Political Science Second Edition: An Introduction to Global Politics

By Chukwunedum Amajioyi

Political Science: An Introduction to Global Politics: Political Theory and Philosophy, is a book on World Politics. The book is an introduction to Political Science and International relations. In political theory, the book deals with the study of political instructions along with the theories of State laws, liberty, governance, politics, freedom, and equality. In Philosophy, the book offers different views and analysis over casual explanation of realist, liberal and ideology perspectives, including reincarnation. The book enables students to apply good analysis and in-depth understanding of their study of International relations and Political Science. In this second edition, the book continues to analyze the key concepts of Global Politics, like, power, corruption, sovereignty, political obligations, political parties, civil disobedience, rights, revolution, democracy, monarchy, justice, and injustice. The book underlines the cultural and political differences in the world. It is designed for the undergraduate students of Political Science and International relations.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Xlibris US
• Release date: Jan 20, 2021
• ISBN: 9781664143784

Chukwunedum Amajioyi

Chukwunedum Chijoke Amajioyi (Chuck) originates from Imo States, Nigeria, and he relocated to the United States with his parents while he was still a teenager. Excelling throughout school, he went on to earn his Bachelor’s Degree in Political Science at the University of California, Davis. He was an active student, taking leadership roles during his time in college. Raised to value hard work and integrity, he has developed into a man upon whom others rely for assistance and to whom others turn for advice. His wisdom, education, and knowledge have driven him to become involved and contribute to the world of politics through his books, which offer the fresh, new ideas for achieving good governance and provide solutions for getting rid of bad politics. Mr. Amajioyi is following his passion and applying himself to his field with vigor. He loves politics and among the projects he is working on is a series of political science books. A dedicated scholar, he spends the majority of his time researching politics and staying up-to-date on political matters both local and international. Outside of politics, Mr. Amajioyi enjoys soccer and American football. He lives in California, where he shares his home with his beautiful wife and their four children.

Book preview

POLITICAL

SCIENCE

SECOND EDITION

POLITICAL THEORY AND PHILOSOPHY

CHUKWUNEDUM (CHUCK) AMAJIOYI

Copyright © 2021 by Chukwunedum (Chuck) Amajioyi. 819394

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced

or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or

mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any

information storage and retrieval system, without permission in

writing from the copyright owner.

Xlibris

844-714-8691

www.Xlibris.com

ISBN:     Softcover         978-1-6641-4379-1

              Hardcover       978-1-6641-4380-7

               EBook             978-1-6641-4378-4

Rev. date: 01/11/2021

For my students,

Knowledge is the best thing that happened to human beings, but applied knowledge is the best way to spread civilization in the world.—C. Amajioyi

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An Introduction

to

Global Politics

Political Science

Second edition

Political Theory and Philosophy

Contents

Introduction

PART 1    AMERICAN POLITICS

Chapter 1    American Political Ideologies

Chapter 2    Political Parties

Chapter 3    Who Controls Bureaucracy

Chapter 4    Political Cooperation

Chapter 5    Nietzsche On Morality

Chapter 6    Competition, Diffidence And Glory

Chapter 7    American Crisis Xiii

Chapter 8    Organizations Matter In Politics

Chapter 9    Incredible Commitment In American Politics

Chapter 10    John Rawls’ Theory Of Justice

Chapter 11    Autonomy

Chapter 12    Federalist 51

PART 2    ASIAN    AND    EAST EUROPEAN POLITICS

Chapter 13    The World Population Growth

Chapter 14    North Korea

Chapter 15    The Russia Federation

PART 3    WEST AFRICAN    POLITICS

Chapter 16    West African Political Thought

Chapter 17    Civil War

Chapter 18    Corruption In Nigeria

Chapter 19    The Igbo People Of West Africa

Chapter 20    Injustice

Chapter 21    The Concept Of Natural Penalties

Chapter 22    The History Of Biafra

Acknowledgments

Bibliography

Author Biography

Introduction

Social Science is the scientific study of human society and social relationships. It deals with the study of human behaviors in its cultural and social aspects. Meanwhile, Political Science is a social science. It focuses on the systems of government like politics, political parties, and the economy. It also deals with the analysis of political activities, manipulations, behaviors, and thoughts. Politics and Leadership is the practical version of Political Science. Politics is common sense.

Modern political thought is the study of questions concerning justice, politics, power, rights, the rule of law and other issues pertaining to modern governance. This book is about World politics. The book focused on the United States of America, Asia, Eastern Europe and West African politics. In political theory, the book deals with the study of political instructions along with the theories of State laws, liberty, governance, politics, freedom, and equality. In Philosophy, the book offers analysis and debates over casual explanation of realist, liberal and ideology perspectives.

