Comparative Veterinary Anatomy: A Clinical Approach

By James A. Orsini and Alexander de Lahunta

Comparative Veterinary Anatomy: A Clinical Approach describes the comprehensive, clinical application of anatomy for veterinarians, veterinary students, allied health professionals and undergraduate students majoring in biology and zoology. The book covers the applied anatomy of dogs, cats, horses, cows and other farm animals, with a short section on avian/exotics, with a focus on specific clinical anatomical topics. The work improves the understanding of basic veterinary anatomy by making it relevant in the context of common clinical problems. This book will serve as a single-source reference on the application of important anatomical structures in a clinical setting.

Students, practitioners and specialists will find this information easy-to-use and well-illustrated, thus presenting an accurate representation of essential anatomical structures that relates to real-life clinical situations in veterinary medicine.

• Presents multiple species, garnering a broad audience of interest for veterinarians, specialists, professional students, and undergraduate students majoring in the biological sciences
• Contains detailed layered color figures at the beginning of each different species section in addition to numerous figures throughout
• Focuses on clinically oriented anatomy
• Correlates gross anatomy, radiology, ultrasound, CT, MRI and nuclear medicine in clinical case presentations

• Language: English
• Publisher: Academic Press
• Release date: Dec 8, 2021
• ISBN: 9780128121085

Book preview

9780128121085_FC

Comparative Veterinary Anatomy: A Clinical Approach

First Edition

James A. Orsini

Associate Professor of Surgery, Department of Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, US

Nora S. Grenager

Director of Internal Medicine, Steinbeck Peninsula Equine Clinics, Menlo Park, California, US

Alexander de Lahunta

Emeritus James Law Professor of Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, US

Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

Dedication

We remember

Contributors

Preface

Acknowledgments

Section I: Introduction

Chapter 1: Clinical anatomy nomenclature

Abstract

Selected references

Section II: Diagnostic Imaging

Chapter 2: Introduction to Imaging Modalities

part1: Current Imaging Technologies

Case 2.1: Endoscopy

Abstract

Introduction

Endoscopic procedures

Selected references

Case 2.2: Radiography

Abstract

Introduction

Understanding the imaging technology/mode of action

Improving radiographic image quality

Additional radiographic imaging techniques

Radiographic safety

Fluoroscopy

Selected references

Case 2.3: Ultrasonography (US)

Abstract

Introduction

Understanding the imaging technology/mode of action

Additional US imaging techniques

Artifacts and maximizing image acquisition

Selected references

Case 2.4: Computed Tomography (CT)

Abstract

Introduction

Risks and limitations of CT

Selected references

Diagnostic Imaging 2.5: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Abstract

Introduction

Understanding the imaging technology/mode of action

Selected references

Case 2.6: Nuclear Medicine (Including PET)

Abstract

Introduction

Understanding the imaging technology/mode of action

Additional nuclear medicine techniques

Selected references

part2: Novel Technologies

Case 2.7: Advances in Diagnostic Imaging

Abstract

Files in diagnostic imaging

3-D printing

Cone beam computed tomography

Total or whole-body PET scanner

Selected references

Section III: Canine and Feline Clinical Cases

Section III: 3.0 Canine Landscape Figures (1–9)

3.1 Feline Landscape Figures (1–9)

Chapter 3: Axial Skeleton: Head, Neck, and Vertebral Column

part1: Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, and Paranasal Sinuses

Case 3.1: Nasopharyngeal Polyp

Abstract

Clinical case

Clinical anatomy in canids and felids

Selected references

Case 3.2: Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

part2: Mouth

Case 3.3: Odontogenic Disease

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

part3: Eye

Case 3.4: Retrobulbar Mass

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

part4: Ear

Case 3.5: Otitis Interna/Media

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

part5: Neck

Case 3.6: Thyroid Adenocarcinoma

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

Case 3.7: Hyperthyroidism

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

part 6: Vestibular System, Brain and Vertebral Column

Case 3.8: Cervical Intervertebral Disc Disease

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

Case 3.9: Vestibular Dysfunction

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

Case 3.10: Glioma

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

Case 3.11: Meningioma

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

Case 3.12: Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Disease

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

Chapter 4: Thorax

part1: Pleura, Mediastinum, and Lungs

Case 4.1: Aspiration Pneumonia

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

Case 4.2: Pyothorax

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

Case 4.3: Diaphragmatic Rupture

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

part2: Mediastinal Organs

Case 4.4: Feline Cardiomyopathy

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

Case 4.5: Persistent Right Fourth Aortic Arch

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

Case 4.6: Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

Case 4.7: Mitral Valve Disease

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

Case 4.8: Esophageal Foreign Body

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

Chapter 5: Abdomen

part1: Liver, Pancreas, Spleen, and Adrenal Glands

Case 5.1: Portosystemic Vascular Anomaly

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

Case 5.2: Extrahepatic Bile Duct Obstruction Secondary to Acute Pancreatitis

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

Case 5.3: Hyperadrenocorticism

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

Case 5.4: Splenic Torsion

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

part2: Stomach

Case 5.5: Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

part3: Small Intestine

Case 5.6: Small Intestine Obstruction

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

part4: Large Intestine, Anal Canal, and Rectum

Case 5.7: Megacolon

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

part5: Body Wall

Case 5.8: Abdominal Wall Hernia

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

Chapter 6: Pelvic Organs

part1: Female Urogenital System

Case 6.1: Ectopic Ureters

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

Case 6.2: Pyometra

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

Case 6.3: Dystocia and the Mammary Gland

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

part2: Male Urogenital System

Case 6.4: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

Case 6.5: Congenital Phimosis

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

Chapter 7: Thoracic Limb

part1: Proximal Thoracic Limb (shoulder, brachium, and antebrachium)

