The Theoretical Foundation of Physical Reality

By Thomas Nordström

The thesis in the book starts with questioning existing postulates and introducing one new postulate:
Nothing exists in isolation, i.e. everything exists in relations.
Then, based on this postulate, a principle is formulated and a theory that takes us further and deeper into the physical reality.
1. The thesis is that in the physical reality continuous flows of packages moves in “tubes” between all systems resulting in gravitation, force and energy. These flows contain all mass in Universe, including dark matter and dark energy, i.e. the same principle rules at all levels of the physical reality.
2. The equation E=mc2 is inquired, where Einstein´s own criterion for a complete theory that “every element of the physical reality must have a counterpart in the physical theory”, raises the question which element the concept c2 has in the physical reality. How do we deal with this contradiction?
3. The principle of relations launces a new explanation of the equation E=mc2, which has impacts on the general theory of relativity and then it is possible with a new interpretation of gravitation, which is demonstrated.
4. In the last chapter everything ends in one formula (equation), which is the most important dealing with the theoretical foundation of physical reality, uniting the theories of relativity and quantum, with dark matter and dark energy.

Whether you're ready for a new perspective on the world or not, this book will provoke your brain into reexamining everything you think you know about the physical reality.

• Language: English
• Publisher: AuthorHouse UK
• Release date: Nov 3, 2020
• ISBN: 9781665581677

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© 2020 Thomas Nordström. All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means without the written permission of the author.

Published by AuthorHouse 11/03/2020

ISBN: 978-1-6655-8168-4 (sc)

ISBN: 978-1-6655-8169-1 (hc)

ISBN: 978-1-6655-8167-7 (e)

Any people depicted in stock imagery provided by Getty Images are models,

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Because of the dynamic nature of the Internet, any web addresses or links contained in this book may have changed since publication and may no longer be valid. The views expressed in this work are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher, and the publisher hereby disclaims any responsibility for them.

To my beloved grandchildren Judith, Seth, Alwin,

Wincent and Ella,

who all make my life so rich.

CONTENTS

Prologue

Preface

Introduction

1 The language and the method of science

2 The postulates and their consequences

3 The principle of relations

4 The basic logic of relations

5 The postulates of the theory of relations and its consequences

6 The equations of the theory of relations

7 The fundamental properties of the reality of physics

8 The concept and history of aether

9 Does the inertia of a body really depend upon its energy-content?

10 Does the photoelectric effect really explain the emission of electrons?

11 Does brownian motion really depend on random motion of particles?

12 Does gravitation really depend on the curvature of space-time and its energy-momentum?

13 The behaviour of masses of the universe

14 The behaviour of masses of elementary particles

15 The behaviour of the proton, the electron, the atom and the molecule

16 The table of elements, the standard model and the table of relations

17 In search of flows in physical reality

18 Consequences of applying the principle of relations to the science of medicine

19 The theory of relations unites force, relativity and quantum

20 Summary and conclusions

21 Research to do

Epilogue

Notes

Acknowledgements

PROLOGUE

In this volume The Principle of Relations¹ demonstrates the most fundamental properties of physical reality.

In physical reality continuous flows of packages moves in tubes between all systems, resulting in gravitation, force and energy.

These flows contain all mass in the Universe, including dark matter and dark energy.

The key concepts are flows of packages, gates and systems.

When any flow of packages arrives at any system there are gates transforming the content to fit into the system; i.e. the content will change appearance. There are continuous flows in and between all systems. The two models below show schematically how it appears:

Image35771.JPG

The second model shows how flows are present throughout physical reality:

Image35779.JPG

The systems A, B, C, and D represent planets, suns and galaxies; or molecules forming a transport system between cells in the human body; or flows of elementary particles between atoms; or proton flows between molecules; etc.

When we apply these models to the Earth, the appearance might look like the model below:

Image35787.JPG

When we apply these models to elementary particles, the appearance might look like the model below:

Image35799.JPG

One consequence, among many, is that reality is coherent: i.e. the extreme split of disciplines damages our understanding of physical reality, since it all hangs together.

Using the formula

X = aRb

we can transform the most important equations of force, relativity and quantum physics into the equation below, which unites force, relativity, quantum and energy with dark matter and dark energy:

X = a(Ψ(x,t) = p1-n)b

where X stands for force, gravitation and energy, a and b are systems and p1-n is a flow of packages.

Please be prepared to test these new eyeglasses, viewing reality from an alternative perspective and leaving your comfort zone, remembering that this thesis has to be seen as a scientific prototype, to be developed further.

PREFACE

On a bright night, with stars in the sky and the magic of moonlight, I look at this mystery and wonder - how is it possible that all the stars and planets move in the sky? and how can the moon hang up there in the sky and not fall down?

When you asked these questions in 300 BC you were supposed to listen to Aristotle´s answer. In the seventeenth century, you were supposed to listen to Newton´s. And then, from the twentieth century on, you are advised to listen to the answer from Einstein, now in combination with the quantum theorists.