Political science is a political rhetoric directive that is being used in real-world politics. Sometimes, the outcome is different in the real world because people are difficult to manage. Therefore, I can conclude that politics is managing people. Politics involve the activities associated with the governance of a country and the distribution of its powers and resources (natural resources). It provides the environment for honest debates and sometimes conflicts among individuals, groups, organizations, and political parties that want to seize power. Politics creates the politically powerful, the kings and Queens, the Presidents and Vice Presidents, Ministers, Governors, and the most influential individuals in the world. Due to politics, these leaders and politicians were able to become politically powerful and make the political decisions that apply to all citizens in the country. They are politically powerful because there is a force behind their speeches such as a strong military, Air Force, Navy, and a stockpile of sophisticated weaponry backing their every move, rhetoric, disagreements, and decisions.

Power is everything to human beings. Money without power is useless to some people. Political power is the right to make laws and to enforce those laws for the common good. Laws are rules enforced through social or government institutions to govern or regulate behaviors. Laws are also a manufactured truth composed by society to prevent harm to others, especially the weak, the poor and the underprivileged. This is true because governments exist to control society; to govern simply means to control or to manage. Citizens will surrender their freedom to this control (Constitution and leadership) to obtain some benefits in return such as the protection of property, life, and security. Government protects the right of the citizens and provide security for them by enforcing the rule of law. Law enforcement is very costly and requires the help of the government for proper regulation and enforcement to achieve success. A stable nation, or a State, persists by establishing the rule of law, regulations, and procedures for reaching and enforcing the social agreement (the constitution), necessary for successful collective action. The government consists of institutions, research departments and legal processes for ensuring that these enforcements are carried out properly.

Government institutions are also called social institutions. They consist of the Navy, Army, Airforce, Legislatures, legal institute, research institute, Coast Guards, Marines and Congress that deliberate about the elected official’s specific authority and responsibilities. Authority can be defined as the power to give orders, make decisions, enforce laws and obedience. Authority in politics is the acknowledged right of the office to decide for all participants. Political authority is assigned to the office, not to the individual holding the office. Authority is distinguished from power. When authority is assigned to the office, it keeps institutions solid and allows the offices to endure well beyond the tenure of the individuals who occupy them. In some non-western countries of the world, like the undeveloped countries, this might not be the case. There are no checks and balances in these countries. Elected officials are kings and Queens. They do as it pleases them. Therefore, the differences in Government and legal institutions are the main reason why some countries are rich today and others are poor.

Government and legal institutions in African countries need an overhaul. In these countries, their leaders do the unthinkable, simply to acquire power. They are very corrupt politicians. Their inhabitants are the poorest in the world. They are the highest-paid lawmakers in the world. Almost all their Leaders refuse to step down after being elected out of office. They continue to extend their tenures. Most of them die in office. African leaders love power more than anything. Although, power and reputation are the two things that leaders take very seriously. Power is everything to a politician. When I talk about political power, I am referring to military strength and capabilities, not human strength. Military strength and capabilities, good social, government and legal institutions determine the reputation of the country. Powerful countries take their reputation very seriously because it makes negotiations, bargaining and compromises easy.

This book will focus on two things: Political Science and International relations. It will enable the undergraduate students apply good analysis and in-depth understanding of their study of International relations and Political Science. Global politics is a serious issue. Good governance is the key to progress. Good leaders should fulfill their campaign promises because voters who elected them into office are holding them accountable. Also, it is recommended that leaders maintain good past records. It can be rewarding in the future. It helps to gain the trust of voters and win future elections.

Candidates can be defined as those who registered their names to appear on the ballot. The ballot is the voting sheet or paper with names of candidates. Political power is acquired through being a candidate, running a campaign and winning the election. Political power can also be acquired through receiving an appointment from an elected official. Power can be costly or affordable, depending on how well a candidate manages his or her campaign team. Let us consider the calculus of running for an election and managing a campaign team.

Campaign Management

(probability of victory) x (benefit of holding office) – (cost)

If (probability of victory) x (benefit of holding office) > (cost)

Stop the campaign.

If (probability of victory) x (benefit of holding office) < (cost)

Continue the campaign.