Case 7.1: Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Shoulder

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

Case 7.2: Incomplete Ossification of the Humeral Condyle

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

part2: Distal Thoracic Limb (carpus and manus)

Case 7.3: Carpal Valgus Deformity

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

Case 7.4: Phalangeal Fracture

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

part3: Innervation of the Thoracic Limb

Case 7.5: Nerve Sheath Neoplasm

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

Chapter 8: Pelvic Limb

part1: Proximal Pelvic Limb (hip, stifle, crus)

Case 8.1: Hip Dysplasia

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

Case 8.2: Femoral Fracture

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

Case 8.3: Cranial Cruciate Ligament Tear

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

Case 8.4: Tibial Fracture

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

part2: Distal Pelvic Limb (tarsus and pes)

Case 8.5: Fracture of the Tarsal Bones

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

part3: Innervation of the Pelvic Limb

Case 8.6: Degenerative Lumbosacral Stenosis

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

Case 8.7: Calcaneal Tendon Injury

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in canids and felids

Selected references

Chapter 9: Integument and Mammary Gland

Case 9.1: Sebaceous Adenitis

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in domestic animals

Selected references

Section IV: Equine Clinical cases

4.0 Equine Landscape Figures (1–11)

Chapter 10: Axial Skeleton: Head, Neck, and Vertebral Column

part1: Eye

Case 10.1: Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

part2: Mouth

Case 10.2: Septic Sialoadenitis

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

part3: Paranasal Sinuses

Case 10.3: Paranasal Sinus Cyst

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

Case 10.4: Dental Disease and Sinusitis

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

part4: Pharynx

Case 10.5: Guttural Pouch Disease

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

Case 10.6: Dorsal displacement of the soft palate

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

Case 10.7: Laryngeal hemiplegia

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

part5: Cranial Nerves

Case 10.8: Vestibular disease

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

part6: Ear

Case 10.9: Ear sarcoid

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

part7: Poll

Case 10.10: Nuchal Bursitis

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

part8: Neck

Case 10.11: Esophageal Obstruction

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

part9: Central Nervous System

Case 10.12: Cervical Vertebral Osteoarthritis

Abstract

Clinical case

Relevant anatomical features in equids

Selected references

Case 10.13: Congenital Cerebellar Disorder

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

Chapter 11: Thorax

part1: Heart

Case 11.1: Tetralogy of Fallot

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

Case 11.2: Mitral Regurgitation

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

part2: Pleura, Mediastinum, and Lungs

Case 11.3: Pleuropneumonia

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

Chapter 12: Abdomen

part1: Stomach, Spleen, and Small Intestine

Case 12.1: Gastric Ulcer Disease

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

Case 12.2: Duodenitis-proximal Jejunitis

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

Case 12.3: Epiploic Foramen Entrapment

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

part2: Cecum and Colon

Case 12.4: Cecal Impaction

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

Case 12.5: Large Colon Volvulus

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

Case 12.6: Small Colon Enterolith

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

part3: Organs

Case 12.7: Cholangiocarcinoma

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

Chapter 13: Pelvic Organs

part1: Female Urogenital System

Case 13.1: Urovagina

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

Case 13.2: Second-Degree Perineal Laceration

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

Case 13.3: Uterine Artery Rupture

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

Case 13.4: Granulosa Cell Tumor

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

Case 13.5: Endometrial Cysts

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

Case 13.6: Oviduct/Uterine Tube Obstruction

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

part2: Male Urogenital System

Case 13.7: Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

Case 13.8: Seminal Vesiculitis

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

Case 13.9: Inguinal Hernia

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

part3: Urinary Bladder and Urachal Remnant

Case 13.10: Omphalitis and Bladder Rupture

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

Case 13.11: Cystic Calculus

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

Chapter 14: Thoracic Limb

part1: Proximal Thoracic Limb (shoulder, brachium, and antebrachium)

Case 14.1: Radial Neuropathy

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

Case 14.2: Supraglenoid Tubercle Fracture

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

Case 14.3: Ulnar Fracture

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

Case 14.4: Radial Fracture

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

part2: Distal Thoracic Limb (carpus and manus)

Case 14.5: Superficial Digital Flexor Tendonitis

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

Case 14.6: Osteochondral fragment of the metacarpophalangeal joint

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

Case 14.7: Fracture of the 2nd Phalanx

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

Case 14.8: Foreign Body Penetration of the Hoof

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

Case 14.9: Laminitis

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

Chapter 15: Pelvic Limb

part1: Proximal Pelvic Limb (hip, stifle, crus)

Case 15.1: Coxofemoral Joint Luxation

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

Case 15.2: Osteochondritis Dissecans

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

Case 15.3: Disruption of the Fibularis (Peroneus) Tertius

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

part2: Distal Pelvic Limb (tarsus and pes)

Case 15.4: Gastrocnemius Tendonitis

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

Case 15.5: Fracture of the 4th Metatarsal Bone

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

Chapter 16: Integument and Mammary Gland

Case 16.1: Hereditary Equine Regional Dermal Asthenia

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

Case 16.2: Mastitis

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in equids

Selected references

Section V: Farm Animal Clinical Cases

5.0 Bovine Landscape Figures (1–9)

Abstract

Chapter 17: Axial Skeleton: Head, Neck, and Vertebral Column

part1: Head and Neck

Case 17.1: Maxillary Sinusitis

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in bovids

Selected references

Case 17.2: Tooth Root Abscess

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in alpacas and llamas

Selected references

Case 17.3: Dehorning

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in bovids

Selected references

part2: Vertebral Column

Case 17.4: Spinal Lymphoma

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in ruminants

Selected references

Chapter 18: Thorax

part1: Heart and Lungs

Case 18.1: Pericarditis

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in ruminants

Selected references

Case 18.2: Endocarditis and Atrial Lymphoma

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in ruminants

Selected references

Chapter 19: Abdomen

part1: Forestomachs (rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum)

Case 19.1: Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in ruminants

Selected references

Case 19.2: Left Displacement of the Abomasum

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in ruminants

Selected references

part2: Small and Large Intestine

Case 19.3: Intestinal Volvulus

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in bovids

Selected references

part3: Cecum

Case 19.4: Cecal Dilatation/Volvulus

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in ruminants

Selected references

part4: Liver

Case 19.5: Caudal Vena Cava Syndrome

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in ruminants

Selected references

Case 19.6: Hepatic Lipidosis

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in ruminantss

Selected references

part5: Kidney

Case 19.7: Hydronephrosis

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in ruminants

Selected references

Chapter 20: Pelvic Organs

part1: Female Urogenital System

Case 20.1: Perineal Laceration

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in ruminants

Selected references

Case 20.2: Dystocia With Cesarean Section

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in ruminants

Selected references

part2: Male Urogenital System

Case 20.3: Urolithiasis

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in ruminants

Selected references

Case 20.4: Penile Hematoma

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in ruminants

Selected references

Chapter 21: Thoracic Limb

part1: Thoracic Limb

Case 21.1: Shoulder Luxation

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in ruminants

Selected references

Case 21.2: Septic Arthritis of the Distal Interphalangeal Joint

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in ruminants

Selected references

Case 21.3: Sole Ulcer

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in ruminants

Selected references

Case 21.4: Metacarpal Fracture

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in ruminants

Selected references

Chapter 22: Pelvic Limb

part1: Pelvic Limb

Case 22.1: Coxofemoral Luxation

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in ruminants

Selected references

Case 22.2: Patellar Luxation

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in camelids

Selected references

Case 22.3: Cranial Cruciate Ligament Tear

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in ruminants

Selected references

Case 22.4: Gastrocnemius Rupture

Abstract

Clinical case

Clinical anatomy in ruminants

Selected references

Chapter 23: Integument and Mammary Gland/Udder

Case 23.1: Contagious Ecthyma

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in ruminants

Selected references

Case 23.2: Chronic Udder Abscess

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in ruminants

Selected references

Case 23.3: Teat Obstruction

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in ruminants

Selected references

Section VI: Avian Clinical Cases

Chapter 24: Adaptations to Flight

Case 24: Adaptations to Flight

Abstract

Chapter 25: Head and Neck

Case 25.1: Infraorbital sinusitis

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in avian species

Selected references

Case 25.2: Crop impaction

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in avian species

Selected references

Case 25.3: Syringeal Obstruction

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in avian species

Selected references

Case 25.4: Beak Fracture

Abstract

Acknowledgments

Clinical case

Anatomical features in avian species

Selected references

Case 25.5: Obstruction of External Ear Canal

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in avian species

Selected references

Case 25.6: Ocular Trauma

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in avian species

Selected references

Chapter 26: Thoraco-abdominal Cavity

Case 26.1: Ischemic Stroke

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in avian species

Selected references

Case 26.2: Egg-yolk peritonitis

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in avian species

Selected references

Case 26.3: Air sacculitis

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in avian species

Selected references

Case 26.4: Ventricular Foreign Body

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in avian species

Selected references

Case 26.5: Sertoli Cell Tumor

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in avian species

Selected references

Case 26.6: Marek’s Disease

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in avian species

Selected references

Chapter 27: Thoracic and Pelvic Limb

Case 27.1: Humeral Fracture

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in avian species

Selected references

Case 27.2: Vertebral Column Trauma

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in avian species

Selected references

Case 27.3: Pododermatitis (Bumblefoot)

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in avian species

Selected references

Chapter 28: Integument/Feathers

Case 28.1: Impacted Uropygial (Preen) Gland

Abstract

Clinical case

Anatomical features in avian species

Selected references

Appendix 1: Standard abbreviations

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J and K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W–Z

Appendix 2: Normal Respiratory Rate, Heart Rate, and Temperature Reference Ranges

Resting respiratory rates (brpm)

Resting heart rates (bpm)

Normal rectal temperature

Appendix 3: Hematology reference intervals

Appendix 4: Biochemistry Reference Intervals

Anatomy textbooks referenced for clinical cases and figures

List of Illustrations under Editor Copyright

Index

Copyright

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Notices

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Dedication

Image 1

PHOTO CREDIT: SUSAN SEXTON

Image 2

MARY ALICE D. MALONE

As a great woman you have touched every element of the human spirit with your huge heart and tremendous kindness.

It was your trust, enduring integrity, and unwavering dedication to a shared vision that allowed this book to be published.

Thank you for inspiring us to bring together the priceless knowledge of so many to advance education and research—forever!

We are deeply grateful for your passion for excellence and joyfully dedicate this book to you.

We remember

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Contributors

Kimberly A. Agnello, DVM, MS, DACVS, DACVSMR     Associate Professor of Small Animal Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine,University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US

Zeeshan Akbar, DVM     Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, AU

Oday Alawi Al-Juhaishi, DVM     Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, AU

Monica Aleman, MVZ, PhD, DACVIM     Professor, Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, US

David E. Anderson, DVM, MS, DACVS     Associate Dean for Research and Graduate Studies, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, US

Simon Bailey, BVMS, PhD, FHEA, DECVPT, MRCVS     Professor, Veterinary Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AU

Nicholas Bamford, BVSc(Hons), PhD, DACVIM     Lecturer, Veterinary Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, AU

Cathy Beck, BVSc(Hons), DipVetClinStud, MVS, GradCertUniTeach, FANZCVS     Senior Lecturer, Veterinary Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, AU

Julie Berman, DVM, DACVIM     DrVet, Clinician, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Veterinaire (CHUV), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, CA

Kari E. Bevevino, DVM, DACVIM     Roaring Fork Equine Medical Center, Glenwood Springs, Colorado, US

Christopher M. Boemo, BVSc (Hons)     Principal Veterinarian, Keysborough Veterinary Practice, Keysborough, Victoria, AU

Jessica Bramski, DVM     Resident, Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, US

Carol Carberry, DVM, DACVS     Department of Surgery, Oradell Animal Hospital, Paramus, New Jersey, US

Nick Carlson, DVM, DACVS     Director of Surgery, Steinbeck Peninsula Equine Clinics, Salinas, California, US

Sharon A. Center, DVM, DACVIM     Professor, Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, US

Katherine Christie, DVM, MSc, DACVIM     Internal Medicine, Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, Kentucky, US

Michelle Coleman, DVM, PhD, DACVIM     Assistant Professor, Large Animal Clinical Sciences Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine, College Station, Texas, US

Caroline Constant, DMV, MSc, MENG, DACVS     Junior Project Leader, Preclinical Surgeon, AO Research Institute, Davos Platz, CH

Brenton C. Credille, DVM, PhD     Associate Professor, Food Animal Health and Management Program, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, US

Helen M.S. Davies, BAgSci, MAgrSc, BVSc, PhD     Associate Professor, Veterinary Anatomy, Veterinary Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, AU

Amanda Davis, DVM, DACVO     Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, Ophthalmology, Mount Laurel, New Jersey, US

Luis Henrique de Aguiar, Med. Vet., DACT     Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, US

Alexander de Lahunta, DVM, PhD     Professor Emeritus, Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, US

Christobal Navas de Solis, LV, MS, PhD, DACVIM     Assistant Professor, Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, US

Ricardo de Matos, LMV, MSc, DABVP, DECZM     Senior Lecturer, Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, US

Sarah DeSante, DVM, DABVP     Veterinarian, Steinbeck Peninsula Equine Clinics, Salinas, California, US

André Desrochers, DMV, MS, DACVS, Dip. ECBHM     Department of Clinical Sciences, Université de Montréal, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, CA

Tamara Dobbie, DVM, DACT     Associate Professor of Clinical Reproduction Department of Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, US

Laura M. Dooley, BVSc(Hons), GCert(UniTeach), PhD     Senior Lecturer, Veterinary Biosciences, The University of Melbourne Melbourne, Victoria, AU

Singen Elliott, DVM, DACVS     Mid-Atlantic Equine Medical Center, Ringoes, New Jersey, US

Kira Lyn Epstein, DVM, DACVS, DACVECC     Professor, Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, US

Cynthia M. Faux, DVM, PhD     Professor, University of Arizona, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oro Valley, Arizona, US

Gilles Fecteau, DMV, DACVIM     Department of Clinical Sciences, Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Hyacinthe, Québec, CA

Marie-Eve Fecteau, DVM, DACVIM     Associate Professor, Food Animal Medicine and Surgery, Department of Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, US

Ray Ferguson, BVSc, OAM     Consultant, Monash Veterinary Clinic, Oakleigh East, Victoria, AU

Maria Ferrer, DVM, MS, DACT     Associate Professor, Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, US

Nadine Fiani, BVSc (Hons), DAVDC     Assistant Clinical Professor, Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, US

James Flanders, DVM, DACVS     Emeritus Professor of Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, US

Callie Fogle, DVM, DACVS     Clinical Associate Professor, Equine Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina, US

Susan Fubini, DVM, DACVS     Professor, Large Animal Surgery, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, US

Aitor Gallastegui, LV, MSc, DACVR     Clinical Assistant Professor, Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, US

José M. García-López, VMD, DACVS, DACVSMR     Associate Professor, Large Animal Surgery, Clinical Sciences, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, US

Mathew Gerard, BVSc, PhD, DACVS     Teaching Professor, Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina, US

Liberty M. Getman, DVM, DACVS     Surgeon, Tennessee Equine Hospital, Thompson's Station, Tennessee, US

Brian Gilger, DVM, MS, DACVO     Professor of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina, US

William F. Gilsenan, VMD, DACVIM     Internal Medicine, Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, Kentucky, US

Eric N. Glass, MS, DVM, DACVIM     Section Head, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, Tinton Falls, New Jersey, US

Jose Goni, DVM     Resident, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Large Animal Medicine, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana, US

Nora S. Grenager, VMD, DACVIM     Director of Internal Medicine, Steinbeck Peninsula Equine Clinics, Menlo Park, California, US