A paradigm is home for almost all people. In this Universe, in this paradigm, they live their lives, not for one single day questioning the paradigm, whether it is within science, religion or politics. People build institutions and create hierarchies charged with the task of defending and protecting the paradigm, and they establish rules by writing books and performing ceremonies. We can see this in a church, a mosque, an institution at a university, and in a political ideology with flags, to mention some.

Once a paradigm has been created, researchers in all universities will be performing normal activities, i.e. performing the support for the foundation of any paradigm. It is very important, but the real challenge is to find the next paradigm, and this cannot be done in established institutions.

So, what will be the answer when we ask the same question of the Universe in the twenty-first century?

We don´t know, but for sure the answer will change over time and maybe the final answer will be impossible to get.

When you start with an empty sheet of paper and try to understand the world, you are by definition really lost. From that point you must survive by finding a road and following a path and course, designing a map while you are walking.

You have no God, no religion, no ideology, and no theory to hold on to. What to do? You are quite alone in the Universe. You must find your own way of understanding it all. There is no one to trust, no one has the answer, and there is not any finite answer.

You are on your own, and lonely, with no help.

From this point in life, you start to reflect.

Please try to accept this situation and the fact that we are not willing to just take others´ answers for granted.

If we try to live after Albert Einstein´s wisdom, we will be tremendously rewarded: The most beautiful thing we can experience is the mysterious. It is the source of all true art and science.

From the wisdom of Albert Einstein, we have a long way to go: We still do not know one thousandth of one percent of what nature has revealed to us.

Matter has been one main focus throughout the history of science and religion. The appearance of matter has been explained as a result of energy (Einstein), of form, source of causes and purpose/end (Aristotle), of spirit, body and soul (Christianity).

Now we can add the Principle of Relations and how relations affect matter.

The most important scientific question to deal with concerns the theoretical foundation of physical reality.

Why?

The science of physics has a huge need to unite the theories of relativity and quantum physics with dark matter and dark energy, among other issues.

With a new theoretical foundation of physical reality, other sciences such as medicine, chemistry and biology, will be affected and we will get a new worldview and a new scientific revolution.

This is what all scientists and philosophers know and are eager to achieve.

The physics of today is facing difficulties. The most challenging are: how can quantum theory and the theory of relativity be combined into one complete theory? the foundation of quantum theory - how can forces, fields and the movement of particles be manifestations of one fundamental entity? how can the anthropic principle explain the tuning of the Universe? how can we explain dark matter and dark energy?

Finding the new theoretical foundation of physics is not easy, and to go direct for a new foundation might need many words to start with, which is not usual and normal in physics. However in the end we will have all the equations needed, and via observation and experiment we will verify the new theoretical foundation. But I will argue that it takes time to find out what the new foundation looks like; and then many words are needed, since we are back at the starting point, just like the curious Greek once was, using many words, as Aristotle used in his Physics. Words will swirl about, and in the beginning they do not know how to be organized. I am sorry for this, but we have to keep on working; and then, finally, we will find the new theoretical foundation of physics.

Now it is time to use a huge amount of fantasy, and we must accept that brainstorming is the only way to move physics ahead, since physics is stuck in a blind alley. We must be visionary and creative and take physics out of its dead end and its tricky past, not relying on any theoretical basis of today, in order to find the logical foundation of physics.

Please accept the method of fantasy, which is the only possible pathway forward. Albert Einstein again:

Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is limited to all we now know and understand, while imagination embraces the entire world, and all there ever will be to know and understand.

[e-mail] www.paradigmor.com

INTRODUCTION

Do we need to abandon all established theories and try to find a new way of thinking about the macro- and micro-cosmos, i.e. the masses of the Universe and the masses of the elementary particles, in order to answer how to unite the theories of relativity and quantum physics, and to find the answers to what dark energy and dark matter are?

Necessary or not, that is what I have done in this book.

There is a need to go back to the zero point, i.e. the postulates of the theories of physics, mostly the theory of quantum physics and the theory of relativity.

Dealing with the postulates and finding alternative postulates, the theories of relativity and quantum physics will be challenged.

Albert Einstein told us in 1940: For the time being, we have to admit that we do not possess any general theoretical basis for physics, which can be regarded as its logical foundation.¹

It seems still to be the position of physics in 2020.

Albert Einstein´s high-level demand for a correct theory started with the concept of completeness: Is the description given by the theory complete?

He also claimed that a complete theory requires this necessary criterion: Every element of the physical reality must have a counterpart in the physical theory.

This is still valid, but the concept element has to be discussed.

When Albert Einstein began his research to understand the reality of physics, i.e. of both the cosmos and the elementary particles, he started with this statement: I came to the conviction that only the discovery of a universal formal principle could lead us to assured results. How, then, could such a universal principle be found?

This opinion is still valid.

Albert Einstein also explained the impulse to devise new theories: