of misconduct observed, total number of incidents observed, and reporting rates

14.3  Reasons for reporting (how important)

14.4  Reasons for not reporting (agree/disagree)

14.5  Steps that would increase likelihood of reporting

15.1  Community characteristics and burglaries

15.2  Actual versus expected burglaries by race of the community and arrested perpetrator

15.3  Density of arrests by race of arrested burglar and community type

15.4  Race of burglar for burglaries committed at the edge of the community

Preface

Marcus Felson has almost single-handedly pioneered a criminology of everyday life. His work, most notably the routine activities perspective, shows how seemingly mundane activities and legal transactions can have a tremendous effect on crime. As many of the contributing chapters to this volume make clear, he has fundamentally changed our understanding of crime and how to avoid it.

A perusal of the letters at the end of this volume will, even for those who do not know him, clarify that Marcus is passionate about ideas. He relishes debate over the validity and applicability of those ideas and, in the process, is most generous with his insights. Indeed, Marcus’ enthusiasm always presses to the fore. During the preparation of this volume, we informed Marcus of its existence. At once his curiosity became apparent as he asked: who is involved? What are they writing about? Can I ask them to make changes? Can we change the book’s title?

Contributors

Editors

Martin A. Andresen is an associate professor in the School of Criminology and Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies (ICURS), Simon Fraser University, Canada. He is also an affiliated scholar in the Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy at George Mason University, a Member of the Crime and Place Working Group in the Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy at George Mason University, and an editorial board member for Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society and the Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice. His research areas are in spatial crime analysis, crime and place, geography of crime, environmental criminology, applied spatial statistics, and geographical information analysis. Within these research areas, he has published 3 edited volumes, 2 books, and more than 75 refereed journal articles and contributions to edited volumes. He has been awarded the Canadian Geographer New Scholar Award, the Dean’s Medal for Academic Excellence (Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Simon Fraser University), and the Julian M. Szeicz Award for Early Career Achievement (Canadian Association of Geographers).

Graham Farrell is a professor at the School of Criminology and Senior Research Fellow at ICURS, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia. He is an associate of the Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science at University College London (UCL). Among previous posts, he was deputy research director at the Police Foundation in Washington DC, professor at Loughborough University, associate professor at the University of Cincinnati, visiting assistant professor at Rutgers University (where he worked with Felson), and research associate at the University of Oxford. He completed his PhD in 1993/1994 at the University of Manchester on the subject of repeated criminal victimization and then worked at what is now the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in Vienna, where among other things he wrote papers presented to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs. In 2007/2008, he conducted research in Afghanistan to evaluate progress in UNODC projects to improve the criminal justice system. He has published 14 previous books and monographs and over 100 other journal papers and book chapters and has directed research projects funded by, inter alia, the Economic and Social Research Council, the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, the European Community, the US Department of Justice, and, most recently, the Canadian Department of Public Safety and Emergency Management. He has worked with the UK Home Office several times and with police forces in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, as well as with Interpol and the World Customs Organization. This research covers many areas of security and crime science, policing, and situational crime prevention. In recent years, his research into the crime drop has been published in outlets including the Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Crime Science, and Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research.

Contributors

Gisela Bichler is a professor in the Department of Criminal Justice at California State University, San Bernardino. As director of the Center for Criminal Justice Research, she works with criminal justice agencies and city governments to evaluate programmes aiming to resolve local crime and public safety issues. Her current research examines the structure of illicit networks associated with criminal enterprise groups, transnational crime, illicit markets, terrorism, offender mobility, and corporate interlock. Recent publications have appeared in Crime and Delinquency, Global Crime, Journal of Criminal Justice, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, and Trends in Organized Crime.

Kate Bowers is Professor of Crime Science at the UCL Department of Security and Crime Science. Kate has worked in the field of crime science for almost 20 years, with research interests focusing on the use of quantitative methods in crime analysis and crime prevention. She has published 70 papers and book chapters in criminology and in journals such as Criminology, Journal of Quantitative Criminology, and Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. Her work has been funded by grants from the Home Office, the US Department of Justice, the Police, the Department for Education and Skills, and UK research councils such as the ESRC and AHRC. She is co-investigator on a recently awarded EPSRC grant for £1.4m on Crime Policing and Citizenship.

Patricia L. Brantingham is RCMP University Professor of Computational Criminology, Director of ICURS, and Associate Member of the School of Computing Science at Simon Fraser University. She is a member of Simon Fraser University’s Interdisciplinary Research in Mathematics and Computing Science Centre and a director of its Modelling of Complex Social Systems programme. She has worked as a systems analyst for major corporations such as Johnson & Johnson and Norton Simon, Inc. and served as director of Programme Evaluation for the Department of Justice Canada. She holds degrees in Theoretical Mathematics from Columbia University and Fordham University and degrees in Urban and Regional Planning from Florida State University. She is the author or editor of two dozen books and scientific monographs and more than 100 articles and scientific papers. She is one of the founders of environmental criminology and is currently the leader of an international collaboration in computational criminology linking 14 university research laboratories around the world. She is known widely for development of crime pattern theory. She has twice been keynote speaker at NIJ Maps Conferences. She is a recipient of the R.V.G. Clarke Award from the Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis Symposium and of the President’s Award from the Western Society of Criminology. Her current research includes the analysis of the role of activity attractors in the journey to crime and the use of computational topology in understanding the structure of crime patterns.

Paul J. Brantingham is RCMP University Professor of Crime Analysis at Simon Fraser University and Associate Director of ICURS. He received degrees in Government and Law from Columbia University and in Criminology from Cambridge University. He is a member of the California Bar. He has background and interest in linking the policy research needs within government with the criminological and legal skills within universities. He served as director of Programme Evaluation and Special Reviews at the Public Service Commission of Canada and has served as a Faculty Dean and as a Department head at Simon Fraser University. He currently is an academic advisor for Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, is on the editorial board of numerous criminology journals and is author of over 100 scientific papers, policy documents, articles, monographs, and books. His most recent book is Classics in Environmental Criminology (co-edited with Martin A. Andresen and J. Bryan Kinney). He is a past president of the Western Society of Criminology and a past programme chair for the American Society of Criminology. He is co-developer of crime pattern theory, originator of crime gravity indexing as an alternative measure of crime problems faced by police in different communities, and a primary developer of several crime analysis tools prototyped at ICURS, including the Crime Analysis System-Pacific Region (CAS-PR) for tracking crime trends in detail and a criminal case analysis system, Cour-BC. His current research focuses on development of measures of the complexity of police work and understanding the economics of policing.

Sharon Chamard is an associate professor and director of the Survey Research Center with the Justice Center at the University of Alaska Anchorage. She is interested in the spatial distribution of crime, and along these lines she has conducted research on geographic patterns of sexual assault and youth violence. Currently, she is focusing on the displacement movements of chronic public inebriates in response to police interventions and environmental changes. Additional ongoing projects concern developing strategies to curtail violence associated with bar closing times and evaluating the effectiveness of a communitywide intervention to reduce violence in a small Alaskan town. She has written two problem-oriented guides for police for the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, one on partnering with businesses to address public safety problems and the other on homeless encampments. Her research has been published in the Canadian Journal of Criminology, Security Journal, and Alaska Justice Forum. She also frequently works with community groups in Anchorage to develop, implement, and evaluate solutions to crime and disorder problems.

Ronald V. Clarke is a professor at the Rutgers School of Criminal Justice. During a long career, he has been fortunate to have collaborated with many outstanding scholars. One of them is Marcus Felson, whom Clarke considers to be the pre-eminent American criminologist.

John E. Eck is Professor of Criminal Justice at the University of Cincinnati. He received his doctorate in Criminology from the University of Maryland, in 1994, based on his work applying Routine Activity Theory to retail drug dealing. Prior to going into academia, Eck worked for the Police Executive Research Forum where he made his mark helping to demonstrate the utility of problem-oriented policing. This is when he discovered the singular utility of Routine Activity Theory for aiding problem solving. Currently, Eck studies crime places from a routine activity perspective.

Richard B. Felson is Professor of Crime, Law, and Justice and Sociology at The Pennsylvania State University. Most of his research is concerned with the social psychology of violence. In their book Violence, Aggression, and Coercive Actions, he and James Tedeschi developed a theory of aggression that emphasizes rational choice and social interaction. In his book Violence and Gender Re-examined, he challenged the idea that violence involving women and intimate partners is much different from other violence. More recently, he has examined the role of armed adversaries in explaining race, regional, and national differences in violence. He has also proposed a method that attempts to isolate the causal effects of alcohol intoxication and other situational factors. Finally, he has examined age and gender patterns in sexual assault in order to discern motive.

Elizabeth R. Groff is an associate professor in the Department of Criminal Justice at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA. She is an applied researcher who was the GIS Coordinator at the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department and a former Director of the National Institute of Justice’s Crime Mapping Research Center. Her research interests include place-based criminology; modelling geographical influences on human activity; role of technology in police organizations; and the development of innovative methodologies using geographic information systems (GIS), agent-based simulation models, and randomized experiments. She was elected a fellow of the Academy of Experimental Criminology in 2010.

Dainis Ignatans is a PhD candidate in Criminology at the University of Kent, UK. His research interests revolve around the explanations behind global crimecrime patterns, especially the international crime decrease of the last two decades. He has given numerous presentations on his quantitative analyses of immigration, security measure use, and patterns of repeat victimization and their relationships with the crime rates. Repeat victimization is a particular focus in Dainis’ work, exploring how changing rates have contributed to crime.

Shane D. Johnson is a professor at the Department of Security and Crime Science, UCL. He has particular interests in exploring how methods from other disciplines (for example, complexity science) can inform understanding of crime and security issues and the extent to which theories developed to explain everyday crimes can explain more extreme events such as riots, maritime piracy, and insurgency. His research has been funded by a variety of sponsors including the AHRC, ESRC, Home Office, UK police forces, and British Academy. He is currently a co-investigator on the £2.8M EPSRC-funded project ENFOLD concerned with global dynamics. He has published over 80 papers within the fields of criminology and forensic psychology in journals including Criminology, Journal of Quantitative Criminology, and Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. He is associate editor of Legal and Criminological Psychology and is an editorial board member of the Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency.

Johannes Knutsson is Professor of Police Research at the Norwegian Police University College and has previously held positions at the Swedish National Police Academy and the Swedish National Police Board. He has conducted studies with and for the police for more than 30 years. Among other publications, he has co-edited several books on different aspects of policing: Putting Theory to Work: Implementing Situational Prevention and Problem-Oriented Policing (with Ronald Clarke); Evaluating Crime Prevention Initiatives (with Nick Tilley); Police Use of Force: A Global Perspective (with Joseph Kuhns); Preventing Crowd Violence (with Tamara Madensen), and Applied Police Research: Challenges and Opportunities (with Ella Cockbain).

AM Lemieux is a researcher at the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement. His main areas of interest are the spatial and temporal distribution of crime, the use of technology to improve law enforcement operations, and anti-poaching operations in Africa. He currently directs the WILD LEO Project in Queen Elizabeth and Murchison Falls National Parks in Uganda. The goals of the project are to give commanders better information for deployment decision making, increase poacher apprehension, and increase poacher conviction rates.

Brian Lockwood is an assistant professor in the Department of Criminal Justice at Monmouth University in West Long Branch, New Jersey. He earned both his MA and PhD in Criminal Justice from Temple University. His research interests include the correlates of juvenile delinquency, community-level factors of crime, and the use of GIS to investigate criminal behaviour. Some of his recent publications have appeared in the Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Security Journal, and The Professional Geographer.

Tamara D. Madensen is an American crime scientist. She completed her criminal justice doctorate with an emphasis in crime prevention at the University of Cincinnati. She is currently Associate Professor of Criminal Justice and Graduate Director at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV). Her research interests include crime opportunity structures, place management, and crowd violence. Her publications propose, extend, or test crime science theoretical models. They also help to translate research findings into practice and policy. She currently serves as director of UNLV’s Crowd Management Research Council and conducts crime prevention research and training for public agencies and private industries.

Aili Malm is an associate professor in the Department of Criminal Justice at California State University, Long Beach. She is also the director of the Illicit Connections Opaque Networks (ICON) Lab. Her research interests centre on the intersection between policing and social policy, with an emphasis on applying social network analysis to the study of criminal enterprise, transnational crime, drug trafficking, and co-offending. Recent publications have appeared in Crime and Delinquency, Global Crime, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Policy Science, Social Networks, and Trends in Organized Crime.

Ken Pease is a forensic psychologist, now semi-retired, and a visiting professor at UCL and the University of Loughborough. His career included periods as Professor of Criminology at Manchester University, heading the Police Research Group in the Home Office, and working as a forensic psychologist in a maximum security facility in Canada. He was awarded the OBE for services to crime prevention and, more recently, the Ronald V. Clarke Award for Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis. He sat on the Parole Board for England and Wales and is especially proud of his role in the establishment of the Jill Dando Institute at UCL. His published work has been diverse, with a common theme being prevention of the chronic victimization of the same places and people. A long-time member of (and candidate in elections for) the Green Party, his brilliant slogan Pease: Green but not mushy has consistently failed to impress voters. His recent work on the carbon cost of crime marries his research experience and political passions.

George Rengert is Professor Emeritus of Criminal Justice at Temple University in Philadelphia, PA. He received his PhD from the University of North Carolina. His area of specialty is the spatial and temporal behaviour of property criminals. His books include Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything, Metropolitan Crime Patterns, Crime, Suburban Burglary: A Tale of Two Suburbs, Campus Security: Situational Crime Prevention in High-Density Environments , and The Geography of Illegal Drugs. Currently, he is working on the application of GIS to urban crime control.

D. Kim Rossmo is the university endowed chair in Criminology and the director of the Center for Geospatial Intelligence and Investigation in the School of Criminal Justice at Texas State University. A former detective inspector with the Vancouver Police Department in Canada, he has researched and published in the areas of environmental criminology, the geography of crime, and criminal investigations. He is a member of the International Association of Chiefs of Police Advisory Committee for Police Investigative Operations and is a full fellow of the International Criminal Investigative Analysis Fellowship. He has written books on criminal investigative failures and geographic profiling.

Rachel Boba Santos is an associate professor and graduate coordinator in the School of Criminology and Criminal Justice at Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton, FL. Her current research focuses on police organizational change and the institutionalization of problem solving, crime analysis, and accountability into a police agency’s day-to-day operations in order to improve crime reduction effectiveness. Her books include Crime Analysis with Crime Mapping (3rd edition, 2012) and, as second author with Professor Marcus Felson, Crime and Everyday Life (4th edition, 2010). Santos earned her master’s degree and PhD in Sociology from Arizona State University.

Lucia Summers is an assistant professor in the School of Criminal Justice at Texas State University and the assistant director of the Center for Geospatial Intelligence and Investigation. Her research interests include the spatio-temporal patterns of crime, offender spatial decision-making, and situational crime prevention. She was a research fellow with the UCL Jill Dando Institute for nine years. She received her PhD in Criminology from the University of London in 2012.

Nick Tilley is a member of the Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science at UCL. He has published widely on policing, crime prevention, and programme evaluation methodology. Current projects concern methods of reviewing reviews of what works in crime prevention, the international crime drop, and the prevention of youth sexual violence and abuse in Australian indigenous communities. He was awarded an OBE for services to policing and crime reduction in the Queen’s Birthday Honours in 2005 and elected to the Academy of the Social Sciences in 2009.

Richard Wortley is director of the Jill Dando Institute and the head of the Department of Security and Crime Science at UCL. His research interests centre on the role that immediate environments play in criminal behaviour and especially the role of crime precipitators in creating or intensifying offender motivation. He has been involved in numerous funded projects in areas including official misconduct in prison, whistle-blowing in the public sector, child sexual abuse, the investigation of Internet child exploitation, and intimate partner homicide. He has published widely in the areas of situational crime prevention and his authored/co-authored books include Situational Prison Control, Preventing Child Sexual Abuse (with Smallbone & Marshall), Psychological Criminology, and Internet Child Pornography (with Smallbone).

1

Introduction

Martin A. Andresen and Graham Farrell

This book is a Festschrift honouring the work of Marcus Felson. The 14 studies it contains were specially commissioned. That we were able to attract such a fine set of scholars as contributors is a compelling tribute to Marcus Felson’s work and influence, and we apologize to the many scholars who we know would have been willing to contribute had there been further capacity on our part. The prompt and expert manner in which the authors completed their work made our task as editors an easy one. The book pays tribute via its substantive original contribution to knowledge. This means that the audience for this book should extend far beyond those wishing to learn a little about the man himself.

The chapter authors