Calculus Abbreviations

(PV) X (BHO) – (C)

If (PV) X (BHO) > (C)

Stop

If (PV) X (BHO) < (C)

Continue

There are other factors that should apply to this equation to achieve the perfect desired outcome. Factors such as incumbency, name recognition, gerrymandering, past leadership records, reputation, campaign manager, campaign team and access to money. There are factors that can influence victory. They are advertising, door to door campaign, good campaign message, using both mail and phone to spread the message, good speeches, boldness, credit claiming and position-taking. The majority or minority influences the benefits.

Timing is also everything to a candidate. Choosing the right time to run for an election is important. It influences both victory and cost. Exhausted campaign trips will also influence the cost. It is very costly to run a successful campaign. Overall, a successful campaign comes down to several basics.

1. The goal is to win the greater number of votes, not every vote.

2. The campaign team must reach out to a wide variety of donors. Money helps to win the election.

3. The candidate must ignore the critics and forge ahead.

4. The campaign team should figure out who is certain to support their candidate and who will not.

5. The candidate should assign important tasks to inner-circle friends in the campaign team.

6. The candidate should research and dig out dirt about his or her opponent(s) and use it frequently.

7. The campaign team should also figure out very quickly who is up for grabs.

8. The candidate should have a good campaign message.

9. The candidate should support those policies that his or her constituents want to see enacted into law.

10. The campaign strategy should focus on the candidate’s policies, message, and slogan.

11. The campaign team should frame its choice of message statements in a way that advantages the candidate. For example, Barack Obama’s 2008 campaign slogans were Change We Can Believe In and Yes We Can.

12. The campaign team should develop a simple, clear campaign theme that explains both why the candidate should be elected and why the opponent should not. The theme should be repeated more often because it is the contestant’s message.

The candidate with a good message statement and money has a better chance of winning the election. Money is a contributing factor; a good message alone is not enough. Without money, many voters will not be reached. While money is not likely to win every election, it does help the candidate to get their messages out. For my students, I will list the levels and structure of actors in the United States government, from top offices to bottom.

Elected Offices in the United States Government

1. President – the elected head of a republican State.

2. Governor – the elected executive head of a state.

3. United States Senator – a member of the United States Senate. The upper house of the United States Congress.

4. United States House of Representatives – a member of the United States House of Representatives. The lower house of the United States Congress.

5. State Legislator – a member of a purposeful body of persons, usually electives, who are authorized to make, changes or repeal the laws of the state. For example, State Senators and Assembly Members.

6. Mayor – the elected head of a city.

7. City Council – the legislative body that governs a city.

8. School Board – a local board responsible for the running and maintenance of schools.

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PART 1

AMERICAN POLITICS

"The best place for a state to store nuclear weapons is next to an ocean,

close to the borderline and far away from the center of the country. If

malfunction and unexpected blasts occur, the leaders should expect more

damage outside the borderline than inside the country."—C. Amajioyi

CHAPTER

1

American Political Ideologies

Electoral Votes

Vs.

Popular Votes

Educated voters make election decisions based on information; especially, the latest information.—C. Amajioyi

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The Flag of the United States of America.

The United States of America is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district and five major self-governing territories. It is a country with a population of three hundred and thirty-two million people, making it the world’s third most populous country. At 3.8 million square miles, the United States is the fourth largest country by land max and total area. As one of the developed countries of the world, it is the world’s largest economy with the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to be estimated at around $18.55 trillion, one of the highest in the world. The United States of America acquired its independence from the United Kingdom on July 4, 1776. The capital of the United States is Washington, D.C.

In social science and Global politics, political ideologies are a certain set of ethical ideas, principles, doctrines and symbols of a social movement and institutions that explains how society should work and how it should offer a political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. Political ideologies in the United States of America refers to the various ideologies and ideological demographics in the United States. The inhabitants in the United States generally classify themselves as the left, the right, in the middle or independent. In other words, the citizens are associating themselves with the liberals (Democratic party), moderates (occupying a center position on the left-right political spectrum), the conservatives (Republican party) and the independent (does not belong to any political party).

Immigrants make up 30% of the United States population. Immigration is the intentional movement of individuals or groups into a foreign country to reside as permanent residents or naturalized citizens. People migrate in search of

Reviews for Political Science Second Edition

[Joe Munson · Rating: 1 out of 5 stars]

It doesn't seem like an actual poly-sci textbook. The first clue is the author isn't a professor, the second clue is that he quotes himself every chapter, and the third clue is that the textbook itself seems to skip around subjects randomly, and seems to be just plain wrong sometimes...

I.e it argues that north Korea can stand toe to toe to the USA in a military confrontation? what?