Tracing Our Genetic Mutations: From Me to You
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Forty thousand years ago, after moving farther north to the vast colder Northern Eurasian Steppes, mutations again took place, with the people adapting to the climate by changing their hair, skin, and eye color to a lighter hue.
My own paternal haplogroup eventually moved west from the Eurasian Steppes to the fjords of Norway, becoming Viking warriors who raided the British Isles. They eventually settled here in the eleventh century with the family name Manningham, changing to Glover in the seventeenth century. My maternal ancestors moved from being some of the first farmers in Anatolia to become the Anglo-Saxons in North West Europe who invaded and settled in South East England over 1,400 years ago.
Over the centuries, some members of these families settled in the United States of America, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, helping to build these new countries to what they are today. Some towns and cities are named after them. If you are a member of one of these now-very-wide families or simply interested in the early history of mankind, I hope you will find this little book of interest.
Richard Donovan Glover
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Tracing Our Genetic Mutations - Richard Donovan Glover
© 2018 Richard Donovan Glover. All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted by any means without the written permission of the author.
Published by AuthorHouse 07/17/2018
ISBN: 978-1-5462-9531-0 (sc)
978-1-5462-9530-3 (e)
Any people depicted in stock imagery provided by Getty Images are models,
and such images are being used for illustrative purposes only.
Certain stock imagery © Getty Images.
Because of the dynamic nature of the Internet, any web addresses or links contained in this book may have changed since publication and may no longer be valid. The views expressed in this work are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher, and the publisher hereby disclaims any responsibility for them.
8166.pngContents
Preface
1 Map Of The Long Journey Of My Little Y Chromosomes
2 Introduction
3 DNA And Its Workings
4 Climate Change And Adam And Eve
5 The Start Of The Long Journey
6 The Sahara And The Neanderthals
7 The Deep-Ancestry Haplogroups: A-00, A-L1085, A-P305, And M42
8 Mount Toba And Its Effects On Climate Change
9 Mutations M168 And M143
10 Maternal Haplogroup L3(N): The Nile Route
11 The Middle East Routes: Mutations M143, M89, M578, And P-M128 (K-M9)
12 South-West Asian Route: Mutation P-M45; Eurasian Routes: Mutations R-M207 (R), R-M173 (R1), R-M420 (R1a), R-M198 (R1a1), And R-M17/M512 (R1a1a)
13 Maternal Haplogroup T (T1, T2, And T2b): The First Farmers And The Linear Pottery Culture
14 The Eurasian Steppe, The Kurgans, And The Proto-Indo-European Language
15 Westward Expansions And Norway: R-L664 (R 1a1a1a) And The Early Bronze Age
16 The Viking Propensity: The British Isles And The Vikings
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Notes
Haplogroups
PREFACE
From a young age, I wanted to trace my family’s history, hoping to get back to the very beginning of modern mankind – seemingly a ridiculous and impossible task! However, inspiration came to me in the 1950s whilst serving in the Royal Air Force. I was stationed for two years at Castel Benito in Libya, which was situated on a sandy, unmetalled road leading from Tripoli into the Sahara. Many times, it intrigued me to see people passing our camp on foot – some with shoes, some without, all with differing skin colours and facial features. I realised many of them must have walked hundreds or even thousands of miles across the desert towards Tripoli, hoping for a better life. A few of them obviously came from tropical Africa, with their ebony skin; some were the Tuaregs and other tribes of the desert, with their much-weathered dark-brown skin; and others were the Arabs of North Africa, with their lighter olive-brown skin, all in comparison to the former colonial Italians, with their tanned white skin. I was determined then to learn all about human migrations and the evolution that went along with them.
In the following pages, I’ve tried to explain these and other bodily differences and why they came about. These travellers along this sandy road descended from the people who had had various mutations many thousands of years earlier.
I’ve tried to bring this fascinating story to you in an easily readable form. The male Y chromosomes and the female X mitochondria in the cells of everyone alive today have travelled a 270,000-year journey, from the