Inflativity The Origin of Time: General Unifying Theory of Universe Dynamics

By Kevin Jonathan Warne

Inflativity is a groundbreaking new theory of universal 4D inflation that solves many of the fundamental problems currently existing in modern Physics. The reasoning follows from simple fundamental principles and develops one's thorough understanding and the revelatory implications.
Requiring only a basic understanding of Physics, one is taken on

• Language: English
• Publisher: Acoustic Insight
• Release date: Jun 15, 2015
• ISBN: 9780993295119

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The 4th Dimension

Fundamental Concepts

Introduction

The aim of this section is to familiarise the reader with some important concepts that are integral to this theory of Inflativity. They are validated and considerably further advanced as we develop our reasoning and analysis to build the complete picture. The Glossary at the end can be consulted for a fully detailed contextual definition as derived throughout.

First we have to introduce the important concept of time that is not conceived directly as a 4th dimension but which is the product of a distance along such a dimension. Imagine our observable 3 dimensions represented by X, Y and Z axes on a graph paper (represented in 2 dimensions). Now imagine a fourth dimension which can be represented in our 3-dimensional universe as the graph paper having moved through space in a direction that is unrelated to any represented on the graph (in the same way that each direction on the graph is perpendicular to any other). The time element is proportional to the amount it has travelled along this dimension relative to a fixed point outside the paper.

The Fourth Dimension

Visualising the Universal 4th Dimension

If we try and visualise the universe in 4 dimensions then our graph paper is the 2D surface of a hollow 3D sphere. The whole sphere is expanding geometrically but internal perception of distance remains the same, as any observer is also expanding along with everything else.

The process of expansion involves the radius sweeping through a given distance (as measured by internal perception of distance) in a given time period. It’s important to conceive, however, that during the process of expansion internal perception of distance is continually compensating for the expansion, effectively hiding this from direct view, and a standard measurement of distance remains the same (although at a fundamental level it’s actually increasing).

Although this radial expansion would superficially be seen as a velocity, which we will call S, we will determine that there is a more fundamental meaning, as it’s really a fixed relationship between time and distance as experienced within our sphere.

The universe in 4 Dimensions

In our model above t1 and t2 represent 2 sequential snapshots in time. Note this is only a conceptual model so we can visualise the 4th dimension. In constructing this model we have collapsed the 3D universe into a 2D representation so have lost full visibility of normally observable 3D space.

We will see later that expansion of 3D space is synonymous with the surface area increase of our model and movement in an (unseen) 4th dimension and hence radial expansion of our universe model. The fact that the 3 observable dimensions can be considered to be integral with another virtual 4th as far as human observation is concerned is the key here and expansion is actually occurring in all 4 dimensions simultaneously.

Virtual Expansion

We are indirectly aware of very distant objects moving away from us, due to Doppler (red light) shift, the speed they are moving related to their distance. This shows expansion is real even though it doesn’t give the full picture. Let’s imagine that all empty space and matter (which contains space) in the observable universe is expanding at a constant geometric rate. Although this expansion is occurring and affects the 3 spatial dimensions, we are not aware of it directly because anything we measure distance by is also expanding at the same rate. We can rationalise this by imagining we are at the centre of a map that is continually changing scale. We are only aware of the map getting larger if we ourselves are not expanding along the same scale.

It’s therefore important to realise that Doppler shift can only be observed because it’s a result of observed differential expansion; i.e. distant empty space is expanding at a faster rate than local space. If everything is simply expanding at the same rate and this is what ultimately causes distant galaxies speeding away from us then we can’t be aware of this as any tool that we use to measure the wavelength of light would be expanding by the same proportional rate, making Doppler shift unobservable. We have a situation where in reality distant objects can be moving away from us at colossal speed, but this speed is not directly observable.

In our 4D universe model the 4th dimension represents the radial axis (the temporal axis) and the distance the observer has moved along this (due to expansion and increase of our sphere surface area) can represent a measurement of time experienced. This agrees with the classical notion that time started when the universe started to expand.

If we travel slowly in a fixed direction we are just travelling around an expanding circle at speed V from our universe model perspective so if we maintain constant speed (from our own perspective) in a straight line we will eventually come back to where we started as we are not aware of the universe expanding (references by which we measure our speed are expanding also). This is the same for whatever direction we travel in as 3D space curves around in an unseen sphere. Relative to F1 we are spiralling out at constant speed, our radial speed is S and orbital speed is V.

If we are stationary in relative 3D terms we are actually still moving along the radial axis (but are not moving relative to the observable universe around us, which is doing the same). We are actually travelling at speed S relative to F1, so time is passing at a constant rate. To reiterate, we are not aware of this motion directly apart from the effects of time passing.

So to summarise: Our premise is that 3D space within the observable universe is expanding at a finite proportional rate in all observable directions (and an unobservable 4th one), although this can’t be directly appreciated. The net result of this is the constant movement of the whole plane of 2D curved space at a particular apparent speed along the radial time axis in our 4D model as the whole sphere surface expands.

Temporal Dynamics

These essential starting points are simple introductory conceptual premises concerning the temporal dimension (radial axis in our universe model) that are fundamental in building our understanding. They are also fully expanded in the Glossary.

•Universal Expansion: All matter and space in the observable universe is expanding in all 4 dimensions simultaneously and equally as inferred from its direct observation. The result is it’s moving along the temporal axis (relative to F1 from its own perspective) at the speed that the 4D universe model surface is expanding and this is referred to as S, as shown in the diagram earlier (see Temporal Velocity below). This has crucial significance as we shall see.

•The 4th (Temporal) Dimension: Although we are not immediately aware of this, the 4th dimension can be considered a dimension that distance can be measured along, similar to other (spatial) dimensions. This can only really be conceived from the limitation of human perspective if we collapse one of the other dimensions and examine from a model such as our 4D universe hollow sphere where the 4th dimension is orthogonal to the sphere surface. Note this dimension is not the same as time, but it’s the dimension that distance along is the fundamental equivalent of what we experience as time.

Temporal Distance Equivalence of Time or Temporal Velocity: The process of change at the most fundamental level is mediated by navigation of the temporal (4th) dimension, so what we perceive as a unit of change has a distance equivalent. This is not the same as velocity in the normal understanding of the concept as one’s temporal velocity always appears constant from one’s own perspective and standard definitions of time and distance measurements are dependent on this very fact in the first place, as will be demonstrated.

•Indeterminacy: Neither distance, size, time, velocity or 4D position can be agreed upon for all perspectives (dynamic frames) so are completely relative concepts. We can only interact with (and hence truly observe) something if the observer or observational device reaches the same point (or coordinate) in all 4 dimensions. Although in the case of indirectly viewing something we are talking about the detector reaching the location of the photon (or static light cone) arising from the object. This important concept (and implications) will be thoroughly explored.

•Time: Propagation along the temporal dimension (from one’s own perspective) is the fundamental cause of what is experienced as local time and the root cause of this is expansion. This is explained in far more depth later including the important role of free energy and differential expansion.

Real Time: Real time is the local timeframe and universe as directly observed by an observer, from that one frame. Time always progresses at the same rate within one’s own frame and, although time can be said to be passing at different rates in other frames, there is no direct way of observing this without synchronising frames.

Relative Time: A comparison of different frames from a more fundamental perspective. It’s indeed only this comparison that enables us to appreciate the larger picture and to see our experience of the universe in such broader context. Relative time studies allow differentials to be examined across frames, allowing us to examine the concept of time dilation, for example, leading to clock discrepancies. There is indeed no such thing as rate of time in an observer’s frame but relative rates can indeed be examined if we compare different frames, similar to the concept that there is no such absolute meaning for size (or distance), only relative size.

Time Dilation Calculation: Validation of Our Premise

Now to validate our initial premise concerning the 4th dimensional distance equivalence of time in the observer’s frame. A starting principle is also that Einstein’s time dilation equation is indeed correct, as is generally proven and accepted. We also begin to see the wider implications of time dilation.

From our premise we are inferring that an object’s behaviour (from its own perspective) would be described by Fig. 2, where the arrow indicates its direction of propagation along the 4th dimension from point A. The time/distance equivalence means its vector is described in terms of fixed time experienced per distance moved, or 1/S, where S is the 4D distance equivalence of one second.

Fig. 2: Vector diagram representing the time equivalent of a unit distance our observer has moved along the 4th dimension from A

Our stationary object represents our observer and a moving object is represented by a rocket ship that is travelling at constant speed away from the former. The ship is observed to reach its destination at point C by another observer that is mirroring the actions of our first one.

Now, as far as our observer(s) are concerned our ship’s observed speed must be described by the distance it has been observed to move divided by the time experienced for the observer. Let’s say that during the experiment our observer moves 1m along the 4th dimension and during this period a time of t2 has passed. We see that the size of the observer’s vector (in units of time/distance) is proportional to t2 (local time experienced for 1m movement).

From our observer’s perspective it’s the rocket that is moving with constant velocity; call this velocity V.

It follows the distance the rocket ship has appeared to move must be Vt2.

This distance is dependent on the length of our observer’s vector, multiplied by V, and is proportional to the former so must be represented by the vector AD in Fig. 3 below, where the slope of the vector to our vertical axis is dictated by V:

Fig. 3: Vector diagram representing ratio of fundamental distances our object has moved taken from 2 perspectives, in relation to observer’s time

Now, according to our ship it’s also aging at rate 1/S but Its definition of relative distance moved during the experiment is simply X1, the observed 3D distance measured along visible space at a perpendicular direction to the direction of 4th dimensional movement between A and B.

We know that our ship and other observer meet at point D, so we must agree on the total distance moved and X2 must equal X1, In other words, although the ship has relatively navigated the distance X2 at a fundamental level (as inferred by our observer A), this distance must be equal to X1 in real, observable terms.

So in observable reality X1 = X2 so it is time that must the observed variable. What previously was represented by X1/X2 must be equivalent to the ratio of t1/t2.

Previously the hypotenuse was represented by X2 = Vt2, so if we substitute our objective distance X, then this vector becomes t2 = X/V, X cancels out, resulting in Fig. 4 below:

Fig. 4: Vector diagram representing ratio of object’s observed time against