Rebecka S. Hess, DVM, DACVIM     Professor, Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philaphelphia, Pennsylvania, US

Susan J. Holcombe, VMD, MS, PhD, DACVS, DACVECC     Professor Emeritus, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan, US

David Holt, BVSc, DACVS     Professor of Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US

G. Reed Holyoak, DVM, PhD, DACT     Professor, Oklahoma State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Stillwater, Oklahoma, US

Carrie Jacobs, DVM, DACVS     Assistant Clinical Professor, Equine Orthopedic Surgery, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina, US

Amy L. Johnson, BA, DVM, DACVIM     Associate Professor, Large Animal Medicine and Neurology, Department of Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, US

Laura Johnstone, BVSc, MVSc, DACVIM-LA     Equine Veterinary Clinic, Massey University, Palmerston North, NZ

Marc Kent, DVM, DACVIM     Professor, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, US

Phillip Kieffer, DVM     Evidensia Specialisthastsjukhus Helsingborg, Helsingborg, SE

Shune Kimura, DVM     Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama, US

Titia Luise King, DVM, PhD     Assistant Professor, University of Arizona College of Veterinary Medicine, Oro Valley, Arizona, US

Judith Koenig, DMV, DVSc, DACVS, DACVSMR     Associate Professor, University of Guelph Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, CA

Natali Krekeler, Dr. med.vet., PhD, DACT     Senior Lecturer in Veterinary Reproduction, Veterinary Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, AU

Eric Ledbetter, DVM, DACVO     Professor of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, US

Olivier M. Lepage, DMV, MSc, DES, PD, HDR, DECVS     Professor and Head, Equine Health Center, Veterinary School of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy l'Etoile, FR

David Levine, DVM, DACVS, DACVSMR     Associate Professor of Surgery, Department of Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, US

Jennifer Linton, VMD, DACT     B.W. Furlong & Associates, Oldwick, New Jersey, US

Marcie L. Logsdon, DVM     Clinical Instructor, Exotics & Wildlife Department, Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, Washington, US

Brina Lopez, DVM, PhD, DACVIM     Assistant Professor, Midwestern University College of Veterinary Medicine, Glendale, Arizona, US

Laura Lossi, DVM, PhD     Professor, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Turin, IT

Daniela Luethy, DVM, DACVIM     Large Animal Internal Medicine, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, US

Candace Lyman, DVM, DACT     Associate Professor, Equine and Small Animal Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama, US

Emma Marchionatti, DMV, MSc, DACVS     Senior Lecturer, Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Bern, CH

Annette M. McCoy, DVM, MS, PhD, DACVS     Assistant Professor, Equine Surgery, Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois, US

Adalberto Merighi, DVM, PhD     Professor, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Turin, IT

Meredith Miller, DVM, DACVIM     Lecturer, Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, US

James K. Morrisey, DVM, DABVP     Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, US

Christina Murray, BVSc (Hons), GCUT, MScAgr     Senior Lecturer, Veterinary Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, AU

Euan Murray, DVM     Ophthalmology Intern, BluePearl Veterinary Partners, Louisville, Kentucky, US

Sylvain Nichols, DMV, MS, DACVS     Associate Professor, Department of Clinical Sciences, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, CA

Andrew J. Niehaus, BS, DVM, MS, DACVS     Professor, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, US

Karl Nuss, Prof., DMV, DECVS     Farm Animal Surgery Section, Farm Animals, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, CH

James A. Orsini, DVM, DACVS     Associate Professor of Surgery, Department of Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, US

Mark A. Oyama, DVM, MSCE, DACVIM     Professor, Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US

Shannon M. Palermo, VMD, DACVIM     Department of Internal Medicine, Veterinary Specialists and Emergency Services, Rochester, New York, US

Brian Palmeiro, VMD, DACVD     Lehigh Valley Veterinary Dermatology & Fish Hospital, Allentown, Pennsylvania, US

Eric Parente, DVM, DACVS     Professor of Surgery, Department of Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, US

Santiago Peralta, DVM, DAVDC, FF-AVDC-OMFS     Assistant Professor, Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, US

Michael Pesato, DVM, DABVP     Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi, US

Mark E. Peterson, DVM, DACVIM     Director, Animal Endocrine Center, New York, New York, US

Carlos Pinto, MedVet, PhD, DACT     Professor of Theriogenology, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, US

Malgorzata Pozor, DVM, PhD, DACT     Clinical Assistant Professor, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, US

Timo Prange, DMV, MS, DACVS     Equine Surgery, Department of Clinical Studies, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina, US

John F. Randolph, DVM, DACVIM     Professor of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, US

Sarah M. Reuss, VMD, DACVIM     Technical Manager, Equine Veterinary Services, Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Duluth, Georgia, US

Stefano Romagnoli, DVM, MS, PhD, DECAR     Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Padova, IT

Mark P. Rondeau, BS, DVM, DACVIM     Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US

Marjolaine Rousseau, DMV, MS, DACVS     Assistant Professor, Department of Clinical Sciences, Université de Montréal, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, CA

Magdalena Schrank, DVM, PhD     Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Padova, IT

James Schumacher, DVM, MS, DACVS     Professor, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, US

Patricia L. Sertich, VMD, DACT     Associate Professor, Department of Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, US

Tara R. Shearer, DVM, DACVS     Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan, US

Billy I. Smith, BS, DVM, MS DABVP     Associate Professor of Medicine, Department of Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, US

Alexandra St. Pierre, DVM     Hamilton Wenham Veterinary Clinic, South Hamilton, Massachusetts, US

Takanori Sugiyama, MS, MVDr/DVM, MANZCVS, MVS, MVSc, GCCT, DACVS     Animalius Vet, Bayswater, WA, AU

Ferenc Toth, DVM, PhD, DACVS     Assistant Professor, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, Minnesota, US

Karen Trainor, DVM, MS, DACVP     Director and Founder, Dermatopathology Service, Innovative Vet Path, Leawood, Kansas, US

Jesse Tyma, DVM, DACVS     Mid-Atlantic Equine Medical Center, Ringoes, New Jersey, US

Dirk K. Vanderwall, DVM, PhD     Department Head and Professor, Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Logan, Utah, US

Lane A. Wallett, DVM, PhD     Scholarly Assistant Professor, Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, Washington, US

Jarred Williams, MS, DVM, PhD, DACVS, DACVECC     Clinical Associate Professor, Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, US

Fred Wininger, VMD, MS, DACVIM     Neurologist, Neurology Department, Charlotte Animal Referral and Emergency, Charlotte, North Carolina, US

Katie Withowski, DVM     Resident, North Caroline State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina, US

Cynthia Xue, DVM, DACVIM - LA     Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts and Nevis, WI

Preface

The creation of Comparative Veterinary Anatomy: A Clinical Approach has been a long journey that began with a single step—a vision and dream to publish a book that bridged basic anatomy and the clinical arena. The original concept for this clinical anatomy reference book came from a compilation of the experiences of three generations of clinicians who recognized the importance and value of understanding the critical anatomy when presented with a patient—be it a cat, dog, horse, cow, or bird. We felt we could reinforce the anatomy that is truly useful in the clinical arena by going through real clinical cases that highlight these features. Our combined experience over the years as students, clinicians, and teachers supported this concept, and from this, we realized that such a book was truly needed in veterinary medicine for students, colleagues, and other health professionals.

We strive to be the change that we want to see in our profession and perfection has been our top priority. We feel we realized this goal in the beautifully created, anatomically precise, and clearly presented figures and descriptions that unambiguously highlight each clinically relevant anatomical feature, integrated with clinically relevant cases. The first step in our strategy for success was to find a team of professionals committed to the level of excellence required for this impactful work. We were fortunate to find the right people, with the right resources, in the right professional culture, to make this book a reality.

One of the many goals we established during the developmental stage of the book was to maintain consistency throughout in the presentation of each case, the anatomical descriptions, the terminology (Clinical Anatomy Nomenclature—Chapter 1), and the supportive descriptive figures. To this end, our team looked to make each case and its relevant anatomy memorable and adaptable to the clinical setting. The imaging chapter at the beginning of the book aims to provide a foundation and understanding of the relationship of these diagnostic techniques and their importance in interpreting anatomy in health and disease. The landscape figures, placed at the beginning of each species section, were meticulously researched, edited at multiple levels, and provide a readily available resource of anatomical relationships from integument to skeleton. In every case throughout the book, the reader will notice what we refer to as side boxes that have pearls of comparative anatomy, surgery highlights, and other interesting facts that apply to the case to help cement the pertinent anatomy. There are two icons that you will find in the clinical cases: (1) Image 15 symbolizes additional or complementary information as relates to the clinical anatomy and (2) Image 15 symbolizes surgery-related pearls associated with the clinical anatomy. There are four appendices in the back of the book with common abbreviations, vital signs, and clinical laboratory values to be used for the clinical cases.

And finally, because of space and page limitations, we wanted to list the anatomical and clinical textbooks referenced throughout the book here:

•Budras KD, Habel RE, Müllerig CKW, Greenough PR, Weinche A, and Budras S. Bovine anatomy. 2nd ed. Germany: Schlütersche; 2011.

•Budras KD, Sack WO, Rӧck S, Horwitz A, Berg R. Anatomy of the horse. 6th ed. Germany: Schlütersche; 2011.

•de Lahunta A. Applied veterinary anatomy. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1986.

•Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary. 32nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier/W.B. Saunders; 2012.

•Evans HE, de Lahunta A. Miller’s dissection guide for the dog. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier/W.B. Saunders; 2017.

•Getty R. Sisson and Grossman’s – The anatomy of the domestic animals. 5th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1975.

•Hermanson JW, de Lahunta, Evans HEA. Miller and Evan’s anatomy of the dog. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier/W.B. Saunders; 2020.

•Popesko P. Atlas of topographical anatomy of the domestic animals. Vols. 1, 2, 3. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1978.

•McIlwraith CW, Nixon A, Wright IM. Diagnostic and surgical arthroscopy in the horse. 4th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2015.

•Pollitt CC. The illustrated horse’s foot: a comprehensive guide. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2016.

•Schummer A, Nickel R, Sack WO. In: Nickel R, Schummer A, Seiferle E. editors. 2nd ed. The viscera of the domestic mammals. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1979.

•Shively MJ. Veterinary anatomy basic, comparative, and clinical. College Station: Texas A&M Press; 1984.

•Singh B. Dyce, Sack, and Wensing—Textbook of veterinary anatomy. 5th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2018.

Our hope is that your mind, stretched with this new approach to learning and truly knowing clinical anatomy, will never go back to its original dimensions and—with this—you will feel confident and succeed in meeting your professional goals.

James A. Orsini

Nora S. Grenager

Alexander de Lahunta

Acknowledgments

Thanking the many individuals who have contributed to the publishing of the first edition of Comparative Veterinary Anatomy: A Clinical Approach brings the editors great joy and professional gratification. We could never have realized our goals for this edition without the colleagues who contributed to this book’s development during its five-year production. The original idea for this edition was conceived when we were students and first introduced to applied anatomy by numerous outstanding professors at Cornell and Penn who demonstrated the value of learning anatomy again—but in a different way—to make us better clinicians in the end. Dr. Paul Orsini—anatomist, clinician, and surgery and dentistry specialist—deserves special thanks for his expertise in the early stages of the book’s development by underscoring the importance of linking basic and clinical anatomy using a relevant clinical case as the opening scene in every lesson to learn and retain important anatomy specific to the area of study. Paul, unfortunately, was unable to continue as an editor because of many professional and personal commitments. We are incredibly grateful that Dr. Alexander de Lahunta, who first published Applied Veterinary Anatomy in 1986, was so gracious in signing on to round out our editorial team.

For starters, we want to recognize members of our support team who played a vital role in this book’s development from its start, especially Kate Shanaghan—Production Coordinator, and Jeanne Robertson—Chief Medical Illustrator, whose special talents, further emphasizes and illustrates the complexity of the many features of this book. Other individuals who contributed much to this book’s success include Libby Wagner, Jason Mc Alexander, and Stefan Németh—medical illustrators; Dee Crandall—library resources; and Zoe Papas and Belinda Norris—cover design.

The section and chapter editors are an extraordinary group of veterinary colleagues who served as an important layer of checks and balances in many facets—coordinating with contributing authors, editing each clinical case in their chapter, serving as outstanding anatomy experts, and helping to create and edit each figure in their section. Special gratitude goes to Aitor Gallastegui—Diagnositic Imaging; John F. Randolph and Helen M.S. Davies—Canine and Feline Clinical Cases; Mathew Gerard, Amy L. Johnson, Sarah Reuss, Kira Epstein, Jarred Williams, Dirk Vanderwall, and Nick Carlson—Equine Clinical Cases; André Desrochers—Farm Animal Clinical Cases; and Cynthia M. Faux and Marcie Logsdon—Avian Clinical Cases.

We would like to especially acknowledge Dr. Roy V. H. Pollock, a well-known editor, author, academician, veterinarian, and leader in the field of medical informatics, product development, and learning, and who has held multiple executive positions in the animal health industry. Roy was a terrific resource who contributed to the book’s development by providing his honest and skilled recommendations on how to make each clinical case clear, memorable, and outstanding for learning. Thanks, Roy—you are a special friend and colleague.

With more than 100 contributing authors, we are unable to use this format to recognize and acknowledge each author who generously contributed his or her expertise, creativity, clinical experiences, and nuggets of wisdom in the preparation and presentation of each clinical case and its applied anatomy. However, please take a moment to note their names at the beginning of each case. The figures and illustrations included by each author attempt to achieve a happy medium of not being too complex, thus causing confusion and difficulty in understanding, while also not being overly simplified, inadequate, or misrepresenting the clinical anatomy central to the understanding and retention of the information. Thank you, authors, for your excellence.

Throughout our careers, we are inspired and mentored by professors, colleagues, friends, and family. We would like to acknowledge some of the many that changed our careers and lives: A big thank you to all of you!

(JAO) thank Drs. Willard Daniels, Nate Hale, Wayne Schwark, Larry Kramer, Don Lein, Jay Georgi, Robert Hillman, Jack Lowe, Eric Trotter, William Kay, William Donawick, Charles Ramberg, Robert Whitlock, William Boucher, Bernard Shapiro, Francis Fox, Charles Short, Tom Divers, Rustin Moore, James (Jeanne) Geer, Ed Kanara, Joe Mankowski, John Lee, Malcolm Kram, Tom McGrath, and Brian Harpster; dear friends Marianne and John Castle, Mary Alice Malone, Margaret and Bob Duprey, Marian and J. Gibson McIlvain, Michael and Meredith Rotko, Candace and Kent Humber, Jennifer and Mike Wrigley, Lisa Gaudio, Jimmy Kazanjian, John Garafalo, Vicki and John Price, Robin Bernstein, Herb and Ellen Moelis, and Mark and Carol Zebrowski. And the many wonderful interns, residents, referring veterinarians, students, clients, faculty, and colleagues, in challenging me to be the best I could be as a clinician, teacher, researcher, and mentor.

Of course, I (JAO) was fortunate to have 2 very bright, creative, and professional coeditors, making this book unsurpassed in content and creation. Thank you, Dr. D. for both mentoring and acting as a role model for not just me but every student whom you taught and trained and Nora, as one of the best students ever, reassuring me that the profession and world are in exceptional hands as the next generation of clinicians and leaders.

(NSG) I would not be where I am in my career today without the mentorship and support of Jim Orsini, Tim Eastman, Alex Eastman, Eric Davis, and Tom Divers. I am also grateful to the clients over the years who have become like an extended family and have entrusted me with the care of their horses.

(ADL) Owes his opportunity to teach at Cornell University to Dr. Robert Habel, Professor of Applied Anatomy at the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine at Cornell University, who convinced him to leave general practice in Concord, NH and return to Cornell to pursue a PhD in anatomy. Dr. Habel asked Dr. D to teach a new course in neuroanatomy. To make this course more practical and useful to the students, Dr. D. established a neurology clinical service in the Teaching Hospital. This provided Dr. D. with a wealth of practical teaching material that he could incorporate in the neuroanatomy course. He felt indebted to the clinical faculty and pathologists for his education in this specialty.

The team at Elsevier was always professional, supportive, flexible, and receptive to new ideas in making this book the best possible publication. Thank you to Charlotte Cockle—publisher; Anna Valutkevich—acquisitions editor; Pat Gonzalez—editorial project manager; Kiruthika Govindaraju—production project manager; and Alan Studholme—cover designer. Thanks to the administrative assistant team at PENN VET—Bethany Healy, Cindy Stafford, and Karen McAvoy—helped in keeping us organized and focused from day two of book development—thank you!

And Finally, most notably, we are thankful to our loving and supportive families who cheered us on, kept our spirits high, and never grew impatient.

(JAO) I am grateful to Toni, Colin, Angela, Marco, and Joanna, and my parents Anne and Sal, who taught me to be the best at everything I undertake, the importance of grit, honesty, responsibility, kindness, and generosity; and my personal role models during the basic developmental stages of life.

(NSG) I am grateful for the tireless support and love of my incredible husband, David, and our beloved daughter, Sally; they mean the world to me. To my father, Trond Grenager, who passed away in the fall of 2020, I attribute my love for animals along with my work ethic and perseverance; thank you to him and my mother, Suzanne, for supporting me at each twist and turn of life and teaching me to believe in myself.

James A. Orsini (JAO)

Nora S. Grenager (NSG)

Alexander de Lahunta (ADL)

The editors would like to thank those individuals who provided so much time and work to our book.

Chief Medical Illustrator: Jeanne Robertson

Production Coordinator: Kate Shanaghan

Section I

Introduction

Chapter 1: Clinical anatomy nomenclature

Nora S. Grenagera; James A. Orsinib; Alexander de Lahuntac    a Steinbeck Peninsula Equine Clinics, Menlo Park, California, US

b Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, US

c Professor Emeritus, Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, US

Abstract

An overview of nomenclature commonly used in clinical anatomy, especially that which is employed in this textbook.

Keywords

Vocabulary

Effective communication in clinical medicine and surgery is dependent on speaking the language—i.e., understanding and correctly using the [clinical anatomical] terminology. Medical etymology (Gr. étuacon, sense of truth + -logia, the study of) comes from the actual Greek term etymon, meaning the original form of the word or morpheme (form and structure of any part of a word as it relates to language and meaning), and it has an extensive and rich history in Latin (L.) and Greek (Gr.). Frank H. Netter, MD (1906–1991)—the basic and clinical human anatomist—is quoted: "Anatomy, of course, does not change, but our understanding of anatomy and its clinical significance does." This is applicable to veterinary as well as human anatomy, and it remains the foundation of the One Health enterprise in human and animal health care.

Throughout the book, we adhered to the anatomical terms published in the 6th edition of the Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (NAV) in 2017. The nomenclature used in the clinical cases in this book defines relationships between organs, anatomical regions, and distinct body parts as they relate to one another, a body plane, or an axis, even though the majority of medical language in the text is anatomical terminology describing distinct parts of the body. These directional and positional terms are especially helpful when performing or interpreting diagnostic imaging—endoscopy, radiography, ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear scintigraphy, positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, and even in 3D printing used for surgical planning.

The following figures will help you think 3-dimensionally when learning and interpreting veterinary clinical anatomy. Fig. 1-1A depicts the four major body planes in quadrupeds, while Fig. 1-1B shows the equivalent terminology and major body planes in humans for comparison; the terminology applied to the head and—more specifically—the mouth/dental anatomy is shown in Fig. 1-2; the terminology used for the eye is shown in Fig. 1-3; the terminology relating to the distal limb in quadrupeds is represented in Fig. 1-4A (horse) and B (dog); Fig. 1-5 shows different nerve fibers, and Fig. 1-6 characterizes the change in abnormal limb movement seen with neurologic and musculoskeletal disorders. Tables 1-1 and 1-2 summarize the important terms included in Figs. 1-1–1-6, which are critical for learning and understanding clinical anatomy. Each term is linked with its opposite or antonym (in red) wherever appropriate.

Figure 1-1Figure 1-1

Figure 1-1 Anatomical nomenclature: (A) Directional terms and planes used in describing the anatomy of animal species. (B) Directional terms and planes used in describing the anatomy of humans.

Figure 1-2

Figure 1-2 Dental: Directional terms and planes used in describing the anatomy of the head and, specifically, dental anatomy. Shown using a canine head, but terms are used across veterinary species.

Figure 1-3

Figure 1-3 Eye: Directional terms and planes used in describing the anatomy of the head as relates to the eyes. Depicted using canine eyes, but terms are used across veterinary species.

Figure 1-4Figure 1-4

Figure 1-4 Distal limb: Directional terms and planes used in describing the anatomy of the distal limb. (A) Depicted using equine forelimb, but terms are used across quadruped veterinary species. (B) Depicts the directional terms and planes in the dog of the forelimb.

Figure 1-5

Figure 1-5 Afferent and efferent nerves: Nerves providing sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) function. Afferent nerves travel toward the central nervous system (CNS), while the efferent nerves travel away from the CNS.

Figure 1-6

Figure 1-6 Limb movement in abduction and adduction: Abducting the limb moves the limb away from the median plane toward the outside vs. adducting the limb, which moves the limb in the direction of the median plane toward the inside.

Table 1-1

Table 1-2